The great chain of orientalism: Jewish identity, stigma management, and ethnic exclusion in Israel

American Sociological Review

Volumn 68, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 481-510

  Khazzoom, Aziza ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CULTURAL IDENTITY; ETHNIC MINORITY; RACIAL DISPARITY; SOCIAL EXCLUSION;

ISRAEL;

EID: 0242318258     PISSN: 00031224     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/1519736     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. Alcalay, Amiel. 1993. After Jews and Arabs: Remaking Levantine Culture. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
2. Amit, Karin. 2001. "The Binary Ethnic Classification and the Economic Assimilation of First and Second Generation Immigrants in the Israeli Labor Market" (in Hebrew). Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
3. Anderson, Benedict. 1991. Imagined Communities. London, England: Verso.
4. Anidjar, Gil. 1996. "Jewish Mysticism Alterable and Unalterable: On Orienting Kabbalah Studies and 'Zohar of Christian Spain.'" Jewish Social Studies 3(1):89-157.
5. Aschheim, Steven E. 1982. Brothers and Strangers: The East European Jew in Germany and German Jewish Consciousness, 1800-1923. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
6. Avineri, Shlomo. 1981. The Making of Modern Zionism: The Intellectual Origins of the Jewish State. New York: Basic Books.
7. Bakic-Hayden, Milica. 1995. "Nesting Orientalisms: The Case of the Former Yugoslavia." Slavic Review 54:917-31.
8. Barzilay, Eisenstein. 1955. The Enlightenment and the Jews: A Study in the Haskalah and Nationalism. PhD. dissertation, Political Science Department, Columbia University, New York.
9. Bayme, Steven. 1981. "Conflicting Jewish Responses to Modernity." Pp. 177-98 in Great Schisms in Jewish History, edited by R. Jospe and S.M. Wagner. New York: Ktav Publishing House.
10. Becker, Howard S. 1998. Tricks of the Trade. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
11. Behdad, Ali. 1994. Belated Travelers: Orientalism in the Age of Colonial Dissolution. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
12. Berkowitz, Michael. 1997. Western Jewry and the Zionist Project, 1914-1933. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
13. Bernstein, Deborah and Shlomo Swirski. 1982. "The Rapid Economic Development of Israel and the Emergence of the Ethnic Division of Labour." British Journal of Sociology 33(1): 64-85
14. Bhabha, Homi K. 1994. The Location of Culture. New York: Routledge.
15. Biale, David. 2001. "Shabbtai Zvi and the Seductions of Jewish Orientalism." Jerusalem Studies in Jewish Thought 17(2) (English sect.): 85-110.
16. Blauner, Robert. 1972. Racial Oppression in America. New York: Harper and Row.
17. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1984. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. London, England: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
18. Bourdieu, Pierre and A. Darbel (with D. Schnapper). 1991. The Love of Art: European Art Museums and Their Public. Cambridge, England: Polity.
19. Boyarin, Daniel. 1997. Unheroic Conduct: The Rise of Heterosexuality and the Invention of the Jewish Man. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA, and London, England: University of California Press.
20. Brenner, Michael. 1996. The Renaissance of Jewish Culture in Weimar Germany. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
21. Brubaker, Rogers. 1994. "Rethinking Nationhood." Contention 4:3-14.
22. Brubaker, Rogers. 2001. "The Return of Assimiliation? Changing Perspectives on Immigration and Its Sequels in France, Germany, and the United States." Ethnic and Racial Studies 24:531-48.
23. Butler, Judith. [1990] 1999. Gender Trouble. Reprint, New York: Routledge.
24. Cordova, Abraham. N.d. "Hasolel." Department of Sociology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. Unpublished manuscript.
25. Cuddihy, John Murray. 1974. The Ordeal of Civility: Freud, Marx, Levi-Strauss, and the Jewish Struggle with Modernity. New York: Basic Books.
26. Cutler, Alan Harris and Helen Elmquist Cutler. 1986. The Jew as an Ally of the Muslim: Medieval Roots of Anti-Semitism. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
27. Darwish, Tikva. 1982. "Economics of Minorities: A Case-Study of the Jewish Minority in Iraq, on the Eve of Their Immigration to Israel." Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Economics, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
28. Darwish, Tikva. 1985a. "Changes in the Employment Structure of Iraqi Jewish Immigrants to Israel." International Migration 23:461-72.
