Principles of management of osteometabolic disorders affecting the aging spine

European Spine Journal

Volumn 12, Issue SUPPL. 2, 2003, Pages

  Hadjipavlou, Alexander G ^a,b   Katonis, Paul G ^a   Tzermiadianos, Michael N ^a   Tsoukas, George M ^c   Sapkas, George ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CRETE   (Greece)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MEDICAL BRANCH   (United States)

^c MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

Author keywords

Back pain; Deformity; Fractures; Myelopathy; Neurological deficit; Osteoporosis; Paget's disease; Spinal stenosis; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ALENDRONIC ACID; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CALCITONIN; CLODRONIC ACID; COLLAGEN TYPE 1; DEOXYPYRIDINOLINE; ETIDRONIC ACID; GALLIUM NITRATE; HYDROXYPROLINE; IPRIFLAVONE; MITHRAMYCIN; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OSTEOCALCIN; PAMIDRONIC ACID; PROCOLLAGEN C PROTEINASE; PYRIDINOLINE;

AGED; AGING; ARTERY STEAL SYNDROME; ARTHRITIS; BACKACHE; BASILAR IMPRESSION; BLEEDING; BONE ATROPHY; BONE DISEASE; BONE GROWTH; CELL TRANSFORMATION; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; EPIDURAL HEMATOMA; FEMALE; FRACTURE; HUMAN; MALE; METABOLIC DISORDER; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; OSSIFICATION; PAGET BONE DISEASE; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SARCOMA; SPINAL CORD COMPRESSION; SPINAL CORD DISEASE; SPINE DISEASE; SPINE MALFORMATION; SUBLUXATION; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; SYRINGOMYELIA; VERTEBRA DISLOCATION; VERTEBRA FRACTURE;

AGED; AGING; HUMANS; ORTHOPEDIC PROCEDURES; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; OSTEOPOROSIS; SPINAL DISEASES; SPINAL STENOSIS;

EID: 0242405469     PISSN: 09406719     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00586-003-0600-5     Document Type: Review

References (137)

