Fertility, Hatchability and Incubation of Ostrich (Struthio camelus) Eggs

Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 53-76

  Badley, A R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0242561469     PISSN: 14702061     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (134)

1. Aaron, J.E. 1994. Shadowmere Farms Ostrich Facility, Part 11. Australian Ostrich Association Journal No. 28, 28.
2. Angel, C.R. 1993. Research Update: age changes in digestibility of nutrients in ostriches and nutrient profiles of status of the hen and chick. Proceedings Association of Avian Veterinarians 1993, pp 275-281.
3. Ar, A. 1991. Egg water movements during incubation. In: S.G. Tullett(ed.), Avion Incubation, pp 157-174. London: Butterworth-Heinemann.
4. Ar, A. and Rahn, H. 1980. Water in the avian egg: overall budget of incubation. American Zoologist, 20, 373-384.
5. Ar, A., Paganelli, C.V., Reeves, R.B., Greene, D.G. and Rahn, H. 1974. The avian egg, water vapour conductance, shell thickness and functional pore area. Condor, 76, 153-158.
6. Arad, Z. and Marder, J. 1982. Eggshell water vapour conductance of the domestic fowl, comparison between two breeds and their crosses. British Poultry Science, 23, 325-328.
7. Austic, R.E. and Scott, M.L. 1991. Nutritional Diseases. In: B.W. Calnek et al. (eds). Diseases of Poultry. Iowa State University Press. Badley, A.R. 1995a. In press.
8. Badley, A.R. 1995b. Improving the hatchability of Ostrich eggs by using an alternative method of egg turning during artificial incubation and parallel studies with chicken eggs. Proceedings of the Queensland Poultry Science Symposium 1995, 4, pp 111-5.
9. Bains, B.S. 1995. The role of vitamin C in stress management. Proceedings of the Queensland Poultry Science Symposium 1993, 4, pp 15 1-7.
10. Barott, H.G. 1937. Effect of temperature, humidity and other factors on hatch of hens' eggs and on energy metabolism of chick embryo. USDA Technical Bulletin No. 553.
11. Baxter-Jones, C. 1991. S.G. Tullett (ed.) Egg hygiene, microbial contamination,. significance and control, pp 269-278. Butterworth-Heinemann, London.
12. Beer, A.E. 1969. A review of the effects of nutritional deficiencies on hatchability. In: T.C. Carter and B.M. Freeman (eds), The Fertility and Hatchability of the Hen's Egg, pp 93-108. Oliver and Boyd., Edinburgh.
13. Bertram, B.C.R. 1980. Breeding systems and strategies of ostriches. Proceedings of the 17th International Ornithological Congress, pp 890-894.
14. Bertram, B.C.R. 1992. The Ostrich Communal Nesting System. Princeton University Press.
15. Bertram, B.C.R. and Burger. A.E. 1981. Aspects of incubation in ostriches. Ostrich, 52, 36-43.
16. Birchard, G.F., Snyder, G.K.. Black, C.P., Schmitt, E., Lyvere, P. and Kane, B. 1982. Humidity and successful artificial incubation of avian eggs, watching the G.H. Cassowary. International Zoo Year Book, 22, 164-167.
17. Black, D. 1994. Ostrich farming - poor egg quality. Town anal Country Farmer 11, 2 , 52-60.
18. Black, D. 1995. Good eggs, bad eggs and no eggs. Australian Ostrich Association Journal No. 30, 53.
19. Bond, G.M., Board, R.G. and Scott, V.D. 1988. An account of the hatching strategies of birds. Biological Reviews, 63, 395-415.
20. Bonner, J. 1994. Thoughts on assisted hatching. The Ostrich News, 7(69), 56-57.
21. Boone, M.A. and Barmore, C.R. 1965. Weight loss in eggs during incubation. Poultry Science, 44, 1353.
22. Booth, D.T. 1989. Regional changes in shell thickness, shell conductance, and pore structure during incubation in eggs of the Flute Swan. Physiological Zoology, 62(2), 607-620.
