Neonatal Facial Coding System for Assessing Postoperative Pain in Infants: Item Reduction is Valid and Feasible

Clinical Journal of Pain

Volumn 19, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 353-363

  Peters, Jeroen W B ^a   Koot, Hans M ^b   Grunau, Ruth E ^c   De Boer, Josien ^d   Van Druenen, Marieke J ^a   Tibboel, Dick ^a   Duivenvoorden, Hugo J ^e  

^a SOPHIA CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (Netherlands)

^b VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^c CHILDREN S AND WOMEN S HEALTH CENTRE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^d TNO   (Netherlands)

^e ERASMUS MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Facial action; Infant newborn; Pain measurement; Postoperative pain

Indexed keywords

CATECHOLAMINE; MORPHINE;

ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE; BODY MOVEMENT; CHILD; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CRYING; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEASIBILITY STUDY; FEMALE; HEART RATE; HUMAN; INFANT; MALE; NEWBORN PERIOD; NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION; PAIN; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PATIENT CODING; POSTOPERATIVE PAIN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK ASSESSMENT; VALIDATION PROCESS; VISUAL ANALOG SCALE;

BLOOD PRESSURE; CATECHOLAMINES; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; HEART RATE; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALE; MORPHINE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); PAIN MEASUREMENT; PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE; POSTOPERATIVE CARE; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; VIDEOTAPE RECORDING;

