Darwinism, Christianity, and the Great Vivisection Debate

Journal of the History of Ideas

Volumn 64, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 399-419

  Preece, Rod ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0142188180     PISSN: 00225037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3654233     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. Edward Payson Evans, Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology (New York, 1897); Lynn White, Jr., "The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis, " Science, 155 (1967), 1203-7; Peter Singer, Animal Liberation (New York, 19902); Roderick Frazier Nash, The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics (Madison, Wise., 1984); William Leiss, The Domination of Nature (Montreal, 1984 [1972]); Jim Mason, An Unnatural Order: Uncovering the Roots of Our Domination of Nature and Each Other (New York, 1993).
2. Edward Payson Evans, Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology (New York, 1897); Lynn White, Jr., "The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis, " Science, 155 (1967), 1203-7; Peter Singer, Animal Liberation (New York, 19902); Roderick Frazier Nash, The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics (Madison, Wise., 1984); William Leiss, The Domination of Nature (Montreal, 1984 [1972]); Jim Mason, An Unnatural Order: Uncovering the Roots of Our Domination of Nature and Each Other (New York, 1993).
3. Edward Payson Evans, Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology (New York, 1897); Lynn White, Jr., "The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis, " Science, 155 (1967), 1203-7; Peter Singer, Animal Liberation (New York, 19902); Roderick Frazier Nash, The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics (Madison, Wise., 1984); William Leiss, The Domination of Nature (Montreal, 1984 [1972]); Jim Mason, An Unnatural Order: Uncovering the Roots of Our Domination of Nature and Each Other (New York, 1993).
4. Edward Payson Evans, Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology (New York, 1897); Lynn White, Jr., "The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis, " Science, 155 (1967), 1203-7; Peter Singer, Animal Liberation (New York, 19902); Roderick Frazier Nash, The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics (Madison, Wise., 1984); William Leiss, The Domination of Nature (Montreal, 1984 [1972]); Jim Mason, An Unnatural Order: Uncovering the Roots of Our Domination of Nature and Each Other (New York, 1993).
5. Edward Payson Evans, Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology (New York, 1897); Lynn White, Jr., "The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis, " Science, 155 (1967), 1203-7; Peter Singer, Animal Liberation (New York, 19902); Roderick Frazier Nash, The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics (Madison, Wise., 1984); William Leiss, The Domination of Nature (Montreal, 1984 [1972]); Jim Mason, An Unnatural Order: Uncovering the Roots of Our Domination of Nature and Each Other (New York, 1993).
6. Edward Payson Evans, Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology (New York, 1897); Lynn White, Jr., "The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis, " Science, 155 (1967), 1203-7; Peter Singer, Animal Liberation (New York, 19902); Roderick Frazier Nash, The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics (Madison, Wise., 1984); William Leiss, The Domination of Nature (Montreal, 1984 [1972]); Jim Mason, An Unnatural Order: Uncovering the Roots of Our Domination of Nature and Each Other (New York, 1993).
7. See John Ray, The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Works of Creation (London, 1691), 127-29; James Thomson, The Seasons, "Spring" (1726), line 241; John Brown, Self-Interpreting Bible (Glasgow, 1834 [1776]), 2; Ann Brontë, Agnes Grey (London, 1988 [1847]), 105-6; Thomas Young, An Essay on Humanity to Animals (1798), ed. Rod Preece (Lampeter, 1999), 12; Victor Hugo, Les Misérables, tr. Norman Denny (London, 1982 [1862]), 81.
8. See John Ray, The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Works of Creation (London, 1691), 127-29; James Thomson, The Seasons, "Spring" (1726), line 241; John Brown, Self-Interpreting Bible (Glasgow, 1834 [1776]), 2; Ann Brontë, Agnes Grey (London, 1988 [1847]), 105-6; Thomas Young, An Essay on Humanity to Animals (1798), ed. Rod Preece (Lampeter, 1999), 12; Victor Hugo, Les Misérables, tr. Norman Denny (London, 1982 [1862]), 81.
9. See John Ray, The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Works of Creation (London, 1691), 127-29; James Thomson, The Seasons, "Spring" (1726), line 241; John Brown, Self-Interpreting Bible (Glasgow, 1834 [1776]), 2; Ann Brontë, Agnes Grey (London, 1988 [1847]), 105-6; Thomas Young, An Essay on Humanity to Animals (1798), ed. Rod Preece (Lampeter, 1999), 12; Victor Hugo, Les Misérables, tr. Norman Denny (London, 1982 [1862]), 81.
10. See John Ray, The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Works of Creation (London, 1691), 127-29; James Thomson, The Seasons, "Spring" (1726), line 241; John Brown, Self-Interpreting Bible (Glasgow, 1834 [1776]), 2; Ann Brontë, Agnes Grey (London, 1988 [1847]), 105-6; Thomas Young, An Essay on Humanity to Animals (1798), ed. Rod Preece (Lampeter, 1999), 12; Victor Hugo, Les Misérables, tr. Norman Denny (London, 1982 [1862]), 81.
