In the shadow of rice: Roots and tubers in Indonesian history, 1500-1950

Agricultural History

Volumn 77, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 582-610

  Boomgaard, Peter ^a,b  

^a Southeast Asian/Caribbean Studs   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; AGRICULTURAL HISTORY; CROP PRODUCTION; HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY;

INDONESIA;

COLOCASIA ESCULENTA; DIOSCOREA ALATA; IPOMOEA BATATAS; MANIHOT ESCULENTA; SOLANUM TUBEROSUM;

EID: 0242490671     PISSN: 00021482     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/ah.2003.77.4.582     Document Type: Article

References (138)

1. Peter Boomgaard, "Maize and tobacco in upland Indonesia, 1600-1940," in Transforming the Indonesian Uplands: Marginality, Power and Production, ed. Tania Murray Li (Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publisher, 1999), 45-78.
2. A. J. Koens, "Knolgewassen" in De landbouw in de Indische Archipel, part IIA, ed. C. J. J. van Hall and C. van de Koppel ('s-Gravenhage: Van Hoeve, 1948);
3. Alfred W. Crosby, Jr., The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 (Westport: Greenwood, 1972), 182-85;
4. Radcliffe N. Salaman, The History and Social Influence of the Potato (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).
5. D. G. Coursey, "The Civilizations of the Yam: Interrelationships of Man and Yams in Africa and the Indo-Pacific Region," Archaeology & Physical Anthropology in Oceania 7 (Oct. 1972): 217, 220-21;
6. J. W. Purseglove, Tropical Crops: Monocotyledons (London: Longman, 1972), 58-69;
7. Peter Bellwood, "Austronesian Prehistory in Southeast Asia: Homeland, Expansion and Transformation," in The Austronesians: Historical & Comparative Perspectives, ed. Peter Bellwood, James J. Fox, and Darrell Tryon (Canberra: Australian National University (hereafter ANU), Dept. of Anthropology, 1995), 99;
8. W. P. Groeneveldt, "Notes on the Malay Archipelago and Malacca Compiled from Chinese Sources," Verhandelingen Bataviaasch Genootschap 39 (1876): 16;
9. J. Wisseman Christie, "Patterns of Trade in Western Indonesia: Ninth through Thirteenth Centuries A.D." (Ph.D. diss., University of London, 1982), 142;
10. Antionette M. Barrett Jones, Early Tenth Century Java from the Inscriptions: A Study of Economic, Social and Administrative Conditions in the First Quarter of the Century (Dordrecht: Foris Publications, 1984), 52-56.
11. John Crawfurd, History of the Indian Archipelago (Edinburgh: Archibald Constable and Company, 1820), I: 374;
12. Thomas Stamford Raffles, The History of Java, 2d ed. (London: Murray, 1830), I: 40.
13. Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn, Java, zijne gedaante, zijn plantentooi en inwendige bouw ('s-Gravenhage: Mieling, 1853-4), I: 228.
14. Tony Whitten, Roehayat Emon Soeriaatmadja, and Suraya A. Afiff, The Ecology of Java and Bali (Singapore: Periplus Editions, 1996), 617.
15. John Anderson, Mission to the East Coast of Sumatra, in 1823, Under the Direction of the Government of Prince of Wales Island.... (Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1826), 283;
16. Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn, Die Battalaender auf Sumatra (Berlin: Reimer, 1847). II: 86-87;
17. F. A. W. Miquel, Flora van Nederlandsch Indië (Amsterdam: Van der Post/Fleischer, 1855-60), 1st Appendix, 56, 60;
18. H. von Rosenberg, Der Malayische Archipel. Land und Leute in Schilderungen, gesammelt während eines dreissig-jährigen Aufenthaltes in den Kolonien (Leipzig: Weigel, 1878), 46;
19. P. A. L. E. van Dijk, "Rapport over de Loeboe-bevolking in de Onderafdeeling Groot-Mandheling en Batang Natal," Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 32 (1884): 156;
20. J. B. Neumann, "Het Pane- en Bila-stroomgebied op het eiland Sumatra (Studiën over Batahs en Batahsche landen)," Tijdschrift Koninkliyk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, 2nd series 3 (1886-87): 265;
21. A. Maas, Bei liebenswürdigen Wilden. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Mentawai-Insulaner.... (Berlin: Süsserott, 1902), 150:
22. M. Moszkowski, Auf neuen Wegen durch Sumatra; Forschungsreisen in Ost- und Zentral-Sumatra (1907) (Berlin: Reimer, 1909), 96;
23. R. Schefold, "The Sacrifices of the Sakuddei (Mentawai Archipelago, Western Indonesia): an Attempt at Classification," in Man, Meaning and History: Essays in Honour of H. G. Schulte Nordholt, ed. R. Schefold, W. Schoorl, and J. Tennekes (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1980), 84.