23. Booth, D.T. and Seymour. R.S. 1987. Effect of eggshell thing on water vapour conductance of Malleefowl eggs. Condor, 89, 453-459.
24. Bowsher, M.W. 1992. Improvement of reproductive efficiency in the ostrich, characterization of late embryo mortality. PhD Thesis, Texas A & M University.
25. Brake, J. and Walsh, T.J. 1993. Role of albumen quality in embryonic development and hatchability. Australian Poultry Science Symposium 1993, 5, pp 61-63.
26. Brake, J., Davis, G.S.. Rosseland, B. and Delfel, S. 1994. Further refinements in the incubation and hatching of ratites. The Ostrich News, 7(65), 54-59.
27. Bruce, J. and Drysdale, E.M. 1991. Egg hygiene, routes of infection. In: S.G. Tullett (ed.). Avian Incubation, pp 257-268. Butterworth-Heinemann, London.
28. Bruning, D. 1973. Breeding and rearing rheas in captivity. International Zoo Year Book, 12, 163-172.
29. Burger, A.E. and Bertram, B.C.R. 1981. Ostrich eggs in artificial incubation, could their hatching success be improved? South African Journal of Science, 77, 188-189.
30. Buss, E.G. 1989. Genetics of turkeys, economic traits. World's Poultry Science Journal, 45(2), 125-167.
31. Butler, D.E. 1991. Egg handling and storage at tile term and hatchery. In: S.G. Tullett (ed.), Avian Incubation, pp 195-204. Butterworth-Heinemann, London.
32. Button, C. 1992. Ostrich incubation practices and necropsy techniques. In: G.M. Cross (ed.), Proceedings of the 1992 Annual Conference, pp 123- 126. Australian Committee, Association of Avian Veterinarians.
33. Button, C. 1993. Collaborative ostrich investigations. In: Bryden, D.I. (ed.) Ostrich Odyssey, Proceedings of the meeting of the Australian Ostrich Association Inc. Vic.. No. 217, pp75-77.
34. Button, C., Moon D. and Turner, D. 1994. Improving the Hatchability of ostrich eggs. Australian Ostrich Association Journal, No. 27, 18-23.
35. Carey C. 1990. Respiration of avian embryos at high altitude. ACTA XX Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici. Christchurch. New Zealand. 1, pp 265-278.
36. Carey, C., Rain, H. and Parisi, P. 1980. Calories, water liquid and yolk in avian eggs. Condor, 82, 335-343.
37. Cole, R.K. 1969. Lethal and semi-lethal genes and their effects on embryonic development and the production of normal chicks. In: T.C. Carter and B.M. Freeman (eds), The Fertility and Hatchability of the Hen's Egg, pp 57-70. Edinburgh, Oliver and Boyd.
38. Davis, G.S. and Christensen. V.L. 1995. Eggshell conductance and other functional qualities of ostrich eggs. The Ostrich News, 8 (80) , 60.
39. Decuypere, E. and Michels, H. 1992. Incubation temperature as a management tool, a review. World's Poultry Science Journal, 48, 28-38.
40. Deeming, D.C. 1987. Effects of cuticle removal on the water vapour conductance of eggshells of several species of domestic species. British Poultry Science, 28, 231-237.
41. Deeming, D.C. 1989. Characteristics of unturned eggs, critical period, retarded embryonic growth and poor albumen utilisation. British Poultry Science, 30, 239-249.
42. Deeming, D.C. 1991. Reasons for the dichotomy in egg turning in birds and reptiles. In: D.C. Deeming and M.W.J. Ferguson (eds), Egg Incubation, Its Effects on Embryonic Development in Birds and Reptiles, pp 307-323. Cambridge University Press.