1. Alexandre C, Trillet M, Meunier P, et al (1979) Traitement des paraplegics pagetiques par les disphosphonates. Ren Neurol (Paris) 135:625-632
2. Altman RD (1980) Musculoskeletal manifestation of Paget's disease of bone. Arthritis Rheum 23:1121-1127
3. Altman RD (1999) Paget's disease of bone: rheumatologic complications. Bone 24 [5 Suppl]:47-48
4. Altman RD, Brown M, Gargano F (1987) Low back pain in Paget's disease of bone. Clin Orthop 217:152-161
5. Altman RD, Bloch DA, Hochberg MC, Murphy WA (2000) Prevalence of pelvic Paget's disease of bone in the United States. J Bone Miner Res 15:461-465
6. Arciero RA, Leung KY, Pierce JH (1989) Spontaneous unstable burst fracture of the thoracolumbar spine in osteoporosis. Spine 14:114-117
7. Argenson C, Lovet J, De Peretti F, et al (1990) The treatment of spinal fractures with Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation: results of the first 85 cases. Orthop Trans 14:776-777
8. Baba H, Maezawa Y, Kamitani K, Furusawa N, Imura S, Tomita K (1995) Osteoporotic vertebral collapse with late neurological complications. Paraplegia 33:281-289
9. Barry HC (1969) Paget's disease of bone. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh
10. Basle MF, Rebel A, Fournier JG, et al (1987) On the trail of paramyxoviruses in Paget's disease of bone. Clin Orthop 217:9-15
11. Boudreau RJ, Lisbona R, Hadjipavlou A (1983) Observation on serial radionuclide blood flow studies in Paget's disease. J Nucl Med 24:880-885
12. Boutin RD, Spitz DJ, Newman JS, et al (1998) Complications in Paget disease at MR imaging. Radiology 209: 641-651
13. Brower AC, Downey EF (1981) Kummel disease: report of a case with serial radiographs. Radiology 1341: 363-364
14. Byrd JA, Scoles PV, Winter RB, Bradford DS, Lonstein JE, Moe JH (1987) Adult idiopathic scoliosis treated by anterior and posterior spinal fusion. J Bone Joint Surg Am 69:843-850
15. Cartlidge N, McCollum JPK, Ayyar RDA (1972) Spinal cord compression in Paget's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 35:825-828
16. Chen JR, Richard SCR, Wallach S, et al (1979) Neurologic disturbances in Paget's disease of bone: response to calcitonin. Neurology 29:448-457
17. Chiba M, McLain RF, Yerby SA, et al (1996) Short-segment pedicle screw fixation: biomechanical analysis of supplemental hook fixation. Spine 21:288-294
18. IS.Chou LH, Knight RQ (1997) Idiopathic avascular necrosis of a vertebral body. Spine 22:1928-1932
19. Christenson RH (1997) Biochemical markers of bone metabolism: an overview. Clin Biochem 30:573-593
20. Clarke PR, Williams HI (1975) Ossification in extradural fat in Paget's disease of the spine. Br J Surg 62: 571-572
21. Coe JD, Warden KE, Herzig MA, McAfee PC (1990) Influence of bone mineral density on the fixation of thoracolumbar implants: a comparative study of transpedicular screws, laminar hooks, and spinous process wires. Spine 15:902-907
22. Cohen LD (1990) Fractures of the osteoporotic spine. Orthop Clin North Am 21:143-150
23. Collins DH (1956) Paget's disease of bone: incidence and subclinical forms. Lancet 2:51-56
24. Consensus Conference (1984) Osteoporosis. JAMA 252:799-802
25. Cooper C, Atkinson EJ, O'Fallon WM, Melton LJ 3rd (1992) Incidence of clinically diagnosed vertebral fractures: a population-based study on Rochester, Minnesota, 1985-1989. J Bone Mineral Res 7:221-227
26. Cortet B, Solau-Gervais E, Labbe P, et al (1995) Tassements vertébraux ostéoporotiques avec complications neurologiques sévères. A propos de six observations. Rev Med Interne 16:891-896
27. Courtois I, Lauwers A, Prades B, Alexandre C (1998) Can an osteoporotic vertebral fracture cause compression of the spinal cord or cauda equina. Rev Rhum Engl Ed 65:207-211
28. Curran JE (1975) Neurological sequelae of Paget's disease of the vertebral column and skull bone. Austral Radiol 19:15-19
29. Cyteval C, Sarrabere MP, Roux JO, Thomas E, Jorgensen C, Blotman F, Sany J, Taourel P (1999). Acute osteoporotic vertebral collapse: open study on percutaneous injection of acrylic surgical cement in 20 patients. AJR 173:1685-1690