24. Father Borie, "Notice sur les Mantras, tribu sauvage de la Peninsule Malaise," Tijdschrift Bataviaasch Genootschap 10 (1861): 420;
25. Father Favre, An Account of the Wild Tribes Inhabiting the Malayan Peninsula, Sumatra, and a Few Neighbouring Islands (Paris: Imperial Printing Office, 1865), 55;
26. H. V. Stevens and A. Grünwedel, "Die Zaubermuster der orang hutan," Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 26 (1894): 186-7;
27. R. Martin, Die Inlandstämme der Malayischen Halbinsel: Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse einer Reise durch die Vereinigten Malayischen Staaten (Jena: Fischer, 1905), 730;
28. P. Schebesta, Orang-Utan: Bei den Urwaldmenschen Malayas und Sumatras (Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1928), 64;
29. Ivor H. N. Evans, The Negritos of Malaya (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1937), 58.
30. P. A. Tiele and J. E. Heeres, Bouwstoffen voor de Geschiedenis der Nederlanders in den Maleischen Archipel ('s-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1886-95), I: 58:
31. Michael Southon, The Navel of the Perahu: Meaning and Values in the Maritime Trading Economy of a Butonese Village (Canberra: ANU, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies (hereafter RSPAS), 1995), 80-84;
32. D. Henley, Fertility, Food, and Fever: Population, Economy and Environment in North and Central Sulawesi c. 1600-1930 (Leiden: KITLV Press, 2003), 27-32;
33. F. J. Ormeling, The Timor Problem: A Geographical Interpretation of an Underdeveloped Island (Djakarta: J. B. Wolters, 1956), 106;
34. James J. Fox, "The Heritage of Traditional Agriculture in Eastern Indonesia: Lexical Evidence and the Indications of Rituals from the Outer Arc of the Lesser Sundas," in The Heritage of Traditional Agriculture among the Western Austronesians, ed. James J. Fox (Canberra: ANU, Research School of Pacific Studies, 1992), 77, 80.
35. Karl J. Pelzer, Pioneer Settlement in the Asiatic Tropics (New York: American Geographical Society, 1945), 7-8;
36. J. E. Spencer, Shifting Cultivation in Southeast Asia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966), 115, 123-24;
37. F. Girard, "Les gens de l'igname; Les Buang de la vallée du Snake, District de Morobé, Nouvelle-Guinée," Journal d'Agriculture Tropicale et de Botanique Appliquée 14 (1967): 288;
38. D. E. Yen, The Sweet Potato and Oceania: An Essay in Ethnobotany (Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press, 1974), 321;
39. Ryutaro Ohtsuka and Tsuguyoshi Suzuki, ed., Population Ecology of Human Survival: Bioecological Studies of the Gidra in Papua New Guinea (Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1990), 53-56;
40. J. Schneider, "Farmer Practices and Sweetpotato Diversity in Highland New Guinea" (paper, 1st EUROSEAS Conference, Leiden, 1995):
41. Richard Eves, "Seating the Place: Tropes of Body, Movement and Space for the People of Lelet Plateau, New Ireland (Papua New Guinea)," in The Poetic Power of Place: Comparative Perspectives on Austronesian Ideas of Locality, ed. James J. Fox (Canberra: ANU, RSPAS, 1997), 174;
42. Bernard Sellato, Nomads of the Borneo Rainforest: The Economics, Politics, and Ideology of Settling Down, trans. Stephanie Morgan (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1994), 179;
43. M. Dove, "The Agronomy of Memory and the Memory of Agronomy: Ritual Conservation of Archaic Cultigens in Contemporary Farming Systems" (paper, Honolulu: East-West Center, 1995);
44. Han Knapen, Forests of Fortune? The Environmental History of Southeast Borneo, 1600-1880 (Leiden: KITLV Press, 2001), 208;
45. Christian Pelras, The Bugis (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996), 11, 39, 44, 103;
46. Harold C. Conklin, Hanunóo Agriculture: A Report on an Integral System of Shifting Cultivation in the Philippines (Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1957), 77, 147;
47. J. Peter Brosius, After Duwagan: Deforestation, Succession, and Adaptation in Upland Luzon, Philippines (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, 1990), 82-107;
48. William Henry Scott, Looking for the Prehispanic Filipino and Other Essays in Philippine History (Quezon City: New Day Publishers, 1992), 142-45;
49. Patrick Vinton Kirch, The Wet and the Dry: Irrigation and Agricultural Intensification in Polynesia (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 74-77;
50. William Henry Scott, Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society (Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1994), 39-40.