43. Deeming, D.C. 1993a. The incubation requirements of ostrich Struthio camelus eggs and embryos. In: Bryden, D.I. (ed.), Ostrich Odyssey, Proceedings of the Meeting of the Australian Ostrich Association Inc. Vic. , No. 217, pp 1-66.
44. Deeming, D.C. 1993b. Effective incubation, the importance of a hatcher. The Ostrich Report, February 1993, 17, 25-26.
45. Deeming, D.C. 1994a. Contamination of ratite eggs. The Ostrich News, 7 (67), 54-56.
46. Deeming, D.C. 1994b. Hatchability and egg size in ostrich. The Ostrich News, 8(73), 57-59.
47. Deeming, D.C. 1994c. When to help ostrich chicks to hatch. The Ostrich News, 7(70), 60-61.
48. Deeming, D.C. 1995a. Factors affecting hatchability during commercial incubation of Ostrich Struthio camelus eggs. British Poultry Science, 36, 51-65.
49. Deeming, D.C. 1995b. The hatching sequence of Ostrich Struthio camelus embryos with notes on development as observed by candling. British Poultry Science, 36, 67-78.
50. Deeming, D.C. and Ferguson. M.W.J. 1991. Incubation and embryonic development in reptiles and birds. In: S.G. Tullett (ed.), Avion Incubation, pp 3-38. Butterworth-Heinemann, London.
51. Deeming, D.C., Ayres, L. and Ayres, F.J. 1993. Observations on the first commercial production of Ostrich Struthio camelus eggs in the UK, Incubation. The Veterinary Record, 132, 602-607.
52. Diamond, T. and Rozin, J. 1980. Artificial incubation and rearing of ostriches. Watchbird, September 1980, pp 29-31.
53. Doneley, R.J.T. 1994. Investigations into infertility problems in the ostrich. In: Ostrich Odyssey 94, Proceedings of the Veterinary Seminar, Australian Ostrich Association 1994, pp 34-38.
54. Douglas, T. 1992. Nutritional deficiencies of breeders and their effect on hatchability and embryonic development. The Ostrich News Annual, 5th edn, pp 318-319.
55. Dove, W.F. 1935. Classification of chick embryo positions at different ages and malposition as a cause of mortality. Journal of Agricultural Research, 50(11), 923-931.
56. Drent, F. 1975. Incubation. In: D.S. Farmer and J.R. King (eds), Avion Biology, 5, pp 333-421. Academic Press, New York.
57. Feeney, R.E. and Allison, R.G. 1969. Evolutionary Biochemistry of Proteins. Interscience, New York.
58. Finger, J. 1992. A Guide to the Theory and Practice of Ostrich Incubation. Bellsouth Pty Ltd., Victoria, Australia,
59. Fowler, N.G. 1990. Nutritional Disorders. In: Jordon F.T.W.(ed.), Poultry Diseases. Bailliere-Tindall, London.
60. Freeman, B.M. and Vince,M.A. 1974. Development of the Avian Embryo. Chapman and Hall., London.
61. French, N.A. and Tullett, S.G. 1991. Variation in the eggs of poultry species. In: S.G. Tullett (ed.), Avian Incubation, pp 59-77. Butterworth-Heinemann, London.
62. Funk, E.M. and Biellier, H.V. 1944. The minimum temperature for the embryonic development in the domestic fowl. Poultry Science, 23, 538-40.
63. Godfrey, A.B. 1936. The effect of egg weight, quantity of total albumen per egg, and quantity of thick albumen per egg on hatchability. Poultry Science, 15, 294-297.
64. Gonzalez. V. 1994. Ostrich egg production, influence of nutrition and environmental temperature. The Ostrich News, 7 (71), 64-66.
65. Hallam, M.G. 1992. The Topaz Introduction to Practical Ostrich Farming. The Ostrich Producers Association of Zimbabwe, Harare.
66. Hastings. M.Y. 1991. Ostrich Farming. Armidale, NSW. Australia, University of New England Printers.
67. Hermes, J.C. 1989. Avian Incubation, Part 11. The Ostrich News Annual, 2nd edn., pp 220-222.
68. Hicks, K.D. 1992. Ratite Reproduction. Proceedings of the Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1992, pp 318-395.