EID: 0242413319     PISSN: 07498047     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00002508-200311000-00003     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Johnston CC, Stevens BJ. Experience in a neonatal intensive care unit affects pain response. Pediatrics. 1996;98:925-930.
2. Grunau RE, Oberlander TF, Whitfield MF, et al. Demographic and therapeutic determinants of pain reactivity in very low birth weight neonates at 32 weeks' postconceptional Age. Pediatrics. 2001;107:105-112.
3. Beyer JE, McGrath PJ, Berde CB. Discordance between self-report and behavioral pain measures in children aged 3-7 years after surgery. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1990;5:350-356.
4. Izard CE, Hembree EA, Dougherty LM, et al. Changes in facial expressions of 2- to 19-month-old infants following acute pain. Dev Psychol. 1983;19:418-426.
5. Izard CE, Hembree EA, Huebner RR. Infants' emotion expressions to acute pain: developmental change and stability of individual differences. Dev Psychol. 1987;23:105-113.
6. Johnston CC, Strada ME. Acute pain response in infants: a multidimensional description, Pain. 1986;24:373-382.
7. Craig KD, Grunau RE, Aquan-Assee J. Judgement of pain in newborns: facial activity and cry as determinants. Can J Behav Sci. 1988;20:442-451.
8. Goodenough B, Addicoat L, Champion GD, et al. Pain in 4- to 6-year-old children receiving intramuscular injections: a comparison of the Faces Pain Scale with other self-report and behavioral measures. Clin J Pain. 1997;13:60-73.
9. Hadjistavropoulos HD, Craig KD, Grunau RV, et al. Judging pain in newborns: facial and cry determinants. J Pediatr Psychol, 1994; 19:485-491.
10. Hadjistavropoulos HD, Craig KD, Grunau RVE, et al. Judging pain in infants: behavioral, contextual, and developmental determinants. Pain. 1997;73:319-324.
11. Schade JG, Joyce BA, Gerkensmeyer J, et al. Comparison of three preverbal scales for postoperative pain assessment in a diverse pediatric sample. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1996;12:348-359.
12. van Dijk M, de Boer JB, Koot HM, et al, The reliability, stability and validity of the COMFORT scale as a postoperative pain instrument in 0- to 3-year-old infants. Pain. 2000;84:367-377.
13. Krechel SW, Bildner J. CRIES: a new neonatal postoperative pain measurement score. Initial testing of validity and reliability. Paediatr Anaesth. 1995;5:53-61.
14. Merkel SI, Voepel-Lewis T, Shayevitz JR, et al. The FLACC: a behavioral scale for scoring postoperative pain in young children. Pediatr Nurs. 1997;23:293-297.
15. Grunau RVE, Craig KD. Pain expression in neonates: facial action and cry. Pain. 1987;28:395-410.
16. , Grunau RVE, Craig KD. Facial activity as a measure of neonatal pain expression. In: Tyler DC, Krane EJ, eds. Advances in Pain Research and Therapy. Vol 15. New York: Raven Press; 1990:147-155.
17. Craig KD, Whitfield MF, Grunau RVE, et al. Pain in the preterm neonate: behavioral and physiological indices. Pain. 1993;52:287-299.
18. Stevens BJ, Johnston CC, Horton L. Factors that influence the behavioral pain responses of premature infants. Pain. 1994;59:101-109.
19. Johnston CC, Stevens BJ, Yang F, et al. Differential response to pain by very premature neonates. Pain. 1995;61:471-479.
20. Guinsburg R, de Araujo Peres C, Branco de Almeida MF, et al. Differences in pain expression between male and female newborn infants. Pain. 2000;85:127-133.
21. Grunau RVE, Johnston CC, Craig KD. Neonatal facial and cry responses to invasive and non-invasive procedures. Pain. 1990;42:295-305.
22. Lilley CM, Craig KD, Grunau RVE. The expression of pain in infants and toddlers: developmental changes in facial action. Pain. 1997;72:161-170.
23. Grunau RE, Oberlander T, Holsti L, et al. Bedside application of the Neonatal Facial Coding System in pain assessment of premature neonates. Pain. 1998;76:277-286.
24. Johnston CC, Stevens B, Yang F, et al. Developmental changes in response to heelstick in preterm infants: a prospective cohort study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1996;38:438-445.
25. Ramenghi LA, Evans DJ, Levene MI. Sucrose analgesia: absorptive mechanism or taste perception? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1999;80:F146-F147.
26. Johnston CC, Collinge JM, Henderson SJ, et al. A cross-sectional survey of pain and pharmacological analgesia in Canadian neonatal intensive care units. Clin J Pain. 1997;13:308-312.
27. Guinsburg R, Kopelman BI, Anand KJ, et al. Physiological, hormonal, and behavioral responses to a single fentanyl dose in intubated and ventilated preterm neonates. J Pediatr. 1998;132:954-959.
28. Scott CS, Riggs KW, Ling EW, et al. Morphine pharmacokinetics and pain assessment in premature newborns. J Pediatr. 1999;135:423-429.
29. Stevens BJ, Johnston CC, Petryshen P, et al. Premature Infant Pain Profile: development and initial validation. Clin J Pain. 1996;12:13-22.
