The Transformation of the KMT's Ideology

Issues and Studies

Volumn 32, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 1-30

  Hao, Paul W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Democratization; Ideology; KMT; Taiwan; Three people's principles

Indexed keywords

EID: 0242382495     PISSN: 10132511     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Andrew Vincent, "Introduction" to Modern Political Ideologies (Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell Publishers, 1992).
2. Cf. Key Lawson, The Comparative Study of Political Parties (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1976), 15.
3. Charles Andrain, "Ideology," in Academic American Encyclopedia (Danbury: Grolier, 1990), vol. 11:30-31.
4. Vincent, Modern Political Ideologies, 16.
5. Martin Seliger, Ideology and Politics (London: Allen & Unwin, 1976), 120.
6. See note 2 above.
7. For instance, A. James Gregor, Maria Hsia Chang, and Andrew B. Zimmerman, Ideology and Development: Sun Yat-sen and the Economic History of Taiwan (Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, 1981).
8. Robert G. Sutter, Taiwan: Entering the 21st Century (New York: University Press of America, 1988); Hung-mao Tien, The Great Transition: Political and Social Change in the Republic of China (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1989).
9. Robert G. Sutter, Taiwan: Entering the 21st Century (New York: University Press of America, 1988); Hung-mao Tien, The Great Transition: Political and Social Change in the Republic of China (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1989).
10. Thomas A. Metzger, "The Chinese Reconciliation of Moral-Sacred Values with Modern Pluralism: Political Discourse in the ROC, 1949-1989," in Two Societies in Opposition: The Republic of China and the People's Republic of China after Forty Years, ed. Ramon H. Myers (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1991), 3-56.
11. See, for example, K. Y. Yin, Wo dui Taiwan jingji de kanfa (My views on Taiwan's economy), vol. 2 (Taipei: Council for Economic Planning and Development, Executive Yuan, 1973); Wang Tso-jung, Taiwan jingji fazhan lunwen xuanji (Selected essays on Taiwan's economic development) (Taipei: China Times, 1981); Sun Chen, Minshengzhuyi de jingji zhengce (Economic policies of minshengzhuyi) (Taipei: Cheng Chung Book Company, 1981); C. K. Yen, "The Fundamentals and Conditions of Postwar Economic Development in Taiwan," in Experiences and Lessons of Postwar Economic Development in Taiwan, ed. Kwoh-ting Li and Tzong-shian Yu (Taipei: Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica, 1982); and K. T. Li, Prospects for Taiwan's Economic Development; A Collection of Essays from 1980-1984 (Taipei: 1985).
12. See, for example, K. Y. Yin, Wo dui Taiwan jingji de kanfa (My views on Taiwan's economy), vol. 2 (Taipei: Council for Economic Planning and Development, Executive Yuan, 1973); Wang Tso-jung, Taiwan jingji fazhan lunwen xuanji (Selected essays on Taiwan's economic development) (Taipei: China Times, 1981); Sun Chen, Minshengzhuyi de jingji zhengce (Economic policies of minshengzhuyi) (Taipei: Cheng Chung Book Company, 1981); C. K. Yen, "The Fundamentals and Conditions of Postwar Economic Development in Taiwan," in Experiences and Lessons of Postwar Economic Development in Taiwan, ed. Kwoh-ting Li and Tzong-shian Yu (Taipei: Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica, 1982); and K. T. Li, Prospects for Taiwan's Economic Development; A Collection of Essays from 1980-1984 (Taipei: 1985).
13. See, for example, K. Y. Yin, Wo dui Taiwan jingji de kanfa (My views on Taiwan's economy), vol. 2 (Taipei: Council for Economic Planning and Development, Executive Yuan, 1973); Wang Tso-jung, Taiwan jingji fazhan lunwen xuanji (Selected essays on Taiwan's economic development) (Taipei: China Times, 1981); Sun Chen, Minshengzhuyi de jingji zhengce (Economic policies of minshengzhuyi) (Taipei: Cheng Chung Book Company, 1981); C. K. Yen, "The Fundamentals and Conditions of Postwar Economic Development in Taiwan," in Experiences and Lessons of Postwar Economic Development in Taiwan, ed. Kwoh-ting Li and Tzong-shian Yu (Taipei: Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica, 1982); and K. T. Li, Prospects for Taiwan's Economic Development; A Collection of Essays from 1980-1984 (Taipei: 1985).