30. Danais S, Hadjipavlou A (1977) Etude scintigraphique comparative des lésions osseuses et de la moelle osseuse dans la maladie de Paget. Union Med Can 106:1100-1109
31. Direkze M, Milnes JN (1970) Spinal cord compression in Paget's disease. Br J Surg 57:239-240
32. Douglas DL, Duckworth T, Kanis JA, et al (1980) Biochemical and clinical responses to dichloromethylene disphosphonate (CI 2MDP) in Paget's disease of bone. Arthritis Rheum 23:1185-1192
33. Douglas DL, Duckworth T, Kanis JA, et al (1981) Spinal cord dysfuction in Paget's disease of bone: has medical treatment a vascular basis? J Bone Joint Surg Br 63:495-503
34. Eck JC, Hodges SD, Humphreys SC (2002) Vertebroplasty: a new treatment strategy for osteoporotic compression fractures. Am J Orthop 31: 123-128
35. Elisevich K, Fontaine S, Bertrand C (1987) Syringomyelia as a complication of Paget's disease. J Neurosurg 67:611-613
36. Eulry F, Poirier JM, Perard D, et al (1997) Cauda equina syndrome with pagetic vertebral fusion. Clinical recovery under calcium-vitamin D supplementation plus clodronate after apparent failure of pamidronate and acquired resistance to etidronate. Rev Rhum Engl Ed 64:495-499
37. Fink HA, Ensrud KE, Nelson DB, et al (2003) Disability after clinical fracture in postmenopausal women with low bone density: the fracture intervention trial (FIT). Osteoporos Int. Jan;14(1):69-76
38. Fleisch H (1987) Experimental basis for the use of bisphosphonates in Paget's disease of bone. Clin Orthop 217:72-78
39. Fleisch H (1997) Mechanisms of action of the bisphosphonates. Medicina (B Aires) 57 [Suppl 1]:65-75
40. Franck WA, Bress NM, Singer FR, et al (1974) Rheumatic manifestations of Paget's disease of bone. Am J Med 56:592-603
41. Gallagher SJ, Boyle IT, Capell HA (1991) Pseudogout associated with the use of cyclical etidronate therapy. Scott Med J 36:49-54
42. Garfin (2001) New technologies in spine: kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty for the treatment of painful osteoporotic compression fractures. Spine 26:1511-1515
43. Gray RE (1988) Paget's disease of bone: comments by eight specialists. Excerpta Medica, Princeton
44. Guyer PB, Chamberlain AT (1988) Paget's disease of bone in South Africa. Clin Radiol 39:51-52
45. Guyer PB, Shepherd DFC (1980) Paget's disease of lumbar spine. Br J Radiol 53:286-288
46. Hadjipavlou A, Lander P (1991) Paget's disease of the spine. J Bone Joint Surg Am 73:1376-1381
47. Hadjipavlou A, Tsoukas G, Siller T, et al (1977) Combination drug therapy in treatment of Paget's disease of bone: clinical and metabolic response. J Bone Joint Surg Am 59:1045-1051
48. Hadjipavlou A, Lander P, Srolovitz H (1986) Pagetic arthritis: pathophysiology and management. Clin Orthop 208:15-19
49. Hadjipavlou A, Begin LR, Abitbol JJ (1986) Observations morphologiques, histochimiques et ultrastructurales de culture cellulaires in vitro d'os pagetique et normal. Union Med Can 115: 746-750
50. Hadjipavlou AG, Lander PH, Enker P (1986) Paget's disease of bone: orthopedic management. In: Arthritis pathology and management. Current Concepts of Bone Fragility Uttof Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
51. Hadjipavlou A, Shaffer N, Lander P, Srolovitz H (1988) Pagetic spinal stenosis with extradural pagetoid ossification: a case report. Spine 13:128-130
52. Hadjipavlou A, Lander P, Srulovitz H, Enker P (1992) Malignant transformation in Paget's disease of bone. Cancer 70:1802-1808
53. Hadjipavlou AG, Lander PH (1995) Paget's disease. In: White AH, Schofferman JA (eds) Spinal care. Mosby, St Louis, pp 1720-1737
54. Hadjipavlou A, Enker P, Dupuis O, Katzman S, Silver J (1996) The causes of failure of lumbar transpedicular spinal instrumentation and fusion: a prospective study. Int Orthop 20: 35-42
55. Hadjipavlou AG, Nicodemus C, Al-Hamden FA, Simmons JW, Pope MH (1997) Correlation of bone equivalent mineral density to pull out resistance of triangulated pedical screw construct. J Spinal Disord 10:12-19