51. S. van Rechteren, Iournael gehouden op de reyse ende wederkomste van Oost-Indien (Zwolle: Gerritsz & Iorrijaensz, 1639), 55;
52. William Foster, ed., The Journal of John Jourdain, 1608-1617, Describing his Experiences in Arabia, India, and the Malay Archipelago (Cambridge: Hakluyt Society, 1905), 291;
53. Antonio Pigafetta, Magellan's Voyage: A Narrative Account of the First Circumnavigation, ed. R. A. Skelton (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1969), 173;
54. H. Jacobs, ed., Documenta Malucensia (Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute, 1974-84), II: 262, n. 80;
55. Daghregister gehouden int Casteel Batavia vant passerende daer ter plaetse als over geheel Nederlandts-India, 1663, 30 vols. (Batavia/'s-Gravenhage: Landsdrukkerij/Nijhoff 1888-1931), 536;
56. J. S. Wurffbain, Vierzehen Jährige Ost-Indianische Krieg- und Ober-Kauffmanns Dienste (Sultzbach/Nürnberg: Endter, 1686), 86;
57. F. Valentijn, Oud en nieuw Oost-Indiën (Dordrecht/Amsterdam: Van Braam/Onder de linden, 1724-6), III: 40-43;
58. F. W. Stapel, ed., Pieter van Dam: Beschryvinge van de Oostindische Compagnie ('s-Gravenhage: Nijhoff 1927/54), II: 208.
59. Thomas Forrest, A Voyage from Calcutta to the Mergui Archipelago.... (London: Robson, 1792), 87;
60. S. Müller, Reizen en onderzoekingen in den Indischen Archipel ... tusschen de jaren 1828 en 1836 (Amsterdam: Muller, 1857), I: 91-92;
61. Alfred Russell Wallace, The Malay Archipelago: The Land of the Orang-utan and the Bird of Paradise. A Narrative of Travel with Studies of Man and Nature (1869; reprint, Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1986), 452;
62. P.A. Leupe, "De reizen der Nederlanders naar Nieuw-Guinea en de Papoesche eilanden in de 17e en 18e eeuw," Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 22 (1875): 86, 144;
63. D. G. Coursey, Yams: An Account of the Nature, Origins, Cultivation and Utilisation of the Useful Members of the Dioscoreaceae (London: Longmans, 1967):
64. E. C. Barchewitz, Allerneueste und wahrhafte Ost-Indianische Reise-Beschreibung (Chemnitz: Stoeszeln, 1730), 223;
65. R. H. Barnes, Sea Hunters of Indonesia: Fishers and Weavers of Lamalera (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), 153.
66. O. L. Helfrich, "Bijdrage tot de geographische, geologische en ethnographische kennis der Afdeeling Kroë," Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 38 (1889): 330;
67. K. Heyne, De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch Indië (Batavia: Departement van Landbouw, Nijverheid & Handel, 1927), 456-60.
