Large-scale remotely interrogated arrays of fiber-optic interferometric sensors for underwater acoustic applications

IEEE Sensors Journal

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 19-30

  Cranch, Geoffrey A ^a,b   Nash, Philip J ^c   Kirkendall, Clay K ^a  

^a NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^b SFA INC   (United States)

^c Winfrith Technology Centre   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM); Fiber laser; Fiber optic sensor; Multiplexing; Optical hydrophone; Sonar; Time division multiplexing (TDM)

Indexed keywords

COMPUTER SIMULATION; DENSE WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING; FIBER LASERS; HYDROPHONES; INTERFEROMETERS; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES; SIGNAL PROCESSING; SONAR; TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING; UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS;

FIBRE-OPTIC BOTTOM MOUNTED ARRAY (FOBMA); OPTICAL AMPLIFIER; OPTICAL HYDROPHONE; PROTOTYPE ARRAY;

FIBER OPTIC SENSORS;

EID: 0242292225     PISSN: 1530437X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2003.810102     Document Type: Review

References (49)

1. P. Nash, "Review of interferometric optical fiber hydrophone technology," Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. Radar, Sonar, Navigation, vol. 143, pp. 204-209, 1996.
2. P. Nash, G. Cranch, and D. Hill, "Fiber optic hydrophones for sonar applications," presented at the Undersea Defence Technol. Conf., London, U.K., 2000.
3. A. R. Davis, C. K. Kirkendall, A. Dandridge, and A. D. Kersey, "64 channel all optical deployable acoustic array," in Proc. 12th Int. Conf. Optical Fiber Sensors, Williamsburg, Oct. 1997, pp. 616-619.
4. P. J. Nash, G. A. Cranch, L. Cheng, D. de Bruijn, and I. Crowe, "32 element TDM optical hydrophone array," in Proc. Eur. Workshop Optical Fiber Sensors, vol. 3482, 1998, pp. 238-242.
5. G. M. Wenz, "Acoustic ambient noise in the ocean: Spectra and sources," J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 34, no. 12, Dec. 1962.
6. M. H. Houston, "Seismic fiber optic multiplexed sensors for exploration and reservoir management," in Proc. SPIE Conf. Ind. Sens. Syst., vol. 4202, Boston, MA, Nov. 2000, pp. 31-38.
7. P. J. Nash, G. A. Cranch, and D. J. Hill, "Large scale multiplexed fiber-optic arrays for geophysical applications," in Proc. SPIE Conf. Ind. Sens. Syst., vol. 4202, Boston, MA, Nov. 2000, pp. 55-65.
8. G. A. Cranch and P. J. Nash, "High responsivity fiber-optic flexural disk accelerometers," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 18, pp. 1233-1243, Sept. 2000.
9. P. Nash, J. Latchem, G. Cranch, S. Motley, A. Bautista, C. Kirkendall, A. Dandridge, M. Henshaw, and J. Churchill, "Design, development and construction of fiber-optic bottom mounted array," in 15th Int. Conf. Optical Fiber Sensors, Portland, OR, May 2002.
10. A. Dandridge and A. D. Kersey, "Signal processing for optical fiber sensors," Fiber Opt. Sens. II SPIE, vol. 798, pp. 158-165, 1987.
11. J. P. Dakin, C. A. Wade, and M. L. Henning, "Novel optical fiber hydrophone array using a single laser source and detector," Electron. Lett., vol. 20, pp. 53-54, 1984.
12. A. Dandridge, A. B. Tveten, and T. G. Giallorenzi, "Homodyne demodulation scheme for fiber optic sensors using phase generated carrier," IEEEJ. Quant. Electron., vol. QE-18, pp. 1647-1653, Oct. 1982.
13. N. J. Frigo, A. Dandridge, and A. B. Tveten, "Technique for elimination of polarization fading in fiber interferometers," Electron. Lett., vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 319-320, 1984.