11. See John Ray, The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Works of Creation (London, 1691), 127-29; James Thomson, The Seasons, "Spring" (1726), line 241; John Brown, Self-Interpreting Bible (Glasgow, 1834 [1776]), 2; Ann Brontë, Agnes Grey (London, 1988 [1847]), 105-6; Thomas Young, An Essay on Humanity to Animals (1798), ed. Rod Preece (Lampeter, 1999), 12; Victor Hugo, Les Misérables, tr. Norman Denny (London, 1982 [1862]), 81.
12. See John Ray, The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Works of Creation (London, 1691), 127-29; James Thomson, The Seasons, "Spring" (1726), line 241; John Brown, Self-Interpreting Bible (Glasgow, 1834 [1776]), 2; Ann Brontë, Agnes Grey (London, 1988 [1847]), 105-6; Thomas Young, An Essay on Humanity to Animals (1798), ed. Rod Preece (Lampeter, 1999), 12; Victor Hugo, Les Misérables, tr. Norman Denny (London, 1982 [1862]), 81.
13. Elijah Judah Schochet, Animal Life in the Jewish Tradition: Attitudes and Relationships (New York, 1984); Robert Murray, The Cosmic Covenant; Biblical Themes of Justice, Peace and the Integrity of Creation (London, 1992); Theodore Hiebert, The Yahwist's Landscape; Nature and Religion in Early Israel (New York, 1993).
14. Elijah Judah Schochet, Animal Life in the Jewish Tradition: Attitudes and Relationships (New York, 1984); Robert Murray, The Cosmic Covenant; Biblical Themes of Justice, Peace and the Integrity of Creation (London, 1992); Theodore Hiebert, The Yahwist's Landscape; Nature and Religion in Early Israel (New York, 1993).
15. Elijah Judah Schochet, Animal Life in the Jewish Tradition: Attitudes and Relationships (New York, 1984); Robert Murray, The Cosmic Covenant; Biblical Themes of Justice, Peace and the Integrity of Creation (London, 1992); Theodore Hiebert, The Yahwist's Landscape; Nature and Religion in Early Israel (New York, 1993).
16. Peter Singer, Animal Liberation, 200; Angus Taylor, Magpies, Monkeys, and Morals; What Philosophers Say About Animal Liberation (Peterborough, 1999), 23; Barbara Noske, Beyond Boundaries; Humans and Animals (Montreal, 1997), 46; Randy Malamud, "Poetic Animals and Animal Souls," Society and Animals, 6, 3 (1998), 263-67.
17. Peter Singer, Animal Liberation, 200; Angus Taylor, Magpies, Monkeys, and Morals; What Philosophers Say About Animal Liberation (Peterborough, 1999), 23; Barbara Noske, Beyond Boundaries; Humans and Animals (Montreal, 1997), 46; Randy Malamud, "Poetic Animals and Animal Souls," Society and Animals, 6, 3 (1998), 263-67.
18. Peter Singer, Animal Liberation, 200; Angus Taylor, Magpies, Monkeys, and Morals; What Philosophers Say About Animal Liberation (Peterborough, 1999), 23; Barbara Noske, Beyond Boundaries; Humans and Animals (Montreal, 1997), 46; Randy Malamud, "Poetic Animals and Animal Souls," Society and Animals, 6, 3 (1998), 263-67.
19. Peter Singer, Animal Liberation, 200; Angus Taylor, Magpies, Monkeys, and Morals; What Philosophers Say About Animal Liberation (Peterborough, 1999), 23; Barbara Noske, Beyond Boundaries; Humans and Animals (Montreal, 1997), 46; Randy Malamud, "Poetic Animals and Animal Souls," Society and Animals, 6, 3 (1998), 263-67.
20. Lactantious, Divine Institutes, 3, 10; Origen, On First Principles, 3.6.5-6; Arnobius, Adversus nationes, 2.7; 2.13;2.15; 3.17; St. John of the Cross, Spiritual Canticle (1584) in The Complete Works, trans. A. E. Peers (Wheathamstead, 1974), III, 50-51; Martin Luther in Notes and Queries, ser, 8, ii, 233; Henry More, letter to Descartes, Oeuvres de Descartes (Paris, 1897), V, 243; George Fox, Gospel Truth Demonstrated... (Philadelphia, 1831), I, 195-98; 320-21; Richard Overton, Man's Mortalitie, ed. Harold Fisch (Liverpool, 1968 [1643]), 68; Wilhelm Leibniz in Pierre Bayle, Historical and Critical Dictionary, trans. Richard H. Popkin (India-napolis, 1965 [1697]), article: "Rorarius," 213ff and in Monadology and Other Philosophical Writings (Indianapolis, 1964 [1714]), 265ff; Joseph Butler, The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of History (London, 1834 [1736]), 13-30; John Hildrop, Free Thoughts upon the Brute Creation (London, 1742); Richard Dean, An Essay on the Future Life of Brutes (Manchester, 1767); John Wesley, "The General Deliverance" in Sermons on Several Occasions (London, 1874), 281-86; Soame Jenyns, A Free Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Evil (London, 17572), 69; Robert Southey, "On the Death of a Favourite Old Spaniel" in Poems (Bristol, 1797), 132-34; S. T. Coleridge, A Lay Sermon (1817) in The Collected Works, ed. R. J. White (London, 1972), VI, 183, n. 6.