68. H. Zollinger, "Verslag van eene reis naar Bima en Soembawa en naar eenige plaatsen op Celebes, Saleyer, en Flores gedurende de maanden mei tot december 1847," Verhandelingen Bataviaasch Genootschap 23 (1850): 73;
69. William Marsden, The History of Sumatra.... (1811; reprint, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1966), 93;
70. William Dampier, Voyages and Discoveries, 2d ed., ed. N. M. Penzer (London: The Argonaut Press, 1931), 88, 123;
71. John Anderson, Political and Commercial Considerations Relative to the Malayan Peninsula and the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca (1824; reprint, Singapore: Royal Asiatic Society, Malayan branch, 1965), 164;
72. T. J. Newbold, Political and Statistical Account of the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca ... with a History of the Malayan States on the Peninsula of Malacca (London: Murray, 1839), 2: 404;
73. Paul Schebesta, Among the Forest Dwarfs of Malaya (London: Hutchinson, 1928), 115;
74. Kirk Endicott, Batek Negrito Religion: The World-View and Rituals of a Hunting and Gathering People of Peninsular Malaysia (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979), 54;
75. R. K. Dentan, "Potential Food Sources for Foragers in Malaysian Rainforests: Sago, Yams and Lots of Little Things," Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 147 (1991): 426, 433.
76. I. H. Burkill, A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula (London: Crown Agents for the Colonies, 1935), 639-40.
77. Ping-ti Ho, "The Introduction of American Food Plants into China," American Anthropologist 57 (Summer 1955): 193-34;
78. J. W. Purseglove, Tropical Crops: Dicotyledons (London: Longman, 1974), 81;
79. Realia, register op de Generale Resolution van het Kasteel Batavia, 1632-1805 (Leiden: Kolff, 1882-6), III: 38;
80. J. Bontius, Historiae Naturalis & Medicae Indiae Orientalis [bound with G. Piso, Indiae Utriusque Re Naturali et Medica] (Amsterdam: Elzevier, 1658), 12;
81. M. E. van Opstall, ed., De reis van de vloot van Pieter Willemsz Verhoeff naar Azië 1607-1612 ('s-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1972 , II: 290.
82. C. de Bruin, Reizen over Moskovie, door Persie en Indie (Amsterdam: Wetstein, 1714), 394;
83. John Hawkesworth, An Account of the Voyages Undertaken ... for Making Discoveries in the Southern Hemisphere.... (London: Strahan & Cadell, 1773), III: 733;
84. A. Teisseire, "Beschrijving van een gedeelte der Omme- en Bovenlanden dezer hoofdstad," Verhandelingen Bataviaasch Genootschap 6 (1792): 83.
85. Charles Lockyer, An Account of the Trade in India.... (London: Crouch, 1711), 52;
86. Theodore Salmon, Hedendaegsche historie, of tegenwoordige staet van alle volkeren (Amsterdam: Tirion, 1729-33), II: 294;
87. S. Müller, Reizen en onderzoekingen in Sumatra, gedaan op last der Nederlandsche Indische regering, tusschen de jaren 1833 en 1838, door Dr. S. Müller en Dr. L. Horner ('s-Gravenhage: Fuhri, 1855), 24, 50, 94, 128, 156-57, 178-79;
88. O. Mohnike, Banka und Palembang nebst Mittheilungen über Sumatra im Allgemeinen (Münster: Aschendorffschen Buchhandlung, 1874), 138;
89. Christine Dobbin, Islamic Revivalism in a Changing Peasant Economy: Central Sumatra, 1784-1847 (London: Curzon Press, 1983), 32.