14. See, for example, K. Y. Yin, Wo dui Taiwan jingji de kanfa (My views on Taiwan's economy), vol. 2 (Taipei: Council for Economic Planning and Development, Executive Yuan, 1973); Wang Tso-jung, Taiwan jingji fazhan lunwen xuanji (Selected essays on Taiwan's economic development) (Taipei: China Times, 1981); Sun Chen, Minshengzhuyi de jingji zhengce (Economic policies of minshengzhuyi) (Taipei: Cheng Chung Book Company, 1981); C. K. Yen, "The Fundamentals and Conditions of Postwar Economic Development in Taiwan," in Experiences and Lessons of Postwar Economic Development in Taiwan, ed. Kwoh-ting Li and Tzong-shian Yu (Taipei: Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica, 1982); and K. T. Li, Prospects for Taiwan's Economic Development; A Collection of Essays from 1980-1984 (Taipei: 1985).
15. See, for example, K. Y. Yin, Wo dui Taiwan jingji de kanfa (My views on Taiwan's economy), vol. 2 (Taipei: Council for Economic Planning and Development, Executive Yuan, 1973); Wang Tso-jung, Taiwan jingji fazhan lunwen xuanji (Selected essays on Taiwan's economic development) (Taipei: China Times, 1981); Sun Chen, Minshengzhuyi de jingji zhengce (Economic policies of minshengzhuyi) (Taipei: Cheng Chung Book Company, 1981); C. K. Yen, "The Fundamentals and Conditions of Postwar Economic Development in Taiwan," in Experiences and Lessons of Postwar Economic Development in Taiwan, ed. Kwoh-ting Li and Tzong-shian Yu (Taipei: Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica, 1982); and K. T. Li, Prospects for Taiwan's Economic Development; A Collection of Essays from 1980-1984 (Taipei: 1985).
16. Ralph N. Clough, Island China (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978), 45.
17. Zhonghua minguo nianjian 1950 (Yearbook of the Republic of China 1950) (Taipei: 1951), 123.
18. Hungdah Chiu, ed., China and the Question of Taiwan: Documents and Analysis (New York: Praeger, 1973), 288.
19. Sidney H. Chang and Leonard H. D. Gordon, All Under Heaven: Sun Yat-sen and His Revolutionary Thought (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1991), 157.
20. Chen Cheng, Land Reform in Taiwan (Taipei: China Publishing Company, 1961), 10-13.
21. Gregor, Chang, and Zimmerman, Ideology and Development, 30.
22. Samuel P. S. Ho, Economic Development in Taiwan, 1860-1970 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1978), 190-93.
23. Jürgen Domes, "The Kuomintang and the Opposition," in In the Shadow of China: Political Developments in Taiwan since 1949, ed. Steve Tsang (London: Hurst, 1993), 119.
24. Gregor, Chang, and Zimmerman, Ideology and Development, 78.
25. Sun Yat-sen, Sanmin zhuyi (The Three People's Principles) (Taipei: Zhongyang wenwushe, 1991), 365.
26. Pang Chien-kuo, The State and Economic Transformation: The Taiwan Case (New York: Garland Publishing, 1992), 117-19.
27. Quoted in Hung-chao Tai, "The Kuomintang and Modernization in Taiwan," in Authoritarian Politics in Modem Society: The Dynamics of Established One-Party Systems, ed. Samuel Huntington and Clement Moore (New York: Basic Books, 1970), 431
28. Neil H. Jacoby, U.S. Aid to Taiwan: A Study of Foreign Aid, Self-help, and Development (New York: Praeger, 1966), 137-38.
29. K. T. Li, The Evolution of Policy Behind Taiwan's Development Success (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1988), chap. 5; and K. T. Li, Economic Transformation of Taiwan, ROC (London: Shepheard-Walwyn, 1988), chap. 4.
30. K. T. Li, The Evolution of Policy Behind Taiwan's Development Success (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1988), chap. 5; and K. T. Li, Economic Transformation of Taiwan, ROC (London: Shepheard-Walwyn, 1988), chap. 4.