21. Lactantious, Divine Institutes, 3, 10; Origen, On First Principles, 3.6.5-6; Arnobius, Adversus nationes, 2.7; 2.13;2.15; 3.17; St. John of the Cross, Spiritual Canticle (1584) in The Complete Works, trans. A. E. Peers (Wheathamstead, 1974), III, 50-51; Martin Luther in Notes and Queries, ser, 8, ii, 233; Henry More, letter to Descartes, Oeuvres de Descartes (Paris, 1897), V, 243; George Fox, Gospel Truth Demonstrated... (Philadelphia, 1831), I, 195-98; 320-21; Richard Overton, Man's Mortalitie, ed. Harold Fisch (Liverpool, 1968 [1643]), 68; Wilhelm Leibniz in Pierre Bayle, Historical and Critical Dictionary, trans. Richard H. Popkin (India-napolis, 1965 [1697]), article: "Rorarius," 213ff and in Monadology and Other Philosophical Writings (Indianapolis, 1964 [1714]), 265ff; Joseph Butler, The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of History (London, 1834 [1736]), 13-30; John Hildrop, Free Thoughts upon the Brute Creation (London, 1742); Richard Dean, An Essay on the Future Life of Brutes (Manchester, 1767); John Wesley, "The General Deliverance" in Sermons on Several Occasions (London, 1874), 281-86; Soame Jenyns, A Free Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Evil (London, 17572), 69; Robert Southey, "On the Death of a Favourite Old Spaniel" in Poems (Bristol, 1797), 132-34; S. T. Coleridge, A Lay Sermon (1817) in The Collected Works, ed. R. J. White (London, 1972), VI, 183, n. 6.
22. Lactantious, Divine Institutes, 3, 10; Origen, On First Principles, 3.6.5-6; Arnobius, Adversus nationes, 2.7; 2.13;2.15; 3.17; St. John of the Cross, Spiritual Canticle (1584) in The Complete Works, trans. A. E. Peers (Wheathamstead, 1974), III, 50-51; Martin Luther in Notes and Queries, ser, 8, ii, 233; Henry More, letter to Descartes, Oeuvres de Descartes (Paris, 1897), V, 243; George Fox, Gospel Truth Demonstrated... (Philadelphia, 1831), I, 195-98; 320-21; Richard Overton, Man's Mortalitie, ed. Harold Fisch (Liverpool, 1968 [1643]), 68; Wilhelm Leibniz in Pierre Bayle, Historical and Critical Dictionary, trans. Richard H. Popkin (India-napolis, 1965 [1697]), article: "Rorarius," 213ff and in Monadology and Other Philosophical Writings (Indianapolis, 1964 [1714]), 265ff; Joseph Butler, The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of History (London, 1834 [1736]), 13-30; John Hildrop, Free Thoughts upon the Brute Creation (London, 1742); Richard Dean, An Essay on the Future Life of Brutes (Manchester, 1767); John Wesley, "The General Deliverance" in Sermons on Several Occasions (London, 1874), 281-86; Soame Jenyns, A Free Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Evil (London, 17572), 69; Robert Southey, "On the Death of a Favourite Old Spaniel" in Poems (Bristol, 1797), 132-34; S. T. Coleridge, A Lay Sermon (1817) in The Collected Works, ed. R. J. White (London, 1972), VI, 183, n. 6.
23. Lactantious, Divine Institutes, 3, 10; Origen, On First Principles, 3.6.5-6; Arnobius, Adversus nationes, 2.7; 2.13;2.15; 3.17; St. John of the Cross, Spiritual Canticle (1584) in The Complete Works, trans. A. E. Peers (Wheathamstead, 1974), III, 50-51; Martin Luther in Notes and Queries, ser, 8, ii, 233; Henry More, letter to Descartes, Oeuvres de Descartes (Paris, 1897), V, 243; George Fox, Gospel Truth Demonstrated... (Philadelphia, 1831), I, 195-98; 320-21; Richard Overton, Man's Mortalitie, ed. Harold Fisch (Liverpool, 1968 [1643]), 68; Wilhelm Leibniz in Pierre Bayle, Historical and Critical Dictionary, trans. Richard H. Popkin (India-napolis, 1965 [1697]), article: "Rorarius," 213ff and in Monadology and Other Philosophical Writings (Indianapolis, 1964 [1714]), 265ff; Joseph Butler, The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of History (London, 1834 [1736]), 13-30; John Hildrop, Free Thoughts upon the Brute Creation (London, 1742); Richard Dean, An Essay on the Future Life of Brutes (Manchester, 1767); John Wesley, "The General Deliverance" in Sermons on Several Occasions (London, 1874), 281-86; Soame Jenyns, A Free Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Evil (London, 17572), 69; Robert Southey, "On the Death of a Favourite Old Spaniel" in Poems (Bristol, 1797), 132-34; S. T. Coleridge, A Lay Sermon (1817) in The Collected Works, ed. R. J. White (London, 1972), VI, 183, n. 6.
