Spring Versus Summer Spruce Stocktypes of Western Canada: Nursery Development and Field Performance

Western Journal of Applied Forestry

Volumn 18, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 267-275

  Grossnickle, Steven C ^a   Folk, Raymund S ^a  

^a CellFor Inc   (Canada)

Author keywords

Penology; Spring and summer stocktypes; Spruce; Stress resistance

Indexed keywords

COLD STORAGE; GROWTH KINETICS; MORPHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PLANT CELL CULTURE; QUALITY ASSURANCE; SEED;

ROOT GROWTH;

FORESTRY;

PICEA;

EID: 0142217252     PISSN: 08856095     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/wjaf/18.4.267     Document Type: Review

References (33)

1. ARNOTT, J.T. 1992. Forest renewal by artificial regeneration: A review of research in western Canada. Commonw. For. Rev. 71:40-46.
2. BURDETT, A.N., AND D.G. SIMPSON. 1984. Lifting, grading, packaging, and storing. P. 227-234 in Forest nursery manual: production of bareroot seedlings, Duryea, M.L., and T.D. Landis (eds.). Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publ., The Hague/Boston/Lancaster, for For. Res. Lab, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis.
3. BURR, K.E. 1990. The target seedling concept: bud dormancy and cold-hardiness. P. 79-90 in Target seedling symp.: Proc. of the Western Forest Nursery Associations, Rose R., et al. (eds.). USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-200.
4. CHRISTERSSON, L. 1972. The transpiration rate of unhardened, hardened, and dehardened seedlings of spruce and pine. Physiol. Plant. 26:258-263.
5. COLOMBO, S.J. 1997. Frost hardening spruce container stock for overwintering in Ontario. New For. 13:449-467.
6. DUNSWORTH, G.B. 1997. Plant quality assessment: an industrial perspective. New For. 13:439-448.
7. DURYEA, M.L. 1985. Evaluating seedling quality; importance to reforestation. P. 1-4 in Evaluating seedling quality: Principles, procedures and predictive abilities of major tests, Duryea, M.L. (ed.). For. Res. Lab., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis
8. FLEMING, R.L., AND J.E. WOOD. 1996. Modeling the effects of herbicide release on early growth and survival of Picea mariana. N.Z.J. For. Sci. 26:202-221.
9. FOLK, R.S., AND S.C. GROSSNICKLE. 1997. Determining field performance potential with the use of limiting environmental conditions. New For. 13:121-138.
10. FOLK, R.S., AND S.C. GROSSNICKLE. 2000. Stock-type patterns of phosphorus uptake, retranslocation, net photosynthesis and morphological development in interior spruce seedlings. New For. 19:27-49.
11. FUCHIGAMI, L.H., AND C.-C. NEE. 1987. Degree growth stage model and rest-breaking mechanisms in temperate woody perennials. Hort. Sci. 22:836-845.
12. FUCHIGAMI, L.H., C.J. WEISER, K. KOBAYASHI, R. TIMMIS, AND L.V. GUSTA. 1982. A degree growth stage (°GS) model and cold acclimation in temperate woody plants. P. 93-116 in Plant cold hardiness and freezing stress, Li, P.H., and Sakai, A. (eds.). Academic Press, New York.
13. GROSSNICKLE, S.C. 2000. Ecophysiology of Northern Spruce Species: The performance of planted seedlings. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Canada. 407p.
14. GROSSNICKLE, S.C., AND R.S. FOLK. 1993. Stockquality assessment: forecasting survival or performance on a reforestation site. Tree Planters' Notes 44:113-121.
15. GROSSNICKLE, S.C., AND J.E. MAJOR. 1994. Interior spruce seedlings compared to emblings produced from somatic embryogenesis. II. Stock quality assessment prior to field planting. Can. J. For. Res. 24:1385-1396.
16. GROSSNICKLE, S.C., J.E. MAJOR, AND R.S. FOLK. 1994. Interior spruce seedlings compared to emblings produced from somatic embryogenesis. I. Nursery development, fall acclimation and over-winter storage. Can. J. For. Res. 24:1376-1384.
17. GROSSNICKLE, S.C., J.E. MAJOR, J.T. ARNOTT, AND V.M. LEMAY. 1991. Stock quality assessment through an integrated approach. New For. 5:77-91.
18. HAWKINS, C.D.B., AND W.D. BINDER. 1990. State of the art stock quality tests based on seedling physiology. P. 91-122 in Proc. of the combined meeting of the Western Forest Nursery Association's target seedling symposium, Rose, R., S.J. Campbell, and T.D. Landis (eds.). USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-200.
19. KRASOWSKI, M.J., T. LETCHFORD, AND A.M. EASTHAM. 1993b. Growth of short-day treated spruce seedlings planted throughout British Columbia. Forestry Canada and B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C., FRDA Rep. 209.
20. LANDIS, T.D., R.W. TINUS, AND J.P. BARNETT. 1999. Seedling propagation, the container tree nursery manual. Vol. 6. USDA For. Serv. Agric. Handb. 674., Washington, DC. 167 p.
21. LAVENDER, D.P., R. TINUS, R. SUTTON, AND B. POOLE. 1980. Evaluation of planting stock quality. N. Z. J. For. Sci. 10:293-300.
22. OWENS, J.N., AND M. MOLDER. 1976. Bud development in Sitka spruce. II. Cone differentiation and early development. Can J. Bot. 54:766-779.
23. OWENS, J.N., AND M. MOLDER. 1977. Bud development in Picea glauca. II Cone differentiation and early development. Can J. Bot. 55:2746-2760.
24. PUTTONEN, P. 1989. Criteria for using seedling performance potential tests. New For. 3:67-87.
25. REVEL, J., D.P. LAVENDER, AND L. CHARLESON. 1990. Summer planting of white spruce and lodgepole pine seedlings. For. Can. and B.C. Min. of For., Victoria, BC., FRDA Rep. 145.
26. RITCHIE, G.A. 1984. Assessing seedling quality. P. 243-266 in Forest nursery manual: Production of bareroot seedlings. Duryea M.L., and T.D. Landis (eds.). Martinus Nijhoff/Dr. W Junk Publ. The Hague.
27. RITCHIE, G.A., AND Y. TANAKA. 1990. Root growth potential and the target seedling. P. 37-51 in Proc. of the combined meeting of the Western Forest Nursery Association's target seedling symposium, Rose R., et al. (eds.). USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-200.
28. SCAGEL, R., R. BOWDEN, M. MADILL, AND C. KOOISTRA. 1993. Provincal seedling stock type selection and ordering guidelines. BC Min. of For., Victoria, BC. 75 p.
29. SIMPSON, D.G. 1990. Frost hardiness, root growth capacity, and field performance relationships in interior spruce, lodgepole pine, Douglas-fir, and western hemlock seedlings. Can. J. For. Res. 20:566-572.
30. SUTTON, R.F. 1988. Planting stock quality is fitness for purpose. P. 39-43 in Proc. Symp. on taking stock: The role of nursery practice in forest renewal. Can. For. Serv., Sault Ste. Marie, Ont., Ont. For. Res. Committee O-P-16.
31. TIMMER, V. R. 1997. Exponential nutrient loading: a new fertilization technique to improve seedling performance on competitive sites. New For. 13:279-299.
32. TINUS, R.W., AND S.E. MCDONALD. 1979. How to grow tree seedlings in containers in greenhouses. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-60.
33. VAN EERDEN, E., AND J.W. GATES. 1990. Seedling production and processing: Container. P. 226-234 in Regenerating British Columbia's forests, Lavender D.P., et al. (eds). Univ. of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.