69. Hocking, P.M. 1995. Feeding broiler breeder males. International Hatchery Practice, 8 (6), 17-21.
70. Hodgetts, B. 1991. Current hatchabilities in species of domestic importance and the scope for improvement. In: S.G. Tullett (ed.), Avian Incubation, pp 139-144. Butterworth-Heinemann, London.
71. Hoyt, D.F., Vleck, D. and Vleck, C.M. 1978. Metabolism of avian embryos, ontogeny and temperature effects on the ostrich. Condor, 80, 265-271.
72. Hurxthal, L.M. 1979. Breeding behaviour of the Ostrich Struthio camelus massaicus in Nairobi Park. PhD Thesis. Nairobi University.Hurxthal, L.M. 1986. Our gang, Ostrich style. Natural History, 12/86, pp 34-40.
73. Insko, W.M. and Martin, J.M. 1933. Effect of frequent turning on hatchability and distribution of embryo mortality. Poultry Science, 12, 282-286.
74. Jarvis, M.J.F., Jarvis, C. and Keffen, R. 1985. Breeding seasons and laying patterns of the southern African Ostrich Struthio camelus. Ibis, 127, 442-449.
75. Jensen, J.M. 1989. Husbandry, medical and surgical management of ratites, Part I. Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, pp 113-118.
76. Keffen, R.H. and Jarvis, M.J.F. 1984. Some measurements relating to ostrich eggs. Ostrich, 55, 182-187.
77. Knox, C.W. and Olsen, M.W. 1936. The effect of tremulous air cells upon the hatchability of eggs. Poultry Science, 15, 345-348.
78. Kocan, A.A. 1994. An outline to assisted latching,. The Ostrich News, 7 (71), 36-40.
79. Kocan, A.A. 1995. OSU releases final 1994 research report. The Ostrich News, 8(81), 37.
80. Kosin, I.L. 1956. Studies on pre-incubation warming of chicken and turkey eggs. Poultry Science, 35, 1384-1392.
81. Landauer, W. 1967. The Hatchability of Chicken Eggs as Influenced by Environment and Heredity. Monograph 1, Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station. Connecticut, The University of Connecticut.
82. Ley, D.H., Morris, R.E., Smallwood, J.E. and Loomis, M.R. 1986. Mortality of chicks and decreased fertility and hatchability of eggs from a captive breeding pair of ostriches. Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association, 189 (9), 1124-1126.
83. Lundy, H. 1969. A review of the effects of temperature, humidity, turning and gaseous exchange environment in the incubator on the hatchability of the hen's egg. In: T.C. Carter and B.M. Freeman (eds), The Fertility and Hatchability of the Hen's Egg, pp 143-176. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh.
84. Mauldin, J.M. 1995. Hatchery ventilation. International Hatchery Practice, 8 6 , 33-34.
85. Meijerhoff, R. 1992. Preincubation holding of hatching eggs. World 's Poultry Science Journal, 48, 57-68.
86. Meir M. and Ar, A. 1990. Gas pressures in the air cell of the ostrich egg prior to pipping as related to oxygen consumption, eggshell gas conductance and egg temperature. Condor, 92, 556-563.
87. Mellett, F.D. 1993. Ostrich production and products. In: C. Maree and N.H. Casey (eds), Livestock Production Systems, Principles and Practice, pp 187-194. Agricultural Development Foundation, Pretoria.
88. Merritt, E.S. 1964. Pre-incubation storage effects on subsequent performance of chickens. British Poultry Science, 5, 67-73.
89. Meuer, H.J. and Baumann, R. 1988. Oxygen pressure in intra- and extra-embryonic blood vessels of early chick embryos. Respiration Physiology, 71, 331-342.