29. Darwish, Tikva. 1985b. "The Economic Structure of the Jewish Minority in Iraq vis-à-vis the Kuznets Model." Jewish Social Studies 47:255-66.
30. Darwish, Tikva. 1987. "The Jewish Minority in Iraq: A Comparative Study of Economic Structure." Jewish Social 49:175-80.
31. DiMaggio, Paul. 1982. "Cultural Capital and School Success: The Impact of Status Culture Participation on the Grates of US High School Students." American Sociological Review 47: 189-201.
32. Eisenstadt, S. N. 1967. Israeli Society. London, England: Weidenfeld and Nicholson.
33. Eriksen, Thomas Hylland. 1993. Ethnicity and Nationalism. London, England: Pluto.
34. Espiritu, Yen Le. 1992. Asian American Pan-ethnicity. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
35. Even-Zohar, Itamar. 1981. "The Emergence of a Native Hebrew Culture in Palestine: 1882-1948." Studies in Zionism 4 (October): 167-84.
36. Eyal, Gil. 1996. "The Discursive Origins of Israeli Separatism: The Case of the Arab Village." Theory and Society 25:389-429.
37. Fanon, Franz. 1963. The Wretched of the Earth. New York: Grove Press.
38. Fanon, Franz. 1967. Black Skin, White Masks. Translated by C.L. Markmann. New York: Grove.
39. Fishman, David E. 1995. Russia's First Modern Jews: The Jews of Shklov. New York: New York University Press.
40. Fredrickson, George. 1981. White Supremacy: A Comparative Study in American and South African History. New York: Oxford University Press.
41. Gal, Susan. 1991. "Bartòk's Funeral: Representations of Europe in Hungarian Political Rhetoric." American Ethnologist 18:440-58.
42. Gilman, Sander L. 1986. Jewish Self Hatred: Anti-Semitism and the Hidden Language of the Jews. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.
43. Ginor, Fanny. 1979. Socio-Economic Disparities in Israel. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
44. Goffman, Erving. 1963. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
45. Goldberg, Harvey E., ed. 1996a. Sephardi and Middle Eastern Jewries: History and Culture in the Modern Era. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
46. Goldberg, Harvey E., ed. 1996b. "Introduction." Pp. 1-55 in Sephardi and Middle Eastern Jewries: History and Culture in the Modern Era, edited by H.E. Goldberg. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
47. Goldscheider, Calvin, and Alan S. Zuckerman. 1984. The Transformation of the Jews. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
48. Goldstein, Yossi. 1986. "Herzl and the Russian Zionists: The Unavoidable Crisis?" Pp. 208-26 in Studies in Contemporary Jewry, vol. 2., edited by P. Y. Medding. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
49. Greenberg, Louis. 1944. The Jews in Russia: The Struggle for Emancipation. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
50. Grusky, David B., ed. 2001. Social Stratification: Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective. Boulder, CO: Westview.
51. Haddad, Heskel. 1984. Jews of Arab and Islamic Countries: History, Problems, and Solutions. New York: Shengold.
52. Hertzberg, Arthur, ed. 1984. The Zionist Idea: A Historical Analysis and Read. New York: Temple Books.
53. Herzog, Hanna. 1985. "Ethnicity as a Negotiated Issue in the Israeli Political Order: The 'Ethnic Lists' to the Delegates' Assembly and the Knesset (1920-1977)." Pp. 159-78 in Studies in Israeli Ethnicity: After the Ingathering, edited by A. Weingrod. New York: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers.
54. Heschel, Susannah. 1999. "Revolt of the Colonized: Abraham Geiger's Wissenschaft des Judentums as a Challenge to Christian Hegemony in the Academy." New German Critique Issue 77:61-85
55. Hess, Jonathan M. 2000. "Johann David Michaelis and the Colonial Imaginary: Orientalism and the Emergence of Racial Antisemitism in Eighteenth-Century Germany." Jewish Social Studies 6(2):56-101.