24. Lactantious, Divine Institutes, 3, 10; Origen, On First Principles, 3.6.5-6; Arnobius, Adversus nationes, 2.7; 2.13;2.15; 3.17; St. John of the Cross, Spiritual Canticle (1584) in The Complete Works, trans. A. E. Peers (Wheathamstead, 1974), III, 50-51; Martin Luther in Notes and Queries, ser, 8, ii, 233; Henry More, letter to Descartes, Oeuvres de Descartes (Paris, 1897), V, 243; George Fox, Gospel Truth Demonstrated... (Philadelphia, 1831), I, 195-98; 320-21; Richard Overton, Man's Mortalitie, ed. Harold Fisch (Liverpool, 1968 [1643]), 68; Wilhelm Leibniz in Pierre Bayle, Historical and Critical Dictionary, trans. Richard H. Popkin (India-napolis, 1965 [1697]), article: "Rorarius," 213ff and in Monadology and Other Philosophical Writings (Indianapolis, 1964 [1714]), 265ff; Joseph Butler, The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of History (London, 1834 [1736]), 13-30; John Hildrop, Free Thoughts upon the Brute Creation (London, 1742); Richard Dean, An Essay on the Future Life of Brutes (Manchester, 1767); John Wesley, "The General Deliverance" in Sermons on Several Occasions (London, 1874), 281-86; Soame Jenyns, A Free Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Evil (London, 17572), 69; Robert Southey, "On the Death of a Favourite Old Spaniel" in Poems (Bristol, 1797), 132-34; S. T. Coleridge, A Lay Sermon (1817) in The Collected Works, ed. R. J. White (London, 1972), VI, 183, n. 6.
25. Lactantious, Divine Institutes, 3, 10; Origen, On First Principles, 3.6.5-6; Arnobius, Adversus nationes, 2.7; 2.13;2.15; 3.17; St. John of the Cross, Spiritual Canticle (1584) in The Complete Works, trans. A. E. Peers (Wheathamstead, 1974), III, 50-51; Martin Luther in Notes and Queries, ser, 8, ii, 233; Henry More, letter to Descartes, Oeuvres de Descartes (Paris, 1897), V, 243; George Fox, Gospel Truth Demonstrated... (Philadelphia, 1831), I, 195-98; 320-21; Richard Overton, Man's Mortalitie, ed. Harold Fisch (Liverpool, 1968 [1643]), 68; Wilhelm Leibniz in Pierre Bayle, Historical and Critical Dictionary, trans. Richard H. Popkin (India-napolis, 1965 [1697]), article: "Rorarius," 213ff and in Monadology and Other Philosophical Writings (Indianapolis, 1964 [1714]), 265ff; Joseph Butler, The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of History (London, 1834 [1736]), 13-30; John Hildrop, Free Thoughts upon the Brute Creation (London, 1742); Richard Dean, An Essay on the Future Life of Brutes (Manchester, 1767); John Wesley, "The General Deliverance" in Sermons on Several Occasions (London, 1874), 281-86; Soame Jenyns, A Free Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Evil (London, 17572), 69; Robert Southey, "On the Death of a Favourite Old Spaniel" in Poems (Bristol, 1797), 132-34; S. T. Coleridge, A Lay Sermon (1817) in The Collected Works, ed. R. J. White (London, 1972), VI, 183, n. 6.
26. Lactantious, Divine Institutes, 3, 10; Origen, On First Principles, 3.6.5-6; Arnobius, Adversus nationes, 2.7; 2.13;2.15; 3.17; St. John of the Cross, Spiritual Canticle (1584) in The Complete Works, trans. A. E. Peers (Wheathamstead, 1974), III, 50-51; Martin Luther in Notes and Queries, ser, 8, ii, 233; Henry More, letter to Descartes, Oeuvres de Descartes (Paris, 1897), V, 243; George Fox, Gospel Truth Demonstrated... (Philadelphia, 1831), I, 195-98; 320-21; Richard Overton, Man's Mortalitie, ed. Harold Fisch (Liverpool, 1968 [1643]), 68; Wilhelm Leibniz in Pierre Bayle, Historical and Critical Dictionary, trans. Richard H. Popkin (India-napolis, 1965 [1697]), article: "Rorarius," 213ff and in Monadology and Other Philosophical Writings (Indianapolis, 1964 [1714]), 265ff; Joseph Butler, The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of History (London, 1834 [1736]), 13-30; John Hildrop, Free Thoughts upon the Brute Creation (London, 1742); Richard Dean, An Essay on the Future Life of Brutes (Manchester, 1767); John Wesley, "The General Deliverance" in Sermons on Several Occasions (London, 1874), 281-86; Soame Jenyns, A Free Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Evil (London, 17572), 69; Robert Southey, "On the Death of a Favourite Old Spaniel" in Poems (Bristol, 1797), 132-34; S. T. Coleridge, A Lay Sermon (1817) in The Collected Works, ed. R. J. White (London, 1972), VI, 183, n. 6.