56. Hadjipavlou A, Gaitanis I, Katonis P, Lander P (2001) Paget's disease of the spine and its management. Eur Spine J 10:370-384
57. Hadjipavlou A, Gaitanis I, Kontakis G (2002) Paget disease of the bone and its management. J Bone Joint Surg Br 84:160-169
58. Halvorson TL, Kelley LA, Thomas KA, Whitecloud TS, Cook SD (1994) Effects of bone mineral density on pedicle screw fixation. Spine 19:2415-2420
59. Hartman JT, Dohn DF (1966) Paget's disease of the spine with cord or nerve root compression. J Bone Joint Surg Am 48:1079-1084
60. Hasegawa K, Homma T, Uchiyama S, et al (1988) Vertebral pseudarthrosis in the osteoporotic spine. Spine 23: 2201-2206
61. Hasegawa K, Takahashi HE, Uchiyama S, et al (1997) An experimental study of a combination of methods using a pedicle screw and laminar hook for the osteoporotic spine. Spine 22:958-963
62. Haslam SI, Van Hul W, Morales-Piga A, et al (1998) Paget's disease of bone: evidence for a susceptibility locus on chromosome 18q and for genetic heterogeneity. J Bone Miner Res 13:911-917
63. Heggeness MH (1993) Spine fracture with neurological deficit in osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 3:215-221
64. Herzberg L, Bayllis E (1980) Spinal cord syndrome due to compressive Paget's disease of bone: a spinal artery steal phenomena reversible with calcitonin. Lancet 2:13-15
65. Hocking L, Slee F, Haslam SI, et al (2000) Familial Paget's disease of bone: patterns of inheritance and frequency of linkage to chromosome 18q. Bone 26:577-580
66. Hu SS (1997) Internal fixation in the osteoporotic spine. Spine 22 [24 Suppl]: 43-44
67. Huang TL, Cohen NJ, Sahgal SA, et al (1979) Osteosarcoma complicating in Paget's disease of the spine with neurologic complication. Clin Orthop 14:260-265
68. Hyde C, et al (2002) Secondary osteoporotic compressive vertebral fracture after kyphoplasty. Eur Spine J [Suppl 1]:34-35
69. Kado DM, Browner W, Palermo L, Nevitt MC, Genant HK, Cumming S (1999) Vertebral body fractures and mortality in older women: a prospective study. Study of osteoporotic fracture research group. Arch Intern Med 159:1215-1220
70. Kane WJ (1988) Spinal osteoporosis. Spinal deformity: what's the latest and what's the best? Presented at the AAOS Meeting, Baltimore, 29 September
71. Kaneda K, Asano S, Hashimoto T, Satoh S, Fujiya M (1992) The treatment of osteoporotic-posttraumatic vertebral collapse using the Kaneda device and a bioactive ceramic vertebral prosthesis. Spine 17 [8 Suppl]: 295-303
72. Kaplan PA, Orton DF, Asleson RJ (1987) Osteoporosis with vertebral compression fractures, retropulsed fragments, and neurologic compromise. Radiology 165:533-535
73. Kempinsky WH (1958) Osteoporotic kyphosis with paraplegia. Neurology 8:181-186
74. Kennedy BJ (1970) Metabolic and toxic effects of mithromycin during tumor therapy. Am J Med 48:494-503
75. Kim K, Suk K, Kim J, Lee S (2003) Delayed vertebral collapse with neurological deficits secondary to osteoporosis. Intern Orthop 27:65-69
76. Klenerman L (1966) Cauda equina and spinal cord compression in Paget's disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br 48:365-370
77. Korovessis P, Maraziotis T, Piperos G, Spyropoulos P (1994) Spontaneous burst fracture of the thoracolumbar spine in osteoporosis associated with neurological impairment: a report of seven cases and review of the literature. Eur Spine J 3:286-288
78. Lamovec J, Rener M, Spiler M, et al (1999) Pseudosarcoma in Paget's disease of bone. Ann Diagn Pathol 3:99-100
79. Lander P, Hadjipavlou A (1986) A dynamic classification in Paget's. J Bone Joint Surg Br 68:431-438
80. Lander P, Hadjipavlou A (1991) Intradiscal invasion of Paget's disease of the spine. Spine 16:46-51
81. Lee KS, McWhorter JM, Angelo JN (1988) Spinal epidural hematoma associated with Paget's disease. Surg Neurol 30:131-134
82. Leech JA, Dulberg C, Kellie S, Pattie L, Gay J (1999) Relationship of lung function to severity of osteoporosis in women. Am Ref Respir Dis 141:68-71