31. Henrik Schmiegelow and Michèle Schmiegelow, "Teng's Modernization and the Development Experience of the ROC," in Ideology and Politics in Twentieth Century China, ed. King-yuh Chang (Taipei: Institute of International Relations, National Chengchi University, 1988), 170.
32. Dietrich Reuschemeyer and Peter B. Evans, "The State and Economic Transformation: Towards an Analysis of the Conditions Underlying Effective Intervention," in Bringing the State Back In, ed. Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 44-77.
33. David Wen-wei Chang, "Political Development in Taiwan: The Sun Yat-sen Model for National Reconstruction," in The Republic of China on Taiwan Today: Views from Abroad (Taipei: Kwang Hwa Publishing Company, 1989), 60.
34. The Constitution of the Republic of China, 1947; English in The China Yearbook 1980 (Taipei: China Publishing Company, 1980), 594-610, Articles 1-17.
35. The Constitution of the Republic of China, 1947; English in The China Yearbook 1980 (Taipei: China Publishing Company, 1980), 594-610, Articles 1-17.
36. Jürgen Domes, "China's Modernization and the Doctrine of Democracy," in Sun Yat-sen's Doctrine in the Modern World, ed. Chu-yuan Chang (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1989), 217.
37. The China Yearbook 1980, 610f.
38. See note 29 above.
39. Daniel K. Berman, Words Like Colored Glass: The Role of the Press in Taiwan's Democratization Process (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1992), 129-30.
40. Chu Yun-han, "A Research on Political Participation in Taiwan" (M.A. thesis, National Taiwan University, 1979), 175-76.
41. Fu Jen-yen, Taiwan difang xuanju yanjiu (Research on Taiwan's local elections) (Taiwan: Cultural Foundation of Chiahsin Cement Co., 1969), 16.
42. Cited in Andrew J. Nathan and Helena V. S. Ho, "Chiang Ching-kuo's Decision for Political Reform," in Chiang Ching-kuo's Leadership in the Development of the Republic of China on Taiwan, ed. Shao-chuan Leng (Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1993), 50-51.
43. Lianhe bao (United Daily News) (Taipei), February 10, 1993.
44. Kuo Yu-jen, Taiwan jingyan (The Taiwan experience) (Taipei: Twenty-first Century Foundation, 1989), 30-31.
45. Cited in Alan M. Wachman, Taiwan: National Identity and Democratization (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1994), 130.
46. Chang and Gordon, All Under Heaven, 160.
47. Cited in Nathan and Ho, "Chiang Ching-kuo's Decision," 39.
48. Domes, "The Kuomintang and the Opposition," 128.
49. Lianhe bao, August 17, 1993.
50. Ibid., February 10, 1993.
51. Li zongtong Denghui xiansheng qishibanian yanlun xuanji (Selected speeches of President Lee Teng-hui in 1989) (Taipei: Government Information Office, Executive Yuan, 1990), 4.
52. Ibid., 153.
53. Ou-yang Sheng, "President Lee's Ideal of Governance and Reform Strategies," Qingnian yidai (The Elite) (Taipei) 4, no. 5 (June 1993): 4-9.
54. Tun-jen Cheng and Stephan Haggard, eds., Political Change in Taiwan (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1992), 89.
55. Li zongtong Denghui xiansheng qishibanian yanlun xuanji, 132.
56. Lee probably borrows "quiet revolution" from John Copper. See John Franklin Copper, A Quiet Revolution: Political Development in the Republic of China (Washington, D.C.: Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1988).
57. Lianhe bao, July 27, 1993.
58. Ssu-ma Wen-wu, "Hau Pei-tsun, No Longer a Strongman?" Kin xinwen (The Journalist) (Taipei), no. 4 (February 15, 1988): 44-45.
59. Hau Pei-tsun, Straight Talk (Taipei: Government Information Office, 1993), iv.
60. Peter R. Moody, Political Change on Taiwan (New York: Praeger, 1992), 104.
61. Ibid., 11.
62. Ibid., 27.
63. Ibid., 59.
64. Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1983), 1.
65. Wachman, Taiwan, 26.
66. Dankwart Rustow, A World of Nations: Problems of Political Modernization (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1967), 21.