27. Lactantious, Divine Institutes, 3, 10; Origen, On First Principles, 3.6.5-6; Arnobius, Adversus nationes, 2.7; 2.13;2.15; 3.17; St. John of the Cross, Spiritual Canticle (1584) in The Complete Works, trans. A. E. Peers (Wheathamstead, 1974), III, 50-51; Martin Luther in Notes and Queries, ser, 8, ii, 233; Henry More, letter to Descartes, Oeuvres de Descartes (Paris, 1897), V, 243; George Fox, Gospel Truth Demonstrated... (Philadelphia, 1831), I, 195-98; 320-21; Richard Overton, Man's Mortalitie, ed. Harold Fisch (Liverpool, 1968 [1643]), 68; Wilhelm Leibniz in Pierre Bayle, Historical and Critical Dictionary, trans. Richard H. Popkin (India-napolis, 1965 [1697]), article: "Rorarius," 213ff and in Monadology and Other Philosophical Writings (Indianapolis, 1964 [1714]), 265ff; Joseph Butler, The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of History (London, 1834 [1736]), 13-30; John Hildrop, Free Thoughts upon the Brute Creation (London, 1742); Richard Dean, An Essay on the Future Life of Brutes (Manchester, 1767); John Wesley, "The General Deliverance" in Sermons on Several Occasions (London, 1874), 281-86; Soame Jenyns, A Free Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Evil (London, 17572), 69; Robert Southey, "On the Death of a Favourite Old Spaniel" in Poems (Bristol, 1797), 132-34; S. T. Coleridge, A Lay Sermon (1817) in The Collected Works, ed. R. J. White (London, 1972), VI, 183, n. 6.
28. Lactantious, Divine Institutes, 3, 10; Origen, On First Principles, 3.6.5-6; Arnobius, Adversus nationes, 2.7; 2.13;2.15; 3.17; St. John of the Cross, Spiritual Canticle (1584) in The Complete Works, trans. A. E. Peers (Wheathamstead, 1974), III, 50-51; Martin Luther in Notes and Queries, ser, 8, ii, 233; Henry More, letter to Descartes, Oeuvres de Descartes (Paris, 1897), V, 243; George Fox, Gospel Truth Demonstrated... (Philadelphia, 1831), I, 195-98; 320-21; Richard Overton, Man's Mortalitie, ed. Harold Fisch (Liverpool, 1968 [1643]), 68; Wilhelm Leibniz in Pierre Bayle, Historical and Critical Dictionary, trans. Richard H. Popkin (India-napolis, 1965 [1697]), article: "Rorarius," 213ff and in Monadology and Other Philosophical Writings (Indianapolis, 1964 [1714]), 265ff; Joseph Butler, The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of History (London, 1834 [1736]), 13-30; John Hildrop, Free Thoughts upon the Brute Creation (London, 1742); Richard Dean, An Essay on the Future Life of Brutes (Manchester, 1767); John Wesley, "The General Deliverance" in Sermons on Several Occasions (London, 1874), 281-86; Soame Jenyns, A Free Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Evil (London, 17572), 69; Robert Southey, "On the Death of a Favourite Old Spaniel" in Poems (Bristol, 1797), 132-34; S. T. Coleridge, A Lay Sermon (1817) in The Collected Works, ed. R. J. White (London, 1972), VI, 183, n. 6.
29. Lactantious, Divine Institutes, 3, 10; Origen, On First Principles, 3.6.5-6; Arnobius, Adversus nationes, 2.7; 2.13;2.15; 3.17; St. John of the Cross, Spiritual Canticle (1584) in The Complete Works, trans. A. E. Peers (Wheathamstead, 1974), III, 50-51; Martin Luther in Notes and Queries, ser, 8, ii, 233; Henry More, letter to Descartes, Oeuvres de Descartes (Paris, 1897), V, 243; George Fox, Gospel Truth Demonstrated... (Philadelphia, 1831), I, 195-98; 320-21; Richard Overton, Man's Mortalitie, ed. Harold Fisch (Liverpool, 1968 [1643]), 68; Wilhelm Leibniz in Pierre Bayle, Historical and Critical Dictionary, trans. Richard H. Popkin (India-napolis, 1965 [1697]), article: "Rorarius," 213ff and in Monadology and Other Philosophical Writings (Indianapolis, 1964 [1714]), 265ff; Joseph Butler, The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of History (London, 1834 [1736]), 13-30; John Hildrop, Free Thoughts upon the Brute Creation (London, 1742); Richard Dean, An Essay on the Future Life of Brutes (Manchester, 1767); John Wesley, "The General Deliverance" in Sermons on Several Occasions (London, 1874), 281-86; Soame Jenyns, A Free Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Evil (London, 17572), 69; Robert Southey, "On the Death of a Favourite Old Spaniel" in Poems (Bristol, 1797), 132-34; S. T. Coleridge, A Lay Sermon (1817) in The Collected Works, ed. R. J. White (London, 1972), VI, 183, n. 6.