56. Ilam, Yigal. 1998. "Deconstruction and Reconstruction" (in Hebrew). Ha'aretz Book Review, November 11, p. 4.
57. Jenkins, Richard. 1994. "Rethinking Ethnicity: Identity, Categorization, and Power." Ethnic and Racial Studies 17:197-223.
58. Kastein, Josef. 1930. Sabbatai Zewi, der Messias von Ismir (The messiah of Ismir, Sabbatai Zevi). Berlin, Germany: E. Rowohlt.
59. Katz, Jacob. 1973. Out of the Ghetto: The Social Background of Jewish Emancipation, 1770-1870. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
60. Katz, Jacob. 1986. "Orthodoxy in Historical Perspective." Pp. 3-17 in Studies in Contemporary Jewry, vol. 2, edited by P. Y. Medding. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
61. Kazzaz, Nissim. 1991. The Jews of Iraq in the 20th Century (in Hebrew). Jerusalem, Israel: Ben Zvi Institute.
62. Kazzaz, Nissim. 2002. The End of a Diaspora: The Jews of Iraq after the Mass Immigragtion (1951-2000) (in Hebrew). Or Yehuda, Israel: Babylonian Heritage Institute,
63. Khazzoom, Aziza. 1998. "The Formation of Ethnic Inequality among Jews in Israel." Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
64. Kibria, Nazli. 1998. "The Contested Meanings of 'Asian American': Racial Dilemmas in the Contemporary US." Ethnic and Racial Studies 21:939-58.
65. Kimmerling, Baruch. 1999. "Elections as a Battleground over Collective Identity." Pp. 27-44 in Elections in Israel: 1966, edited by A. Arian and M. Shamir. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
66. Kramer, Gudrun. 1989. The Jews in Modern Egypt, 1914-1952. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
67. Kramer, Martin, ed. 1999. The Jewish Discovery of Islam. Tel Aviv, Israel: Tel Aviv University, Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies.
68. Kraus, Vered and Robert W. Hodge. 1990. Promises in the Promised Land. New York: Greenwood.
69. Laskier, Michael M. 1983. The Alliance IsraÈlite Universelle and the Jewish Communities of Morocco: 1862-1962. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
70. Lavie, Smadar. 1992. "Blow-Ups in the Borderzones: Third World Israeli Authors' Gropings for Home." New Formations 18 (winter):84-106.
71. Levy, Yagil. 1997. Trial and Error: Israel's Route from War to De-Escalation. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
72. Lewin-Epstein, Noah and Moshe Semyonov. 2000. "Migration, Ethnicity, and Inequality: Homeownership in Israel." Social Problems 47:425-44.
73. Lichten, Joseph. 1986. "Notes on the Assimilation and Acculturation of Jews in Poland, 1863-1943." Pp. 106-29 in The Jews in Poland, edited by C. Abramsky, M. Jachimczyk, and A. Polonsky. Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell.
74. Lissak, Moshe. 1965. "Patterns of Change in Ideology and Class Structure in Israel." Jewish Journal of Sociology 7(1):46-63.
75. Lopez, David and Yen Le Espritu. 1990. "Panethnicity in the United States: A Theoretical Framework." Ethnic and Racial Studies 13:198-224.
76. Marrus, Michael R. 1971. The Politics of Assimilation: The French Jewish Community at the Time of the Dreyfus Affair. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
77. Meir, Esther. 1993. Zionism and the Jews in Iraq, 1941-1950 (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv, Israel: Am Oved.
78. Meir, Yosef. 1989. Social-Cultural Development of the Iraqi Jews. Naharaim, Israel: Center for the Expansion of the Culture of Iraqi Jews.
79. Memmi, Albert. 1965. The Colonizer and the Colonized. Boston, MA: Beacon.
80. Mendelsohn, Ezra. 1983. The Jews of East Central Europe between the World Wars. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
81. Mendelsohn, Ezra. 1986. "Interwar Poland: Good for the Jews or Bad for the Jews?" Pp. 130-39 in The Jews in Poland, edited by C. Abramsky, M. Jachimczyk, and A. Polonsky. Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell.
