Pakistan's "armored" democracy

Journal of Democracy

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 26-40

  Shah, Aqil ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0242319107     PISSN: 10455736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (22)

1. The EU Observer Mission's final report is available at www.eueom.org.pk/finalreport.asp.
2. Human Rights Watch Background Briefing, "Pakistan: Entire Election Process Deeply Flawed," 9 October 2002, www.hrw.org/press/2002/10/pakistan-1009.htm. See also Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, "Pre-PolI Rigging," at www.hrcp-web.org.
3. Human Rights Watch Background Briefing, "Pakistan: Entire Election Process Deeply Flawed," 9 October 2002, www.hrw.org/press/2002/10/pakistan-1009.htm. See also Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, "Pre-PolI Rigging," at www.hrcp-web.org.
4. After all the postelectoral dealings were completed, the final lower-house seat tally was: PML-Q (117), PPP (80), and MMA (60).
5. The Grand National Alliance includes the National Alliance and the Sindh Democratic Alliance as well as the PML-Q.
6. General Zia introduced Article 58(2)B into the 1973 Constitution. The PML-N government repealed this clause in 1997.
7. See Aqil Shah, "Democracy on Hold in Pakistan," Journal of Democracy 13 (January 2002): 67-75.
8. State TV coverage of the election campaign also tilted in favor of the PML-Q and the MMA, each of which received more air time than the PPP. The PPP also received negative coverage. See "Media Monitoring: Elections 2002," Pakistan Liberal Forum, Islamabad, October 2002.
9. In addition to the JI, a religious revivalist movement that follows a distinct philosophy traceable to the writings of Maulana Maududi (1903-79), a nationalist-turned-Islamist intellectual, the MMA contains one large and four smaller parties. The most prominent and electorally the most successful is JUI-F, a spinoff from the Jamiat Ulama Islam (JUI). The JUI-S or Samiul Haq group is the smaller faction of the JUI. Both follow the teachings of the Deobandi sect, a nineteenth-century Sunni-militant movement. The Jamiat Ulama Pakistan (JUP) represents the Barelvi sect, a Sunni movement that draws inspiration from Sufi saints. (Deoband and Bareli are towns in the north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, where these movements originated.) The smaller Islami Tehreek claims to represent the minority Shi'ite community. The other small party, the Jamiat-e-Ahle Hadith (Followers of the Prophet's Tradition) is inspired by the Wahabis of Saudi Arabia - a country which, according to one source, may be spending more than US $1 billion per year to fund madrassahs and other vehicles of Islamist militancy in Pakistan. See Alex Alexiev, "The Pakistani Time Bomb," Commentary, March 2003, 46-52.
10. Background interviews with author, January 2003, Islamabad. In the 1970 elections, for instance, the JI, JUI and JUP all did poorly in both East and West Pakistan partly because they had run separately and thus split the Islamist vote. See Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr, The Vanguard of the Islamic Revolution: The Jamaat e Islami of Pakistan (London: I.B. Tauris, 1994), 168.
11. Mohammad Waseem, "Turning the Wheels," Dawn (Karachi), 16 October 2002.
12. Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr, Vanguard of the Islamic Revolution.
13. Musharrraf's verbal assault came backed by pressure tactics that included the removal of top provincial administration officials, mass resignations by pro-Musharraf NWFP nazims (mayors), and legal efforts to strip MMA legislators of their seats.
14. See Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan, "Toward Consolidated Democracies," Journal of Democracy 7 (1996): 14-33.
15. Faraz Hashmi, "Amendments Irreversible: Musharraf," Dawn (Karachi), 22 August 2002.
16. Interview with author, Islamabad, 12 March 2003.
17. "Turmoil if LFO Is Struck Down, Says AG" Dawn (Karachi), 28 March 2003.
18. Aziz Malik, "If LFO Goes, So Does Parliament, says Musharraf," Dawn (Karachi), 27 August 2003
19. Ihteshamul Haq, "Commanders Back COAS [Musharraf] on Uniform," Dawn (Karachi), 8 August 2003.
20. Larry Diamond et al., eds., Politics in Developing Countries: Comparing Experiences with Democracy (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1990), 9.
21. Kees Koonings and Derk Kruijt, eds., "Introduction" in Political Armies: The Military and Nation Building in the Age of Democracy (London: Zed, 2002), 32.
22. Interview with author, Islamabad, 12 March 2003.