30. Lactantious, Divine Institutes, 3, 10; Origen, On First Principles, 3.6.5-6; Arnobius, Adversus nationes, 2.7; 2.13;2.15; 3.17; St. John of the Cross, Spiritual Canticle (1584) in The Complete Works, trans. A. E. Peers (Wheathamstead, 1974), III, 50-51; Martin Luther in Notes and Queries, ser, 8, ii, 233; Henry More, letter to Descartes, Oeuvres de Descartes (Paris, 1897), V, 243; George Fox, Gospel Truth Demonstrated... (Philadelphia, 1831), I, 195-98; 320-21; Richard Overton, Man's Mortalitie, ed. Harold Fisch (Liverpool, 1968 [1643]), 68; Wilhelm Leibniz in Pierre Bayle, Historical and Critical Dictionary, trans. Richard H. Popkin (India-napolis, 1965 [1697]), article: "Rorarius," 213ff and in Monadology and Other Philosophical Writings (Indianapolis, 1964 [1714]), 265ff; Joseph Butler, The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of History (London, 1834 [1736]), 13-30; John Hildrop, Free Thoughts upon the Brute Creation (London, 1742); Richard Dean, An Essay on the Future Life of Brutes (Manchester, 1767); John Wesley, "The General Deliverance" in Sermons on Several Occasions (London, 1874), 281-86; Soame Jenyns, A Free Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Evil (London, 17572), 69; Robert Southey, "On the Death of a Favourite Old Spaniel" in Poems (Bristol, 1797), 132-34; S. T. Coleridge, A Lay Sermon (1817) in The Collected Works, ed. R. J. White (London, 1972), VI, 183, n. 6.
31. Lactantious, Divine Institutes, 3, 10; Origen, On First Principles, 3.6.5-6; Arnobius, Adversus nationes, 2.7; 2.13;2.15; 3.17; St. John of the Cross, Spiritual Canticle (1584) in The Complete Works, trans. A. E. Peers (Wheathamstead, 1974), III, 50-51; Martin Luther in Notes and Queries, ser, 8, ii, 233; Henry More, letter to Descartes, Oeuvres de Descartes (Paris, 1897), V, 243; George Fox, Gospel Truth Demonstrated... (Philadelphia, 1831), I, 195-98; 320-21; Richard Overton, Man's Mortalitie, ed. Harold Fisch (Liverpool, 1968 [1643]), 68; Wilhelm Leibniz in Pierre Bayle, Historical and Critical Dictionary, trans. Richard H. Popkin (India-napolis, 1965 [1697]), article: "Rorarius," 213ff and in Monadology and Other Philosophical Writings (Indianapolis, 1964 [1714]), 265ff; Joseph Butler, The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of History (London, 1834 [1736]), 13-30; John Hildrop, Free Thoughts upon the Brute Creation (London, 1742); Richard Dean, An Essay on the Future Life of Brutes (Manchester, 1767); John Wesley, "The General Deliverance" in Sermons on Several Occasions (London, 1874), 281-86; Soame Jenyns, A Free Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Evil (London, 17572), 69; Robert Southey, "On the Death of a Favourite Old Spaniel" in Poems (Bristol, 1797), 132-34; S. T. Coleridge, A Lay Sermon (1817) in The Collected Works, ed. R. J. White (London, 1972), VI, 183, n. 6.
32. Lactantious, Divine Institutes, 3, 10; Origen, On First Principles, 3.6.5-6; Arnobius, Adversus nationes, 2.7; 2.13;2.15; 3.17; St. John of the Cross, Spiritual Canticle (1584) in The Complete Works, trans. A. E. Peers (Wheathamstead, 1974), III, 50-51; Martin Luther in Notes and Queries, ser, 8, ii, 233; Henry More, letter to Descartes, Oeuvres de Descartes (Paris, 1897), V, 243; George Fox, Gospel Truth Demonstrated... (Philadelphia, 1831), I, 195-98; 320-21; Richard Overton, Man's Mortalitie, ed. Harold Fisch (Liverpool, 1968 [1643]), 68; Wilhelm Leibniz in Pierre Bayle, Historical and Critical Dictionary, trans. Richard H. Popkin (India-napolis, 1965 [1697]), article: "Rorarius," 213ff and in Monadology and Other Philosophical Writings (Indianapolis, 1964 [1714]), 265ff; Joseph Butler, The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of History (London, 1834 [1736]), 13-30; John Hildrop, Free Thoughts upon the Brute Creation (London, 1742); Richard Dean, An Essay on the Future Life of Brutes (Manchester, 1767); John Wesley, "The General Deliverance" in Sermons on Several Occasions (London, 1874), 281-86; Soame Jenyns, A Free Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Evil (London, 17572), 69; Robert Southey, "On the Death of a Favourite Old Spaniel" in Poems (Bristol, 1797), 132-34; S. T. Coleridge, A Lay Sermon (1817) in The Collected Works, ed. R. J. White (London, 1972), VI, 183, n. 6.