82. Mendelsohn, Ezra. 1989. "Introduction: The Jews of Poland between the Two World Wars-Myth and Reality." Pp. 1-8 in The Jews of Poland between Two World Wars, edited by I. Gutman, E. Mendelsohn, J. Reinharz, and C. Shmeruk. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.
83. Mendes-Flohr, Paul R. and Jehuda Reinharz. 1980. The Jew in the Modern World: A Documentary History. New York: Oxford University Press.
84. Miron, Dan. 1973. A Traveler Disguised: A Study in the Rise of Modern Jewish Fiction in the Nineteenth Century. New York: Schocken Books.
85. Mitchell, Timothy. 1991. Colonising Egypt. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
86. Nahon, Yaacov. 1987. Patterns of Educational Expansion and the Structure of Occupational Opportunities: The Ethnic Dimension. Jerusalem, Israel: Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies.
87. Ogbu, John. 1987. "Variability in Minority School Performance: A Problem in Search of an Explanation." Anthropology and Education Quarterly 18:312-34.
88. Omi, Michael, and Howard Winant. [1986] 1994. Racial Formation in the United States. Reprint, New York: Routledge.
89. Parkin, Frank. 1979. Marxism and Class Theory: A Bourgeois Critique. New York: Columbia University Press.
90. Penslar, Derek. 1991. Zionism and Technocracy. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
91. Piterberg, Gabriel. 1996. "Domestic Orientalism: The Representation of 'Oriental' Jews in Zionist/Israeli Historiography." British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 23:12545.
92. Portes, Alejandro, and Dag MacLeod. 1996. "What Shall I Call Myself? Hispanic Identity Formation in the Second Generation" Ethnic and Racial Studies 19:523-47.
93. Raisin, Jacob S. 1913. The Haskalah Movement in Russia. Philadelphia, PA: Jewish Publication Society.
94. Raz-Krakotzkin, Amon. 1998. "Orientalism, Jewish Studies, and Israeli Society: Some Notes" (in Hebrew). Jama'a 3:34-61.
95. Raz-Krakotzkin, Amon. 2002. "A National Colonial Theology-Religion, Orientalism, and the Construction of the Secular in Zionist Discourse" (in German). Tel Aviver Jahrbuch ruer Deutsche Geschichte 31:312-26.
96. Rejwan, Nissim. 1985. The Jews of Iraq, Boulder, CO: Westview.
97. Ridgeway, Celia, Elizabeth Heger Boyle, Kathy J. Kuipers, and Dawn T. Robinson. 1998. "Resources and Interaction in the Development of Status Beliefs." American Sociological Review 63:331-50.
98. Rischin, Moses. 1962. The Promised City: New York's Jews 1870-1914. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
99. Rodrigue, Aron. 1993. Images of Sephardi and Eastern Jewries in Transition: The Teachers of the Alliance Israelite Universelle, 1860-1939. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
100. Roediger, David R. 1991. The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class. London, England and New York: Verso.
101. Said, Edward. 1978. Orientalism. New York: Vintage.
102. Said, Edward. 1993. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Vintage.
103. Schroeter, Daniel J. 1988. Merchants of Essaouira: Urban Society and Imperialism in Southwestern Morocco, 1844-1886. New York: Cambridge University Press.
104. Schroeter, Daniel J. and Joseph Chetrit. 1996. "The Transformation of the Jewish Community of Essaouira (Mogador) in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries." Pp. 99-116 in Sephardi and Middle Eastern Jewries: History and Culture in the Modern Era, edited by H.E. Goldberg. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
105. Segev, Tom. 1986. The First Israelis. New York: Free Press.
106. Selzer, Michael. 1967. The Aryanization of the Jewish State. New York: Black Star.
107. Shafir, Gershon. 1989. Land, Labor, and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 1882-1914. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
108. Shalev, Michael. 1992. Labou and the Political Economy in Israel. Oxford, England and New York: Oxford University Press.
109. Shavit, Yossi. 1990. "Arab and Jewish Minorities in Israeli Education." American Sociological Review 55:115-26.
110. Shenhav, Yehouda. 1999. "The Jews of Iraq, Zionist Ideology, and the Property of the Palestinian Refugees of 1948: An Anomaly of Accounting." International Journal of Middle East Studies 31:605-30.