90. More, S., Dowling, L. and Badley, A.R. 1994. How productive and healthy are farmed ostriches in southeastern Queensland? Australian Ostrich Association Journal, No. 26, 17.
91. Munro, B. 1995. Aspects of ostrich fertility. Town and Country Farmer, 12 (1), 21 -31.
92. Naber, E.C. 1979. The effect of nutrition on the composition of the egg. Poultry Science, 58, 518-528.
93. Olsen, M.W. and Byerley, T.C. 1936. Multiple turning and orienting eggs during incubation as they affect hatchability. Poultry Science, 15, 88-95.
94. Paganelli, C.V. 1991. The avian eggshell as a mediating barrier, respiratory gas fluxes and pressures during development. In: D.C. Deeming and M.W.J. Ferguson(eds), Egg Incubation. Its Effects on Embryonic Development in Birds and Reptiles. , pp 261-275. Cambridge University Press.
95. Petitte, J.N. and Pardue, S. 1995. Selection of replacement stock. American Ostrich, April 1995, 26.
96. Philbey, A.W., Button, C., Gestier, A.W., Munro, S.E., Glastonbury. J.R.W., Hindmarsh, M. and Love, S.C.J. 1991. Anasarca and myopathy in ostrich chicks. Australian Veterinary Journal, 68, 237-240.
97. Proudfoot, F.G. 1969. Effect of packing orientation, daily positional change and vibration on hatchability of chicken eggs stored for up to four weeks. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 49, 29-35.
98. Rahn, H. and Ar, A. 1974. The avian egg, incubation time and water loss. Condor, 76, 147-152.
99. Rahn, H., Carey, C., Balmas, K., Bhatia, B. and Paganelli, C.V. 1977. Reduction in pore area of the avian eggshell as an adaptation to altitude. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA , 74, 3095-3098.
100. Rahn, H. and Paganelli, C.V. 1991. Energy budget and gas exchange of avian eggs. In: S.G. Tullett (ed.), Avian Incubation, pp 175-194. Butterworth-Heinemann, London.
101. Raines, A.M. 1995. Better birds with better management. The Ostrich News, 8 (81) , 62.
102. Robertson, I.S. 1961a. The influence of turning on the hatchability of hens' eggs. The effect of turning frequency' on the pattern of mortality, the incidence of malposition, malformation and dead embryos with no somatic abnormality. Journal of Agricultural Science, 57, 57-67.
103. Robertson, I.S. 1961b. Studies on the effect of humidity on the hatchability of hens' eggs. 1. The determination of the optimum humidity for incubation. Journal of Agricultural Science, 57, 185-194.
104. Romanoff, A.L. 1936. Effects of different temperature in the incubator on the prenatal and postnatal development of the chick. Poultry Science, 15, 311-315.
105. Romanoff, A.I,. 1972. Pathogenesis of the Avian Embryo. Wiley Interscience, New York.
106. Romanoff, A.L. and Romanoff, A.J. 1949. The Avian Egg. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
107. Romijn, C. and Lokhorst, W. 1955. Chemical heat regulation in the chick embryo. Poultry Science, 34, 649-654.
108. Sauer, E.G.F. and Sauer, E.M. 1966. The behaviour and ecology of the South African Ostrich. The Living Bird, 5, 45-75.
109. Sauveur, B. and Picard, M. 1987. Environmental effects on egg quality. In: Wells R.G. and Belyavin. C.G (eds), Egg Quality, Current Problems and Recent Advances, pp 219-234. Butterworth, London.
110. Shanawany, M.M. 1995. Fertility in breeding ostriches. The Ratite Journal, 3(3), 9.
111. Siegfried, W.R. and Frost. P.G.H. 1974. Egg temperature and incubation behaviour of the ostrich. Madoqua, 8, 63-66.
112. Smart, I.H.M. 1991. Egg shape in birds. In: D.C. Deeming and M.W.J. Ferguson (eds) Egg Incubation. Its Effects on Embryo Development in Birds and Reptiles, pp 101-116. Cambridge University Press.
