US: UN

New Left Review

Volumn , Issue 24, 2003, Pages 5-28

  Gowan, Peter ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0242626665     PISSN: 00286060     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (33)

1. See Robert Beisner, 'Wrong from the Beginning", Weekly Standard, 17 March 2003.
2. Douglas Brinkley, Dean Acheson. The Cold War Years, 1953-1971, New Haven 1992, p. 304.
3. Beisner, 'Wrong from the Beginning'. Pasvolsky, violently anti-Bolshevik, liked to boast he had debated with Trotsky in New York in 1916.
4. Art of Creation: The Founding of the United Nations, Boulder 2003.
5. Dumbarton Oaks. The Origins of the United Nations and the Search for Postwar Security, Chapel Hill 1990.
6. Robert Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932-1945, New York 1979, p. 9.
7. Dallek, Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, pp. 482-3.
8. Hilderbrand, Dumbarton Oaks, p. 215.
9. Memoirs of Cordell Hull, New York 1948, vol. II, p. 1640.
10. Hilderbrand, Dumbarton Oaks, p. 248.
11. Gabriel Kolko, The Politics of War, The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1943-1945, New York 1968, pp. 266-7. Churchill's phrase had no homophobic meaning. Originally a term for someone temporarily hired to make up a deficiency at a military muster, by the early 19th century faggots were a bundle of votes (as in sticks) manufactured for party purposes through the transfer to persons not other-wise legally qualified of sufficient property to make them electors, by sub-dividing a single tenement among a number of nominal owners. In Churchill's youth The Times-was still (1887) publishing articles on "The Question of Faggot-voting'.
12. Dallek, Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, pp. 389-90.
13. "The military man in charge of the San Francisco eavesdropping and code-breaking operation indicated his own sense of accomplishment: "Pressure of work has at last abated and the 24-hour day has shortened. The feeling in the Branch is that the success of the Conference may owe a great deal to its contribution"': Schlesinger, Act of Creation, p. 331.
14. Later, 'the cavalcade arrived at Stettinius's home, Horseshoe, where the party ate a buffet supper and were entertained by a negro quartet singing spirituals': Hilderbrand, Dumbarton Oaks, pp. 82-83.
15. Schlesinger, Act of Creation, pp. 213, xvii.
16. Hilderbrand, Dumbarton Oaks, p. 254.
17. Peter Collier and David Horowitz, The Rockefellers. An American Dynasty, New York 1976, p. 230.
18. The Rockefellers, p. 233.
19. The Rockefellers, p. 236.
20. Schlesinger, Act of Creation, p. 87.
21. Walter Isaacson and Evan Thomas, The Wise Men, New York 1986, pp. 275-6.
22. Schlesinger, Act of Creation, p. 174.
23. Arnold Wolfers, ed., Alliance Policy in the Cold War, Baltimore 1959.
24. Samuel Huntington, "Transnational Organizations in World Polities', World Politics, April 1973.
25. Act of Creation, p. 243. Rockefeller went on to sell the Manhattan real estate on which the General Assembly was built to the fledgling world organization.
26. Act of Creation, pp. 243, 251-7. This was not the only diplomatic contre-temps. When Truman arrived for the ceremony, Stettinius held an all-American banquet for him in his Fairmont penthouse, recounting the meetings of the Big Five and their seating arrangements in the jovially anecdotal style of a tour guide with sight-seers. The only woman on the us delegation, the high-minded Virginia Gildersleeve - a figure out of J. K. Howling-complained of this 'international bad manners' and 'scandalous breach of etiquette'. It is to Virginia, keen on education and human rights, that we owe the most sonorous strophes of the Charter.
27. Act of Creation, p. 266.
28. Act of Creation, p. 174.
29. Act of Creation, pp. xiii, xviii, 279.
30. E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis, London 1946.
31. The Security Council, 16 October 2003: 'welcomes the positive response of the international community to the establishment of the broadly representative Governing Council'; 'supports the Governing Council's efforts to mobilize the people of Iraq'; 'determines that the Governing Council and its ministers are the principal bodies of the Iraqi interim administration, which without prejudice to its further evolution, embodies the sovereignty of the state of Iraq'; 'authorizes a multinational force under unified command to take all measures to contribute to the maintenance of security and stability in Iraq'; and 'requests that the United States on behalf of the multinational force report to the Security Council on the efforts and progress of this force'. Signed: France, Russia, China, UK, US, Germany, Spain, Bulgaria, Chile, Mexico, Guinea, Cameroon, Angola, Pakistan, Syria. Compare the seating of Pol Pot's representatives in the UN for fourteen years after his regime was over-thrown by the DRV.
32. Financial Times, 22 August 2003.
33. Cosmopolis, Cambridge 1997, p. 170. This work and its sequel, Invoking Humanity. War, Law, and Global Order, are the best critical appraisals of the United Nations to date.