Crystallization of polypropylene and poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Journal of Macromolecular Science - Reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 38, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 391-479

  Bicerano, Jozef ^a  

^a DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0242374593     PISSN: 07366574     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15583729808546029     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. J. Karger-Kocsis (ed.), Polypropylene: Structure, Blends, and Composites, 1, Structure and Morphology, Chapman and Hall, London, 1995. The following chapters contain information used in this paper: (a) B. Menasse and J. M. Haudin, Chapter 1; (b) S. Z. D. Cheng, J. J. Janimak, and J. Rodriguez, Chapter 2; (c) J. Varga, Chapter 3; (d) A. Galeski, Chapter 4; (e) J. Song, M. Prox, A. Weber, and G. W. Ehrenstein, Chapter 9; (f) H. Janeschitz-Kriegl, E. Fleischmann, and W. Geymayer, Chapter 10.
2. J. Karger-Kocsis (ed.), Polypropylene: Structure, Blends and Composites, 2, Copolymers and Blends, Chapman and Hall, London, 1995. The following chapters contain information used in this paper: (a) P. Galli, J. C. Haylock, and T. Simonazzi, Chapter 1; (b) Z. Bartczak, E. Martuscelli, and A. Galeski, Chapter 2; (c) E. Martuscelli, Chapter 4.
3. J. Karger-Kocsis (ed.), Polypropylene: Structure, Blends and Composites, 3, Composites, Chapman and Hall, London, 1995.
4. D. W. van Krevelen, Properties of Polymers, 3rd ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1990.
5. (a) M. Avrami, Kinetics of Phase Change. II. Transformation-Time Relations for Random Distribution of Nuclei, J. Chem. Phys., 8, 212-224 (1940).
6. (b) For an excellent discussion of the Avrami equation, see B. Wunderlich, Macromolecular Physics, Vol. 2, Crystal Nucleation, Growth Annealing, Academic Press, New York, 1976.
7. J. P. Mercier, Polym. Eng. Sci., 30, 270-278 (1990).
8. J. Menczel and J. Varga, J. Therm. Anal., 28, 161-174 (1983).
9. L. Mandelkern, N. L. Jain, and H. Kim, J. Polym. Sci., Part A-2, 6, 165-180 (1968).
10. F. van Antwerpen and D. W. van Krevelen, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed., 10, 2423-2435 (1972).
11. J. Bicerano, Prediction of Polymer Properties, 2nd ed., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1996.
12. See R. W. DiRaddo, J. F. Hétu, and L. Pecora, Plastics, Rubber and Composites Proc. Appl., 24, 189-196 (1995), for an example of the practical application of the nonisothermal Avrami equation to model cooling and solidification during blow molding.
13. P. J. Flory, Trans. Faraday Soc., 51, 848-857 (1955).
14. V. H. Baur, Makromol. Chem., 98, 297-301 (1966).
15. I. C. Sanchez and R. K. Eby, J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. A, Phys. Chem., 77, 353-358 (1973).
16. C. Vasile and R. B. Seymour (eds.), Handbook of Polyolefins: Synthesis and Properties, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1993. The following chapters contain information used in this paper: (a) J. G. Fatou, Chapter 8; (b) J. G. Fatou, Chapter 9.
17. J. I. Lauritzen, Jr., and J. D. Hoffman, J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. A, Phys. Chem., 64A, 73-102 (1960). See also J. D. Hoffman, Am. Chem. Soc. Polym. Preprints, 30 (No. 2), 288-289 (1989).
18. J. I. Lauritzen, Jr., and J. D. Hoffman, J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. A, Phys. Chem., 64A, 73-102 (1960). See also J. D. Hoffman, Am. Chem. Soc. Polym. Preprints, 30 (No. 2), 288-289 (1989).
19. B. Monasse and J. M. Haudin, Coll. Polym. Sci., 266, 679-687 (1988).
20. J. G. Fatou, Eur. Polym. J., 7, 1057-1064 (1971).
21. L. D'Orazio, C. Mancarella, E. Martuscelli, and G. Sticotti, J. Mater. Sci., 26, 4033-4047 (1991).
22. H.-S. Bu, S. Z. D. Cheng, and B. Wunderlich, Makromol. Chem. Rapid Commun., 9, 75-77 (1988).
23. W. W. Cox and A. A. Duswalt, Polym. Eng. Sci., 7, 309-316 (1967).
24. R. J. Samuels, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed., 13, 1417-1446 (1975).
25. K. Mezghani, R. A. Campbell, and P. J. Phillips, Macromolecules, 27, 997-1002 (1994).
26. S. Z. D. Cheng, J. J. Janimak, A. Zhang, and H. N. Cheng, Macromolecules, 23, 298-303 (1990).
27. R. Paukkeri and A. Lehtinen, Polymer, 34, 4075-4082 (1993).
28. R. Paukkeri and A. Lehtinen, Polymer, 34, 4083-4088 (1993).
29. J. J. Janimak and S. Z. D. Cheng, Polymer Bull., 22, 95-101 (1989).
30. R. C. Reid, J. M. Prausnitz, and B. E. Poling, The Properties of Gases and Liquids, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1987.