33. Lactantious, Divine Institutes, 3, 10; Origen, On First Principles, 3.6.5-6; Arnobius, Adversus nationes, 2.7; 2.13;2.15; 3.17; St. John of the Cross, Spiritual Canticle (1584) in The Complete Works, trans. A. E. Peers (Wheathamstead, 1974), III, 50-51; Martin Luther in Notes and Queries, ser, 8, ii, 233; Henry More, letter to Descartes, Oeuvres de Descartes (Paris, 1897), V, 243; George Fox, Gospel Truth Demonstrated... (Philadelphia, 1831), I, 195-98; 320-21; Richard Overton, Man's Mortalitie, ed. Harold Fisch (Liverpool, 1968 [1643]), 68; Wilhelm Leibniz in Pierre Bayle, Historical and Critical Dictionary, trans. Richard H. Popkin (India-napolis, 1965 [1697]), article: "Rorarius," 213ff and in Monadology and Other Philosophical Writings (Indianapolis, 1964 [1714]), 265ff; Joseph Butler, The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of History (London, 1834 [1736]), 13-30; John Hildrop, Free Thoughts upon the Brute Creation (London, 1742); Richard Dean, An Essay on the Future Life of Brutes (Manchester, 1767); John Wesley, "The General Deliverance" in Sermons on Several Occasions (London, 1874), 281-86; Soame Jenyns, A Free Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Evil (London, 17572), 69; Robert Southey, "On the Death of a Favourite Old Spaniel" in Poems (Bristol, 1797), 132-34; S. T. Coleridge, A Lay Sermon (1817) in The Collected Works, ed. R. J. White (London, 1972), VI, 183, n. 6.
34. Lactantious, Divine Institutes, 3, 10; Origen, On First Principles, 3.6.5-6; Arnobius, Adversus nationes, 2.7; 2.13;2.15; 3.17; St. John of the Cross, Spiritual Canticle (1584) in The Complete Works, trans. A. E. Peers (Wheathamstead, 1974), III, 50-51; Martin Luther in Notes and Queries, ser, 8, ii, 233; Henry More, letter to Descartes, Oeuvres de Descartes (Paris, 1897), V, 243; George Fox, Gospel Truth Demonstrated... (Philadelphia, 1831), I, 195-98; 320-21; Richard Overton, Man's Mortalitie, ed. Harold Fisch (Liverpool, 1968 [1643]), 68; Wilhelm Leibniz in Pierre Bayle, Historical and Critical Dictionary, trans. Richard H. Popkin (India-napolis, 1965 [1697]), article: "Rorarius," 213ff and in Monadology and Other Philosophical Writings (Indianapolis, 1964 [1714]), 265ff; Joseph Butler, The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of History (London, 1834 [1736]), 13-30; John Hildrop, Free Thoughts upon the Brute Creation (London, 1742); Richard Dean, An Essay on the Future Life of Brutes (Manchester, 1767); John Wesley, "The General Deliverance" in Sermons on Several Occasions (London, 1874), 281-86; Soame Jenyns, A Free Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Evil (London, 17572), 69; Robert Southey, "On the Death of a Favourite Old Spaniel" in Poems (Bristol, 1797), 132-34; S. T. Coleridge, A Lay Sermon (1817) in The Collected Works, ed. R. J. White (London, 1972), VI, 183, n. 6.
35. Lactantious, Divine Institutes, 3, 10; Origen, On First Principles, 3.6.5-6; Arnobius, Adversus nationes, 2.7; 2.13;2.15; 3.17; St. John of the Cross, Spiritual Canticle (1584) in The Complete Works, trans. A. E. Peers (Wheathamstead, 1974), III, 50-51; Martin Luther in Notes and Queries, ser, 8, ii, 233; Henry More, letter to Descartes, Oeuvres de Descartes (Paris, 1897), V, 243; George Fox, Gospel Truth Demonstrated... (Philadelphia, 1831), I, 195-98; 320-21; Richard Overton, Man's Mortalitie, ed. Harold Fisch (Liverpool, 1968 [1643]), 68; Wilhelm Leibniz in Pierre Bayle, Historical and Critical Dictionary, trans. Richard H. Popkin (India-napolis, 1965 [1697]), article: "Rorarius," 213ff and in Monadology and Other Philosophical Writings (Indianapolis, 1964 [1714]), 265ff; Joseph Butler, The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of History (London, 1834 [1736]), 13-30; John Hildrop, Free Thoughts upon the Brute Creation (London, 1742); Richard Dean, An Essay on the Future Life of Brutes (Manchester, 1767); John Wesley, "The General Deliverance" in Sermons on Several Occasions (London, 1874), 281-86; Soame Jenyns, A Free Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Evil (London, 17572), 69; Robert Southey, "On the Death of a Favourite Old Spaniel" in Poems (Bristol, 1797), 132-34; S. T. Coleridge, A Lay Sermon (1817) in The Collected Works, ed. R. J. White (London, 1972), VI, 183, n. 6.