14. J. L. Brooks, R. H. Wentworth, R. C. Youngquist, M. Tur, B. Y. Kim, and H. J. Shaw, "Coherence multiplexing of fiber-optic interferometric sensors,"J. Lightwave Technol., vol. LT-3, pp. 1062-1071, May 1985.
15. A.D. Kersey and A. Dandridge, "Phase noise reduction in coherence multiplexed sensors using laser frequency modulation techniques," in Proc. 4th Int. Conf. Opt. Fiber Sens., Tokyo, Japan, Oct. 1986, pp. 55-58.
16. A. Dandridge, A. B. Tveten, A. D. Kersey, and A. M. Yurek, "Multiplexing of interferometric sensors using phase generated carrier techniques," J. Lightwave Technol., no. 7, July 1987.
17. J. L. Brooks, B. Moslehi, B. Y. Kim, and H. J. Shaw, "Time domain addressing of remote fiber optic interferometric sensor arrays," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 5, pp. 1014-1023, July 1987.
18. A. D. Kersey and A. Dandridge, "Ten-element time-division multiplexed interferometric fiber sensor array," in Optical Fiber Sensors Conf. Berlin, West Germany, 1989, pp. 486-490.
19. A. D. Kersey, A. Dandridge, and A. B. Tveten, "Time division multiplexing of interferometric fiber sensors using passive phase generated carrier interrogation," Opt. Lett., vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 775-777, 1987.
20. A. D. Kersey, A. Dandridge, A. R. Davis, C. K. Kirkendall, M. J. Marrone, and D. G. Gross, "64-element time-division multiplexed interferometric sensor array with EDFA telemetry," in Opt. Fiber Commun. Tech. Dig. Series. Washington, D.C.: Optical Co. Amer., 1996, pp. 270-271.
21. F. Kullander, C. Laurent, and S. Zyra, "Crosstalk reduction in a code division multiplexed optical fiber sensor system," Opt. Eng., vol. 37, no. 7, pp. 2104-2107, 1998.
22. J. Sæther and K. Bløtekjær, "Optical amplifiers in multiplexed sensor systems - Theoretical prediction of noise performance." in Proc. Opt. Fiber Sens. Conf. 11 Adv. Sens. Photon. Jpn. Soc. Appl. Phys., vol. 1, Tokyo, Japan, 1996, pp. 518-521.
23. _, Optical amplifiers in time domain multiplexed sensor systems," in Proc. Opt. Fiber Sens. Conf. 12 OSA Tech. Dig. Series, vol. 16, 1997, pp. 586-589.
24. J. L. Wagener, C. W. Hodgson, M. J. F. Digonnet, and H. J. Shaw, "Novel fiber sensor arrays using Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 15, pp. 1681-1688, Sept. 1997.
25. C. W. Hodgson, M. J. F. Digonnet, and H. J. Shaw, "Large-scale interferometric fiber sensor arrays with multiple optical amplifiers," Opt. Lett., vol. 22, no. 21, pp. 1651-1653, 1997.
26. G. A. Cranch and P. J. Nash, "Large-scale multiplexing of interferometric fiber-optic sensors using TDM and DWDM," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 19, pp. 687-699, May 2001.
27. A. B. Lobo Ribeiro, R. F. Caleya, and J. L. Santos, "Progressive ladder network topology combining interferometric and intensity fiber-opticbased sensors," Appl. Opt., vol. 34, no. 28, pp. 6481-6488, 1995.
28. M. Sejka, P. Varming, J. Hübner, and M. Kristensen, "Distributed feedback Er3+-doped fiber laser," Electron. Lett., vol. 31, no. 17, pp. 1445-1446, 1995.
29. G. A. Ball, G. Hull-Allen, C. Holton, and W. W. Morey, "Low noise single frequency linear fiber laser," Electron. Lett., vol. 29, no. 18, pp. 1623-1625, 1993.
30. C. C. Harb, M. B. Gray, H. A. Bachor, R. Schilling, P. Rottengatter, I. Freitag, and H. Welling, "Suppression of the intensity noise in diode-pumped neodymium : YAG nonplanar ring laser," IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. 30, pp. 2907-2913, Dec. 1994.