31. M. Avella, E. Martuscelli, and M. Pracella, J. Therm. Anal., 28, 237-248 (1983).
32. E. Martuscelli, M. Pracella, and L. Crispino, Polymer, 24, 693-699 (1983).
33. S. Z. D. Cheng, J. J. Janimak, A. Zhang, and E. T. Hsieh, Polymer, 32, 648-655 (1991).
34. J. J. Janimak, S. Z. D. Cheng, P. A. Giusti, and E. T. Hsieh, Macromolecules, 24, 2253-2260 (1991).
35. J. J. Janimak, S. Z. D. Cheng, A. Zhang, and E. T. Hsieh, Polymer, 33, 728-735 (1992).
36. N. Tanaka, Sen-i Gakkaishi, 42, T-606-T-609 (1986).
37. I. M. Klotz and R. M. Rosenberg, Introduction to Chemical Thermodynamics, 2nd ed., W. A. Benjamin, Menlo Park, CA, 1972.
38. L. Bianchi, S. Cimmino, A. Forte, R. Greco, E. Martuscelli, F. Riva, and C. Silvestre, J. Mater. Sci., 20, 895-905 (1985).
39. S. G. Turley and H. Keskkula, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 9, 2693-2706 (1965).
40. R. J. Samuels, J. Macromol. Sci. - Phys., B8, 41-82 (1973).
41. J. Varga, J. Menczel, and A. Solti, Polym. Sci. USSR, 26, 2763-2773 (1984).
42. N. Alberola, M. Fugier, D. Petit, and B. Fillon, J. Mater. Sci., 30, 860-868 (1995).
43. F. N. Fritsch and R. E. Carlson, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 17, 238-246 (1980).
44. F. N. Fritsch and J. Butland, An Improved Monotone Piecewise Cubic Interpolation Algorithm, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Preprint UCRL-85104 (1980).
45. B. von Falkai and H. A. Stuart, Kolloid-Zeitschift, 162, 138-140 (1959).
46. B. von Falkai, Makromol. Chem., 41, 86-109 (1960).
47. A. Galeski, Z. Bartczak, and M. Pracella, Polymer, 25, 1323-1326 (1984).
48. Z. Bartczak, A. Galeski, and M. Pracella, Polymer, 27, 537-543 (1986).
49. Z. Bartczak and A. Galeski, Polymer, 31, 2027-2038 (1990).
50. J. W. Mays and E. G. Gregory, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 34, 2619-2622 (1987).
51. A. J. Lovinger, J. O. Chua, and C. C. Gryte, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed., 15, 641-656 (1977).
52. G. Krobath, S. Liedauer, and H. Janeschitz-Kriegl, Polymer Bull., 14, 1-8 (1985).
53. E. Ratajski, Ph. D. thesis [in German], Linz University, 1993.
54. E. Martuscelli, M. Pracella, G. D. Volpe, and P. Greco, Makromol. Chem., 185, 1041-1061 (1984).
55. Y. K. Godovsky and G. L. Slonimsky, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed., 12, 1053-1080 (1974).
56. A. Wlochowicz and M. Eder, Polymer, 22, 1285-1287 (1981).
57. J. H. Griffith and B. G. Rånby, J. Polym. Sci., 38, 107-116 (1959).
58. 5 g/mole).
59. x. It provides references to additional sources of data that we had not considered. Since these data did not deviate from the already identified general trends, we did not repeat our quantitative analysis including the additional data.
60. M. Yagpharov, J. Therm. Anal., 31, 1073-1082 (1986).
61. J. Koppelmann, Rheologica Acta, 26, 548-559 (1987).
62. D. R. Burfield, P. S. T. Loi, Y. Doi, and J. Mejzik, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 41, 1095-1114 (1990).
63. S. M. Williams, Z. Ding, E. Bond, and J. E. Spruiell, ANTEC '96 Preprints, Society of Plastics Engineers, 1820-1825 (1996).
64. R. Ramamurthy, Crystallization Studies of Polypropylene Copolymer Fractions, M.S. thesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, May 1996.
65. P. Cavallo, E. Martuscelli, and M. Pracella, Polymer, 18, 42-48 (1977).
66. P. Cavallo, E. Martuscelli, and M. Pracella, Polymer, 18, 891-896 (1977).
67. S. Cimmino, E. Martuscelli, L. Nicolais, and C. Silvestre, Polymer, 19, 1222-1223 (1978).
68. L. Crispino, E. Martuscelli, and M. Pracella, Makromol. Chem., 181, 1747-1755 (1980).
69. A. Turner-Jones, Polymer, 12, 487-508 (1971).
70. S. van der Ven, Polypropylene and Other Polyolefins: Polymerization and Characterization, Studies in Polymer Science, Vol. 7, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1990, Chapter 4.