83. Lieberman (2001) Initial outcome and efficacy of kyphopasty in the treatment of osteoporotic VCFs. Spine 26: 1631-1638
84. Linville DA (2002) Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty. South Med J 95: 583-587
85. Lotz JC, Hu SS, Chiu DFM, Yu M, Colliou O, Poser RD (1997) Cardonated apatite cement augmentation of pedicle screw fixation in the lumbar spine. Spine 22:2716-2723
86. Lowe TG, Kasten MD (1994) An analysis of sagittal curves and balance after Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation for kyphosis secondary to Scheuermann's disease. Spine 19:1680-1685
87. Lyles (1993) Association of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures with impaired functional status. Am J Med 94:595-601
88. Manolagas SC (1999) Advances in the treatment of osteoporosis. Presented at the 21st Annual Meeting of the American Society for Bone Mineral Research. 30 September-4 October. Conference Report. Medscape Diabetes and Endocrinology, 1999
89. Marcelli C, Yates AJ, Barjon MC, Pansard E, Angelloz-Pessey L, Simon L (1995) Pagetic vertebral ankylosis and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. Spine 20:454-459
90. Maruo S, Tatekawa F, Nakano K (1987) Paraplegia caused by vertebral compression fractures in senile osteoporosis. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 125: 320-323
91. Mathe JF, Delobel R, Resche F, et al (1976) Syndromes medullaire au cours de la maladie De Paget: role du facteur vasculaire. Nouv Presse Med 5: 2619-2621
92. McLain RF (1997) Point of view: an experimental study of combination method using a pedicle screw and laminar hook for the osteoporotic spine. Spine 22:963
93. Mee AP (1999) Paramyxoviruses and Paget's disease: the affirmative view. Bone 24 [5 Suppl]:19-21
94. Melton LJ III, Riggs BL (1987) Epidemiology of age-related fractures. In: Avioli LV (ed) The osteoporotic syndrome. Grune & Stratton, New York, pp 1-30
95. Meunier PJ, Salson C, Mathieu L, et al (1987) Skeletal distribution and biochemical parameters of Paget's disease. Clin Orthop 217:37-44
96. Moore DC, Maitra RS, Farjo LA, Graziano GP, Goldstein SA (1997) Restoration of pedicle screw fixation with in situ setting calcium phosphate cement. Spine 22:1696-1705
97. Nguyen HV, Ludwig S, Gelb D (2003) Osteoporotic vertebral burst fractures with neurologic compromise. J Spinal Disord Techniques 16:10-19
98. O'Connor PA, Eustace S, O'Byrne J (2002) Spinal cord injury following osteoporotic vertebral fracture: case report. Spine 27:E413-415
99. Okuyama K, Sato K, Abe E, et al (1993) Stability of transpedicle screwing for the osteoporotic spine: an in vitro study of the mechanical stability. Spine 19:2240-2245
100. Paget J (1877) On a form of chronic inflammation of bone (osteitis deformans). Trans R Med Chir Soc London 60:36-43
101. Parfitt AM, Duncan H (1982) Metabolic bone disease affecting the spine. In: Rothman RH, Simone FA (eds) The spine, vol 2, 2nd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 828-830
102. Phillips FM, Todd Wetzel F, Lieberman I, Campell-Hupp M (2002) An in vivo comparison of the potential for extravertebral cement leak after vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty. Spine 27: 2173-2178
103. Porrini AA, Maldonado-Cocco JA, Morteo GO (1987) Spinal artery steal syndrome in Paget's disease of bone. Clin Exp Rheumatol 5:377-378
104. Pygott F (1957) Paget's disease of bone: the radiological incidence. Lancet 1:1170-1179
105. Radi I, Epiney J, Reiner M (1970) Chondrocalcinose et maladie asseuse de Paget. Rev Rheum 37:385-388
106. Ramussen H, Bordier P (1973) The physiological cellular basis of metabolic bone disease. N Engl Med 184: 25-29
107. Ravichandran G (1979) Neurologic recovery of paraplegia following use of salmon calcitonin in a patient with Paget's disease of the spine. Spine 4:37-40
108. Reginster JY, Lecart MP (1995) Efficacy and safety of drugs for Paget's disease of bone. Bone 17 [5 Suppl]: 485-488
109. Reid IR, Nicholson GC, Weinstein RS, et al (1996) Biochemical and radiologic improvement in Paget's disease of bone treated with alendronate: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Med 101:341-348