31. E. Rønnekleiv, "Frequency and intensity noise of single frequency fiber Bragg grating lasers," Opt. Fiber Technol., vol. 7, pp. 206-235, 2001.
32. G. A. Cranch, "The erbium doped distributed feedback fiber laser as a source for interferometric sensor arrays," Ph.D. dissertation, Heriot-Watt Univ., Edinburgh, U.K., Sept. 2001.
33. _, "Frequency noise reduction in erbium doped fiber DFB lasers using electronic feedback," Opt. Lett., vol. 27, no. 13, pp. 1114-1116, 2002.
34. R. G. Smith, "Optical power handling capacity of low loss optical fibers as determined by stimulated Raman and Brillouin scattering," Appl. Opt., vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 2489-2494, 1972.
35. J. L. Philipsen, M. O. Berendt, P. Varming, V. C. Lauridsen, J. H. Povlsen, J. Hübner, M. Kristensen, and B. Pálsdóttir, "Polarization control of DFB fiber laser using UV-induced birefringent phase-shift," Electon. Lett., vol. 34, no. 7, pp. 678-679, 1998.
36. P. B. Hansen and L. Eskildsen, "Remote amplification in repeaterless transmission systems," Opt. Fiber Technol., vol. 3, pp. 221-237, 1997.
37. Y. Yamamoto and T. Mukai, "Fundamentals of optical amplifiers," Opt. Quantum Electron., vol. 21, pp. S1-S14, 1989.
38. J. A. Bucaro, N. Lagakos, J. Cole, and T. Giallorenzi, "Fiber optic acoustic transduction," Physical Acoust., vol. XVI, pp. 385-457, 1982.
39. C. D. Butter and G. D. Hocker, "Fiber optic strain gauge," Appl. Opt., vol. 17, no. 18, p. 2867, 1978.
40. G. A. Cranch and P. J. Nash, "Optical fiber hydrophones," in Lasers and Their Applications. Bristol, U.K.: IOP, 2003, sec. D2.5.
41. N. Lagakos, E. Schnaus, J. Cole, J. Jarzynski, and J. Bucaro, "Optimizing fiber coatings for interferometric acoustic sensors," J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE-18, pp. 683-689, Apr. 1982.
42. J. A. Bucaro, B. Houston, and E. Williams, "Fiber-optic air backed hydrophone transduction mechanisms," J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 89, pp. 451-453, 1991.
43. P. J. Nash and J. Keen, "Design and construction of practical optical fiber hydrophones," Proc. Inst. Acoust., vol. 12, pp. 2012-212, 1990.
44. S. Knudsen, "Fiber-optic acoustic sensors based on the Michelson and Sagnac interfeometers: Responsivity and noise properties," Ph.D. dissertation, NTH, Univ. Trondheim, Norway, 1996.
45. C. C. Wang, A. Dandridge, A. B. Tveten, and A. Yurek, "Very high responsivity fiber optic hydrophones for commercial applications," in Proc. 10th Int. Conf. Opt. Fib. Sens., Glasgow, U.K., Oct. 1994, pp. 360-363.
46. P. J. Nash, A. B. Gailaher, and D. J. W. Hardie, "Finite element modeling of optical fiber hydrophones," Proc. Inst., Acoust., pt. 3, vol. 17, pp. 164-172, 1995.
47. O. H. Waagaard, G. B. Havsgård, and G. Wang, "An investigation of the pressure-to-acceleration responsivity of fiber-optic mandrel hydrophones." J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 19, pp. 994-1003, Aug. 2001.
48. V. L. da Silva, D. L. Wilson, G. Nykolak, J. R. Simpson, P. F. Wysocki, P. B. Hansen, D. J. DiGiovanni, P. C. Becker, and S. G. Kosinski, "Remotely pumped erbium-doped fiber amplifiers for repeaterless submarine systems," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 7, pp. 1081-1083, Sept. 1995.
49. S. G. Grubb, T. Strasser, W. Y. Cheung, W. A. Reed, V. Mizrahi, T. Erdogan, P. J. Lamaire, A. M. Vengsarkar, D. J. Digiovanni, and B. H. Rockney, "High power 1.48 μm cascaded Raman laser in germanosilicate fibers," in Opt. Amplifiers Applicat. OSA Tech. Dig. Series, vol. 18, 1995, pp. 197-199.