30. Taddio A, Katz J, Ilersich AL, et al. Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain response during subsequent routine vaccination. Lancet. 1997;349:599-603.
31. Ambuel B, Hamlett KW, Marx CM, et al. Assessing distress in pediatric intensive care environments: the COMFORT scale. J Pediatr Psychol. 1992;17:95-109.
32. Bouwmeester NJ, Anand KJS, van Dijk M, et al. Hormonal and metabolic stress responses after major surgery in children aged 0-3 years: a double blind, randomized trial comparing the effects of continuous versus intermittent morphine. Br J Anaesth. 2001;87:390-399.
33. Tarbell SE, Cohen TI, Marsh JL. The toddler-preschooler postoperative pain scale: an observational scale for measuring postoperative pain in children aged 1-5. Preliminary report. Pain. 1992;50:273-280.
34. McGrath PJ, Johnson G, Goodman JT, et al. CHEOPS: a behavioral scale for rating postoperative pain in children. In: Fields HL, Dubner R, Cervero F, eds. Advances in Pain Research and Therapy. Vol. 9. New York: Raven Press; 1985:395-402.
35. van Dijk M, de Boer JB, Koot HM, et al. Association between physiological and behavioral pain measures in 0- to 3-year-old children after major surgery. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2001;22:600-609.
36. The Observer Base Package for Windows [computer program]. Version 3. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Noldus Information Technology; 1997.
37. The Observer Video-pro. Support Package for Video Analysis [computer program]. Version 4. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Noldus Information Technology; 1997.
38. Craig KD, Hadjistavropoulos HD, Grunau RVE. A comparison of two measures of facial activity during pain in the newborn child. J Pediatr Psychol. 1994;19:305-318.
39. Akaike H. A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Trans Automat Control. 1974;AC-19:716-723.
40. Schwarz G. Estimating the dimension of a model. Ann Stat. 1978; 6:461-464.
41. Verbeke G, Molenberghs G. Linear Mixed Models in Practice. New York: Springer; 1997.
42. Craig KD, Grunau RVE. Neonatal pain perception and behavioral measurement. In: Anand KJS, McGrath PJ, eds. Pain in Neonates. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1993:67-106.
43. Gilbert CA, Lilley CM, Craig KD, et al. Postoperative pain expression in preschool children: validation of the child facial coding system. Clin J Pain. 1999;15:192-200.
44. Prkachin KM. Dissociating spontaneous and deliberate expressions of pain: signal detection analyses. Pain. 1992;51:57-65.
45. LeResche L, Dworkin SF. Facial expression accompanying pain. Soc Sci Med. 1984;19:1325-1330.
46. Craig KD, Patrick CJ. Facial expression during induced pain. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1985;48:1080-1091.
47. Patrick CJ, Craig KD, Prkachin KM. Observer judgments of acute pain: facial action determinants. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986;50:1291-1298.
48. Craig KD, Hyde SA, Patrick CJ. Genuine, suppressed and faked facial behavior during exacerbation of chronic low back pain. Pain. 1991;46:161-171.
49. Hamers JP, Abu-Saad HH, Halfens RJ, et al. Factors influencing nurses' pain assessment and interventions in children. J Adv Nurs. 1994;20:853-860.
50. Seymour E, Fuller BF, Pedersen-Gallegos L, et al. Modes of thought, feeling, and action in infant pain assessment by pediatric nurses. J Pediatr Nurs. 1997;12:32-50.
51. Shapiro CR. Nurses' judgements of pain in term and preterm newborns. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 1993;22:41-47.
52. Morison SJ, Grunau RE, Oberlander TF, et al. Relations between behavioral and cardiac autonomic reactivity to acute pain in preterm neonates. Clin J Pain. 2001;17:350-358.
53. Anand KJS, Sippell WG, Aynsley-Green A. Randomised trial of fentanyl anaesthesia in preterm babies undergoing surgery: effects on the stress response. Lancet. 1987;31:243-248.
54. Anand KJS, Hickey PR. Halothane-morphine compared with high-dose sufentanil for anesthesia and postoperative analgesia in neonatal cardiac surgery. New Engl J Med. 1992;326:1-9.
55. Lewis M, Thomas D. Cortisol release in infants in response to inoculation. Child Dev. 1990;61:50-59.
56. Lewis M, Ramsay DS. Developmental change in infants' responses to stress. Child Dev. 1995;66:657-670.
57. Quinn MW, Wild J, Dean HG, et al. Randomised double-blind controlled trial of effect of morphine on catecholamine concentrations in ventilated pre-term babies. Lancet. 1993;342:324-327.
58. Cabal LA, Siassi B, Artal R, et al. Cardiovascular and catecholamine changes after administration of pancuronium in distressed neonates. Pediatrics. 1985;75:284-287.
59. Stopfkuchen H, Racke K, Schworer H, et al. Effects of dopamine infusion on plasma catecholamines in preterm and term newborn infants. Eur J Pediatr. 1991;150:503-506.
60. Peters JWB, Koot HM, de Boer J, et al. Postoperative pain assessment in infants: validation of the Neonatal Facial Coding System. The 5th International Symposium on Paediatric Pain 2000, 18-21 June 2000; London, United Kingdom.