67. Thomas B. Gold, "Taiwan's Quest for Identity in the Shadow of China," in Tsang, In the Shadow of China, 170-71.
68. Chang and Gordon, All Under Heaven, 158.
69. Moody, Political Change, 24.
70. Zhongyang pingyi weiyuan diyici huiyi yicheng (Agenda of the first session of the members of the Central Advisory Committee) (Taipei: Kuomintang Thirteenth National Congress, 1988), 5-8; Chang and Gordon, All Under Heaven, 161.
71. Zhongyang pingyi weiyuan diyici huiyi yicheng (Agenda of the first session of the members of the Central Advisory Committee) (Taipei: Kuomintang Thirteenth National Congress, 1988), 5-8; Chang and Gordon, All Under Heaven, 161.
72. Moody, Political Change, 21.
73. Ibid., 158.
74. Lianhe bao, August 21, 1993.
75. Wachman, Taiwan, 234.
76. George P. Jan, "The Doctrine of Nationalism and the Chinese Revolution," in Cheng, Sun Yat-sen's Doctrine in the Modern World, 146.
77. Cited in Ying-shih Yu, "Sun Yat-sen's Doctrine and Traditional Chinese Culture," ibid., 79.
78. Warren Tozer, "Taiwan's 'Cultural Renaissance': A Preliminary Survey," The China Quarterly, no. 43 (July/September 1970): 61-99. For documentation, see Wenhua fuxing yu Zhongguo wenhua (The cultural renaissance and Chinese culture) (Taipei: Zhongguo guangbo gongsi, 1970). Also see Moody, Political Change, 76-77.
79. Warren Tozer, "Taiwan's 'Cultural Renaissance': A Preliminary Survey," The China Quarterly, no. 43 (July/September 1970): 61-99. For documentation, see Wenhua fuxing yu Zhongguo wenhua (The cultural renaissance and Chinese culture) (Taipei: Zhongguo guangbo gongsi, 1970). Also see Moody, Political Change, 76-77.
80. Warren Tozer, "Taiwan's 'Cultural Renaissance': A Preliminary Survey," The China Quarterly, no. 43 (July/September 1970): 61-99. For documentation, see Wenhua fuxing yu Zhongguo wenhua (The cultural renaissance and Chinese culture) (Taipei: Zhongguo guangbo gongsi, 1970). Also see Moody, Political Change, 76-77.
81. Li Sung-lin et al., eds., Zhongguo guomindang dashiji, 1894-nian shiyiyue - 1986- nian shieryue (Chronology of the KMT, November 1894-December 1986) (Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe, 1988), 465, 484, 485. However, the Chinese Cultural Renaissance Movement received little state funding as the government's main resources were allocated to military and economic fields.
82. Ibid., 487, 512.
83. Wachman, Taiwan, 122.
84. Edwin A. Winckler, "Cultural Policy on Postwar Taiwan," in Cultural Change in Postwar Taiwan, ed. Stevan Harrell and Huang Chun-chieh (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1994), 25.
85. Sun Chen, "Investment in Education and Human Resource Development in Postwar Taiwan," ibid., 109.
86. Wachman, Taiwan, 121.
87. Gregor, Chang, and Zimmerman, Ideology and Development, 92.
88. Ibid., 53.
89. Peter Fischer, "Legal Aspects of European Investment in the Republic of China," in The Republic of China on Taiwan Today, 156.
90. Hao Wang, "Foreign Investment and the State in Postwar Japan and Taiwan," Issues & Studies 29, no. 6 (June 1993): 80-96.
91. Li Rongxia, "Taiwan Investment on the Mainland," Beijing Review 37, no. 25 (June 20, 1994): 26.
92. Phillip D. Grub and Jian Hai Lin, Foreign Direct Investment in China (New York: Quorum Books, 1991), 86.
93. John F. Copper, Taiwan: Nation-State or Province? (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1990), 72-73.
94. Vincent, Modern Political Ideologies, 8.
95. Cheng and Haggard, Political Change in Taiwan, 6.
96. Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Prospects for Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), part 2:16.
97. Moody, Political Change, 16.
98. Cheng and Haggard, Political Change in Taiwan, xiv.
99. Berman, Words Like Colored Glass, 197.
100. Ibid., 154.
101. Moody, Political Change, 23.
102. The idea of tutelage is not particular to the KMT's ideology, but common to many ruling parties in the developing world. Cf. Paul E. Sigmund, Jr., ed., Ideologies of the Developing Nations (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1971).