90. Nicholas Gervaise, An Historical Description of the Kingdom of Macasar in the East-Indies (London: Leigh & Midwinter, 1701), 20;
91. "Reise ins Innere von Borneo," Berichte der Rheinischen Missions-Gesellschaft (1879): 336;
92. P. C. van der Willigen, "Omtrent een reis door Borneo, van Pontianak naar Bandjermasin, langs Melawi en Kahayan, in 1894," Tijdschrift Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, 2nd series 15 (1898): 424-45;
93. P. P. Pastells, ed., Labor evangélica ... en las Islas Filipinas: Historiados por el Padre Francisco Colín (Barcelona: Henrich, 1900-2), I: 110;
94. William Dampier, A New Voyage Round the World (1697; reprint, New York: Dover Publications, 1968), 308;
95. Vincent C. Loth, "Fragrant Gold and Food Provision: Resource Management and Agriculture in Seventeenth Century Banda," in Old World Places, New World Problems: Exploring Issues of Resource Management in Eastern Indonesia, ed. Sandra Pannell and Franz von Benda-Beckmann (Canberra: ANU, Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies (hereafter CRES), 1998), 79;
96. C. Bosscher, "Bijdrage tot de kennis van de Keij-eilanden," Tijdschrift Bataviaasch Genootschap 4 (1855): 30;
97. E. W. A. Ludeking, "Schets van de Residentie Amboina," Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 15 (1868): 79, 90;
98. J. P. C. Cambier, "Rapport over Tidoreesch-Halmahera," Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 19 (1872): 261;
99. Henry O. Forbes, A Naturalist's Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago: A Narrative of Travel and Exploration from 1878 to 1883 (New York: Harper, 1885), 306, 314, 403, 438;
100. W. Van Hogendorp,"Beschryving van het eitland Timor, voor zoo verre het tot nog toe bekend is,"Verhandelingen Bataviaasch Genootschap 1(1779):297;
101. P. A. Leupe, "Het eiland Soemba in 1759," Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 27 (1879): 225.
102. Thomas Forrest, A Voyage to New Guinea and the Moluccas ... During the Years 1774, 1775, and 1776 (London: Scott, 1779), 87;
103. J. B. Watson, "From Hunting to Horticulture in the New Guinea Highlands," Ethnology 4 (Summer 1965): 299;
104. J. B. Watson, "Horticultural Traditions of the Eastern New Guinea Highlands," Oceania 38 (December 1967): 83:
105. Richard Scaglion and Kimberly A. Soto, "A Prehistoric Introduction of the Sweet Potato in New Guinea?" in Migrations and Transformations: Regional Perspectives on New Guinea, ed. Andrew J. Strathern and Gabriele Stuerzenhofecker (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1994);
106. J. P. Brosius, "Significance and Social Being in Ifugao Agricultural Production," Ethnology 27 (Winter 1988): 97-98;
107. J. de Rovere van Breugel, "Beschrijving van Bantam en de Lampongs," Bijdragen tot de Taal-, en Volkenkunde 5 (1856): 349-51;
108. F. van Boekhold, "Relaas van een reisje na en op den berg Merbaboe," Verhandelingen Bataviaasch Genootschap 6 (1792): 6;
109. F. de Haan, Priangan: De Preanger-Regentschappen onder het Nederlandsche Bestuur tot 1811 (Batavia: Kolff, 1910-12), IV: 126.
110. A. L. van Hasselt, Volksbeschrijving van Midden-Sumatra (Leiden: Brill, 1882), 347-48;
111. C. Helfrich, "Schets eener geneeskundige plaatsbeschrijving van de Zuid-en Oostkust van Borneo," Geneeskundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië 7 (1859): 576-77;
112. J. E. Teijsmann, "Over de wenschelijkheid van de kultuur der zoete en bittere cassave op Java, vooral met het oog op mislukking der rijstkultuur," Natuurkundig Tijdschrift van Nederlandsch-Indië 2 (1851): 313;
113. C. Hartwich, "Ueber in Rumphius' 'Herbarium Amboinense' erwaehnte Amerikanische Pflanzen," in Rumphius Gedenkboek 1702-1902, ed. M. Greshoff (Haarlem: Koloniaal Museum, 1902);
114. K. R. F. Blokzeijl, De Cassave (Haarlem: Tjeenk Willink, 1922), 1;
115. R. C. Bakhuizen van den Brink, "De Indische Flora en hare eerstc Amerikaanse indringsters," Natuurkundig Tijdschrift van Nederlandsch-Indië 93 (1933): 25;
116. W. P. Coolhaas et al., eds., Generale Missiven van Gouverneurs-Generaal en Raden aan Heren XVII der Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie ('s-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1960-88), 13 February 1677, IV: 168; 29 April 1681, IV: 463;
117. K. Albert Gray and H. C. P. Bell, eds., The Voyage of François Pyrard of Laval to the East Indies, the Maldives, the Moluccas and Brazil: Volume I (London: Hakluyt Society, 1887), 218;
118. W. Joost, ed., Die wundersamen Reisen des Caspar Schmalkalden nach West- und Ostindien 1642-1652 (Weinheim: Acta Humaniora, 1983), 12.