71. H. Suzuki, N. Kimura, and Y. Nishio, J. Therm. Anal., 46, 1011-1020 (1996).
72. M. Avella, E. Martuscelli, G. Della Volpe, A. Segre, E. Rossi, and T. Simonazzi, Makromol. Chem., 187, 1927-1943 (1986).
73. G. P. Guidetti, P. Busi, I. Giulianelli, and R. Zannetti, Eur. Polym. J., 19, 757-759 (1983).
74. T. Simonazzi, G. Cecchin, and S. Mazzullo, Prog. Polym. Sci., 16, 303-329 (1991).
75. (a) A. Marigo, C. Marega, R. Zannetti, G. Paganetto, E. Canossa, F. Coletta, and F. Gottardi, Makromol. Chem., 190, 2805-2813 (1989).
76. (b) K. Mezghani and P. J. Phillips, ANTEC '97 Preprints, Society of Plastics Engineers, 1686-1690 (1997).
77. S.-N. Gan, D. R. Burfield, and K. Soga, Macromolecules, 18, 2684-2688 (1985).
78. D. J. Meier (ed.), Molecular Basis of Transitions and Relaxations, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, New York, 1978. The following pages contain information used in this paper: (a) M. Takayanagi, pp. 117-165; (b) N. G. McCrum, pp. 167-191. (c) T. Alfrey, Jr., and R. F. Boyer, pp. 193-202.
79. A. Piloz, A. Douillard, J.-Y. Decroix, J.-F. May, and G. Vallet, Polym. J., 6, 506-514 (1974).
80. A Piloz, J.-Y. Decroix, and J.-F. May, Die Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie, 44, 77-88 (1975).
81. M. Arnold, O. Henschke, and J. Knorr, Macromol. Chem. Phys., 197, 563-573 (1996).
82. R. Benavente, J. M. Pereña, A. Bello, E. Pérez, P. Locatelli, Z.-Q. Fan, and D. Zucchi, Polym. Bull., 36, 249-256 (1996).
83. H. K. Ficker and D. A. Walker, Plastics and Rubber Proc. Appl., 14, 103-108 (1990).
84. I. Tincul and I. H. Potgieter, paper presented at Polypropylene '96, 5th Annual Congress, Zürich, Switzerland, September 18-20, 1996.
85. A. B. Thompson and D. W. Woods, Trans. Faraday Soc., 52, 1383-1397 (1956).
86. N. P. C. Chao, J. A. Cuculo, and T. W. George, Appl. Polym. Symp., 27, 175-192 (1975).
87. S. Montserrat and P. Colomer, Polym. Bull., 12, 173-180 (1984).
88. P. Huyskens, G. Groeninckx, and P. Vandevyvere, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 99, 1011-1017 (1990).
89. R. Legras, J. P. Mercier, and E. Nield, Nature, 304, 432-434 (1983).
90. R. Legras, C. Bailly, M. Daumerie, J. M. Dekoninck, J. P. Mercier, V. Zichy, and E. Nield, Polymer, 25, 835-844 (1984).
91. D. Garcia, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed., 22, 2063-2072 (1984).
92. J.-J. Biebuyck, J. P. Mercier, E. Nield, R. M. H. Legras, and B. P. Griffin, European Patent Application No. 80301860.5 (1980).
93. K. T. Nguyen and G. Prevost, ANTEC '93 Preprints, Society of Plastics Engineers, 245-251 (1993).
94. S. P. Kim and S. C. Kim, Polym. Eng. Sci., 31, 110-115 (1991).
95. C.-F. Ou and C.-C. Lin, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 54, 1223-1231 (1994).
96. S. A. Jabarin, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 34, 85-96 (1987).
97. M. Dröscher, Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev., 21, 126-130 (1982).
98. H. Berghmans, Proc. 28th IUPAC Macromol Symp., 694 (1982).
99. H. Berghmans, F. Govaerts, and N. Overbergh, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed., 17, 1251-1267 (1979).
100. B. Ostrowska-Gumkowska, Eur. Polym. J., 30, 875-879 (1994).
101. H. Y. Yoo, S. Umemoto, T. Kikutani, and N. Okui, Polymer, 35, 117-122 (1994).
102. J. K. Sears and J. R. Darby, The Technology of Plasticizers, Wiley, New York, 1982.
103. T. Yu, H. Bu, J. Chen, J. Mei, and J. Hu, Makromol. Chem., 187, 2697-2709 (1986).
104. S. Fakirov, Polymer, 21, 373-375 (1980).
105. R. C. Golike and W. H. Cobbs, Jr., J. Polym. Sci., 54, 277-285 (1961).
106. M. Patkar and S. A. Jabarin, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 47, 1749-1763 (1993).
107. W. P. Frank and H. G. Zachmann, Progr. Colloid Polym Sci., 62, 88-92 (1977).
108. I. Seganov, J. M. Schultz, and S. Fakirov, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 32, 3371-3392 (1986).
109. J. Varga, J. Mater. Sci., 27, 2557-2579 (1992).
110. R. Phillips and J.-A. Månson, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed., 35, 875-888 (1997).