113. Smit, D.J.V.Z. 1963. Ostrich Farming in The Little Karoo. Republic of South Africa Department of Agricultural Technical Services, Bulletin No. 358.
114. Snyder, G.K. and Birchard, G.F. 1982. Water loss and survival in embryos of the domestic chicken. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 219, 115-117.
115. Soley, J.T., Bertschinger, H.J.. Roberts. D.C., de Lange. D.H. and Burger, W.P. 1991. Ostrich Research Seminar, Department Van Landbore-Ontwikkeling. Outshoorn, 1991, pp 45-47.
116. Sparks, N.H.A. and Board, R.G. 1985. Bacterial penetration of recently oviposited shells of hens eggs. Australian Veterinary Journal, 62, 169-170.
117. Sparks, N.H.A. and Board, R.G. 1991. Shell structure and formation in avian eggs. In: D.C. Deeming and M.W.J. Ferguson (eds), Egg Incubation, Its Effects on Embryo Development in Birds and Reptiles, pp 71-86. Cambridge University Press.
118. Stewart, J.S. 1990-91. Embryonic malposition, why incubate eggs air cell up? Australian Ostrich Association Year Book 1990-91, pp. 43-44.
119. Stewart, J.S. 1994. Ratites. In: Harrison, Harrison and Ritchie (eds) Avian Medicine. Application and Principles. Wingers Publishing Inc., Florida.
120. Stewart, J.S. 1995. Ratite Incubation. American Ostrich, April 1995, 18.
121. Swart, D. 1978. Storage period in ostrich eggs. Elsenburg Journal, 2, 19-20.
122. Swart, D. 1988. Studies in the hatching, growth and energy metabolism of ostrich chicks. PhD Thesis. University of Stellenbosch, 1988.
123. Swart, D., Rahn, H. and de Kock. J. 1987. Nest microclimate and incubation water loss of eggs of the African Ostrich Struthio camelus var. domesticus. Journal of Experimental Zoology, Supplement 1, pp 239-346.
124. Swart D. and Rahn, H. 1988. Microclimate of ostrich nests, measurements of egg temperature and nest humidity using egg hygrometers. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 157B, 845-863.
125. Tazawa, H. and Rahn, H. 1986. Tolerance of chick embryos to low temperatures in reference to the heart rate. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 85A, 195-200.
126. Tullett, S.G. 1984. The porosity of avian eggshells. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 78A, 513.
127. Vandervoort, C 1994. Fertility of ostrich eggs. Australian Ostrich Association Journal, No.29, 36-38.
128. Visschedijk, A.H.J. 1968. The air space and embryonic respiration. 1. The pattern of gas exchange in the fertile egg during the closing stages of incubation. British Poultry Science, 9, 173-184.
129. Visschedijk, A.H.J. 1985. Gas exchange and hatchability of chicken eggs incubated at simulated high altitude. Journal of Applied Physiology, 58 , 416-418.
130. Visschedijk, A.H.J. 1991. Incubation of eggs at high altitude. In: S.G. Tullett (ed.), Avian Incubation , pp 285-292. Butterworth-Heinemann, London
131. Vleck, CM. 1991. Allometric scaling in avian embryonic development. In: S.G. Tullett (ed.), Avian Incubation, pp 39-58. Butterworth-Heinemann, London.
132. Whitehead, C.C. 1991. Nutrition of the breeding bird and developing embryo. In: S.G. Tullett (ed.), Avian Incubation, pp 227-238. Butterworth-Heinemann, London.
133. Williams, K.C. 1992. Some factors affecting albumen quality with particular reference to Haugh Unit Score. World's Poultry Science Journal, 48, 5-16.
134. Wilson, H.R. 1991. Effects of egg size on hatchability, chick size and post hatching growth. In: S.G. Tullett(ed.), Avion Incubation, pp. 279-284. Butterworth-Heinemann, London.