110. Richter RL, Semble EL, Turner RA, et al (1990) An unusual manifestation of Paget's disease of bone: spinal epidural hematoma presenting as acute cauda equina syndrome. J Rheumatol 17:975-978
111. Riggs BL, Melton LJ (1995) The worldwide problem of osteoporosis: insights afforded by epidemiology. Bone 17 [5 Suppl]:505-511
112. Riggs BL, Melton LJ III (1986). Involutional osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 314:1676
113. Rosenkrantz JA, Wolf J, Kaicher JJ (1952) Paget's disease (osteitis deformans). Arch Intern Med 90:610-615
114. Ross PD, Davia JW, Epstein RS, Wasnich RD (1991) Pre-existing fractures and bone mass predict vertebral fracture incidence in women. Ann Intern Med 114:919-923
115. Ryan WG (1977) Treatment of Paget's disease of bone with mithramycin. Clin Orthop 127:106-110
116. Ryan MD, Taylor TKF (1992) Spinal manifestations of Paget's disease. Aust NZJ Surg 62:33-38
117. Sadar SE, Walton RJ, Grossman HH (1972) Neurological dysfunction in Paget's disease of the vertebral column. J Neurosurg 37:661-665
118. Saita K, Hoshino Y, Kikkawa I, et al (2000) Posterior spinal shortening for paraplegia after vertebral collapse caused by osteoporosis. Spine 25: 2832-2835
119. Salomon C, Chopin D, Benoist M (1988) Spinal cord compression: an exceptional complication of spinal osteoporosis. Spine 13:222-224
120. Schajowicz F, Araujo SE, Berestein M (1983) Sarcoma complicating Paget's disease of bone: a clinicopathology study of 62 cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br 65:299-307
121. Schlaich C (1998) Reduced pulmonary function in patients with spinal osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporosis Int 8:261-267
122. Schlaich C, Minnie HW, Bruckner T, et al (1998) Reduced pulmonary function in patients with spinal osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporosis Int 8: 261-267
123. Schmorl G (1932) Uber osteitis deformans Paget. Virchows Arch Anat Physiol 183:694-701
124. Schwarz GA, Reback S (1939) Compression of the spinal cord in osteitis deformans (Paget's disease of the vertebrae). Am Roentgenol Radium Ther 42:345-347
125. Shikata J, Yamamuro T, Iida I, Shimizu K, Yoshikawa J (1990) Surgical treatment for paraplegia resulting from vertebral fractures in senile osteoporosis. Spine 15:485-489
126. Siegelman SS, Levine SA, Walpin L (1968) Paget's disease with spinal cord compression. Clin Radiol 19: 421-425
127. Silverman SL (1992) The clinical consequences of vertebral compression fracture. Bone 13 [Suppl 2]: S27-S31
128. Singer RF, Millis BG (1977) The etiology of Paget's disease of bone. Clin Orthop 127:37-41
129. Siris ES, Kelsey JL, Flaster E, et al (1990) Paget's disease of bone and previous pet ownership in the United States: dogs exonerated. Intern J Epidemol 19:455-458
130. Smidt WR, Hadjipavlou AG, Lander P, Dzioba RB (1994) An algorithmic approach to the treatment of Paget's disease of the spine. Orthop Rev 23: 715-724
131. Soshi S, Shiba R, Kondo H, et al (1991) An experimental study on transpedicular screw fixation in relation to osteoporosis in the lumbar spine. Spine 16:1335-1341
132. Tanaka S, Kubota M, Fujimoto Y, Hayashi J, Nishikawa K (1993) Conus medullaris syndrome secondary to an L1 burst fracture in osteoporosis. A case report. Spine 18:2131-2134
133. Tiegs RD (1997) Paget's disease of bone: indications for treatment and goals of therapy. Clin Ther 19:1309-1329
134. Turner JWA (1940) Spinal complications of Paget's disease (osteiti deformans). Brain 63:321-327
135. Whalley N (1946) Paget's disease of the atlas and axis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 9:84-91
136. Wyllie WG (1923) The occurrence in osteiti deformans of lesion of the central nervous system with a report of four cases. Brain 46:336-342
137. Zlatkin MB, Lander PH, Hadjipavlou A, Levine JS (1986) Paget's disease of the spine: CT with clinical correlation. Radiology 160:155-159