119. D. van Hogendorp, Bericht van den tegenwoordigen toestand der Bataafsche bezittingen in Oost-Indië, en den handel op dezelve (Delft: Roelofswaert, 1800), 109;
120. C. A. Bensen, "Natuur- en geneeskundige topographie der Residentie Bantam," Geneeskundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië 5 (1857): 1026;
121. J. H. F. Sollewijn Gelpke, Gegevens voor een nieuwe landrente-regeling; Eindresumé der onderzoekingen bevolen bij het Gouvernementsbesluit van 23 Oct. 1879, No. 3 (Batavia: Landsdrukkerij, 1885), 128;
122. Walter P. Falcon, William O. Jones, and Scott R. Pearson, The Cassava Economy of Java (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1984), 25.
123. B. Hagen, "Rapport über eine im Dezember 1883 unternommene wissenschaftliche Reise an den Toba-See (Central Sumatra ," Tijdschrift Bataviaasch Genootschap 31 (1886): 344;
124. J. Freiherr von Brenner, Besuch bei den Kannibalen Sumatras. Erste Durchquerung der unabhängigen Batak-Lande (Würzburg: Woerl, 1894), 354;
125. J. Jacobs, Het familie- en kampongleven op Groot-Atjeh. Eene bijdrage tot de ethnographie van Noord-Sumatra (Leiden: Brill, 1894), II: 17;
126. E. A. Klerks, "Geographisch en ethnographisch opstel over de landschappen Korintji, Serampas en Soengai Tenang," Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 39 (1897): 98;
127. Caspar Whitney, Jungle Trails and Jungle People: Travel, Adventure and Observation in the Far East (New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1905), 223;
128. W. Volz, Nord-Sumatra: Bericht über eine im Auftrag der Humboldt-Stiftung der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin in den Jahren 1904-1906 ausgeführte Forschungsreise. Band I: Die Batakländer (Berlin: Reimer, 1909), 264;
129. F. W. Funke, Orang Abung; Volkstum Süd-Sumatras im Wandel (Leiden: Brill, 1958-61), II: 124;
130. Ulrich Scholz, The Natural Regions of Sumatra and Their Agricultural Production Pattern: A Regional Analysis, Vol. 1 (Bogor: Central Research Institute for Food Crops, 1983), 31.
131. R. D. Hill, Rice in Malaya: A Study in Historical Geography (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1977), 138, 167;
132. Lim Teck Ghee, Peasants and their Agricultural Economy in Colonial Malaya, 1874-1941 (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1977), 16;
133. C. A. L. M. Schwaner, Borneo: Beschrijving van het stroomgebied van den Barito.... (Amsterdam: Van Kampen, 1853-4), II: 64-65;
134. H. E. D. Engelhard, "De staatkundige en economische toestand van het eiland Saleijer," Indische Gids 6:2 (1884): 309-10;
135. D. F. van Braam Morris, "Nota van toelichting behoorende bij het contract gesloten met het landschap Bima....," Tijdschrift Bataviaasch Genootschap 34 (1891): 188;
136. Xenia Y. Wolff and Margaret J. Florey, "Foraging, Agricultural and Culinary Practices among the Alune of West Seram with Implications for the Changing Significance of Cultivated Plants as Foodstuffs," in Old World Places, New World Problems: Exploring Resource Management Issues in Eastern Indonesia, ed. Sandra Pannell and Franz von Benda-Beckmann (Canberra: ANU, CRES, 1998), 291;
137. J. Leith, "Resettlement and Restless Tree Spirits: Shifting Identities and Resource-based Livelihoods in North Halmahera," Cakalele 10 (1999): 72;
138. T. N. Headland, "The Wild Yam Question: How Well Could Independent Hunter-Gatherers Live in a Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystem?" Human Ecology 15 (Winter 1987);