111. Shenhav, Yehouda. 2002a "Ethnicity and National Memory: The World Organization of Jews from Arab Countries (WOJAC) in the Context of the Palestinian National Struggle." British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 29:27-56.
112. Shenhav, Yehouda. 2002b. "The Phenomenology of Colonialism and the Politics of 'Difference': European Zionist Emissaries and Arab-Jews in Colonial Abadan." Social Identities 8:521-44.
113. Shiblak, Abbas. 1986. The Lure of Zion: The Case of the Iraqi Jews. London, England: Al Saqi Press.
114. Shimoni, Gideon. 1995. The Zionist Ideology. Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press.
115. Shohat, Ella. 1988. "Sephardim in Israel: Zionism from the Point of View of Its Jewish Victims." Social Text 7:1-36.
116. Shohat, Ella. 1989. Israeli Cinema: East/West and the Politics of Representation. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
117. Smooha, Sammy. 1978. Israel: Pluralism and Conflict. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
118. Smooha, Sammy and Vered Kraus. 1985. "Ethnicity as a Factor in Status Attainment in Israel." Pp. 151-75 in Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, vol. 4, edited by R.V. Robinson. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
119. Spivak, Gayatri. 1988. "Can the Subaltern Speak?" Pp. 271-313 in Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, edited by C. Nelson and L. Grossberg. London, England: Macmillan.
120. Stillman, Norman. 1991. The Jews of Arab Lands in Modern Times. Philadelphi, PA: Jewish Publication Society of America.
121. Stillman, Norman. 1995. Sephardi Religious Responses to Modernity. Luxembourg, Luxembourg: Harwood Academic Publishers.
122. Stoler, Ann. 1992. "Sexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers: National Identity, 'Mixed Bloods,' and the Cultural Genealogies of Europeans in Colonial Southeast Asia." Comparative Studies in Society and History 34:514-51.
123. Swirski, Shlomo. 1989. Israel: The Oriental Majority. London, England: Zed Books.
124. Tefft, Stanton K. 1999. "Perspectives on Panethnogenesis: The Case of the Montagnards." Sociological Spectrum 19:387-400.
125. Trinh, T. Minh-ha. 1989. Woman, Native, Other. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
126. van den Berghe, Pierre L. 1987. The Ethnic Phenomenon. New York: Praeger.
127. Waldinger, Roger. N.d. "The Sociology of Immigration, Second Thoughts and Reconsiderations." Department of Sociology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA. Unpublished manuscript.
128. Weber, Max. [1921/1922] 1978. Economy and Society. Edited by G. Roth and C. Wittich. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
129. Wolff, Larry. 1994. Inventing Eastern Europe. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
130. Yaish, Meir. 1998 "Opportunities, Little Change. Class Mobility in Israeli Society: 1974-1991." Ph.D. dissertation, Nuffield College, Oxford, England.
131. Yehuda, Zvi. 1996. "Iraqi Jewry and Cultural Change in the Educational Activity of the Alliance IsraÈlite Universelle." Pp. 134-45 in Sephardi and Middle Eastern Jewries: History and Culture in the Modern Era, edited by H.E. Goldberg Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
132. Young, Robert. 1990. White Mythologies. New York: Routledge.
133. Zerubavel, Yael. 1995. Recovered Roots: Collective Memory and the Making of Israeli National Tradition. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
134. Zipperstein, Steven. 1985. The Jews of Odessa: A Cultural History, 1794-1881. Stanford,-CA: Stanford University Press.
135. Zohar, Zvi. 1986. "Halakhic Responses of Syrian and Egyptian Rabbinical Authorities to Social and Technological Change." Pp. 18-51 in Studies in Contemporary Jewry, vol. 2, edited by P.Y. Medding. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
136. Zohar, Zvi. 1996. "Traditional Flexibility and Modern Strictness: Two Halakhic Positions on Women's Suffrage." Pp. 119-33 in Sephardi and Middle Eastern Jewries: History and Culture in the Modern Era, edited by H. E. Goldberg. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.