36. Lactantious, Divine Institutes, 3, 10; Origen, On First Principles, 3.6.5-6; Arnobius, Adversus nationes, 2.7; 2.13;2.15; 3.17; St. John of the Cross, Spiritual Canticle (1584) in The Complete Works, trans. A. E. Peers (Wheathamstead, 1974), III, 50-51; Martin Luther in Notes and Queries, ser, 8, ii, 233; Henry More, letter to Descartes, Oeuvres de Descartes (Paris, 1897), V, 243; George Fox, Gospel Truth Demonstrated... (Philadelphia, 1831), I, 195-98; 320-21; Richard Overton, Man's Mortalitie, ed. Harold Fisch (Liverpool, 1968 [1643]), 68; Wilhelm Leibniz in Pierre Bayle, Historical and Critical Dictionary, trans. Richard H. Popkin (India-napolis, 1965 [1697]), article: "Rorarius," 213ff and in Monadology and Other Philosophical Writings (Indianapolis, 1964 [1714]), 265ff; Joseph Butler, The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of History (London, 1834 [1736]), 13-30; John Hildrop, Free Thoughts upon the Brute Creation (London, 1742); Richard Dean, An Essay on the Future Life of Brutes (Manchester, 1767); John Wesley, "The General Deliverance" in Sermons on Several Occasions (London, 1874), 281-86; Soame Jenyns, A Free Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Evil (London, 17572), 69; Robert Southey, "On the Death of a Favourite Old Spaniel" in Poems (Bristol, 1797), 132-34; S. T. Coleridge, A Lay Sermon (1817) in The Collected Works, ed. R. J. White (London, 1972), VI, 183, n. 6.
37. Paul Johnson, The Birth of the Modern: World Society 1815-30 (London, 1991), 719.
38. Chien-hui Li, "A Union of Christianity, Humanity and Philanthropy: The Christian Tradition and the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in Nineteenth-Century England" in Society and Animals, 8, 3 (2000), 265-85.
39. See A. W. Moss, Valiant Circle: The History of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (London, 1961), 28.
40. (Oxford, 1991).
41. Marian Scholtmeijer, Animal Victims in Modern Fiction (Toronto, 1993), i; Michael Allen Fox, Deep Vegetarianism (Philadelphia, 1999), 18; Mary Midgley, "Practical Solutions" in The Status of Animals: Ethics, Education and Welfare, ed. David Paterson and Mary Palmer (Oxford, 1989), 18; Rev. Giles Legood, "A Brief History of British Animal Welfare" in The Ark, 188 (2001); Peter Singer, Animal Liberation, 206.
42. Marian Scholtmeijer, Animal Victims in Modern Fiction (Toronto, 1993), i; Michael Allen Fox, Deep Vegetarianism (Philadelphia, 1999), 18; Mary Midgley, "Practical Solutions" in The Status of Animals: Ethics, Education and Welfare, ed. David Paterson and Mary Palmer (Oxford, 1989), 18; Rev. Giles Legood, "A Brief History of British Animal Welfare" in The Ark, 188 (2001); Peter Singer, Animal Liberation, 206.
43. Marian Scholtmeijer, Animal Victims in Modern Fiction (Toronto, 1993), i; Michael Allen Fox, Deep Vegetarianism (Philadelphia, 1999), 18; Mary Midgley, "Practical Solutions" in The Status of Animals: Ethics, Education and Welfare, ed. David Paterson and Mary Palmer (Oxford, 1989), 18; Rev. Giles Legood, "A Brief History of British Animal Welfare" in The Ark, 188 (2001); Peter Singer, Animal Liberation, 206.
44. Marian Scholtmeijer, Animal Victims in Modern Fiction (Toronto, 1993), i; Michael Allen Fox, Deep Vegetarianism (Philadelphia, 1999), 18; Mary Midgley, "Practical Solutions" in The Status of Animals: Ethics, Education and Welfare, ed. David Paterson and Mary Palmer (Oxford, 1989), 18; Rev. Giles Legood, "A Brief History of British Animal Welfare" in The Ark, 188 (2001); Peter Singer, Animal Liberation, 206.
45. Marian Scholtmeijer, Animal Victims in Modern Fiction (Toronto, 1993), i; Michael Allen Fox, Deep Vegetarianism (Philadelphia, 1999), 18; Mary Midgley, "Practical Solutions" in The Status of Animals: Ethics, Education and Welfare, ed. David Paterson and Mary Palmer (Oxford, 1989), 18; Rev. Giles Legood, "A Brief History of British Animal Welfare" in The Ark, 188 (2001); Peter Singer, Animal Liberation, 206.
46. See Joanna Cullen Brown (ed.), Let Me Enjoy the Earth: Thomas Hardy and Nature (London, 1990), 290-91.
47. The Universal Kinship, ed. Charles A. Magel (Fontwell, 1992 [1906]); The New Ethics (London, 1907; Chicago, 1909).
48. The Universal Kinship, ed. Charles A. Magel (Fontwell, 1992 [1906]); The New Ethics (London, 1907; Chicago, 1909).
49. Letter from Asipovo, 1 November 1910. Quoted in William L. Shirer, Love and Hatred: The Stormy Marriage of Leo and Sofya Tolstoy (New York, 1994), 350-51.
50. Preface to The Doctor' s Dilemma in The Doctor's Dilemma, Getting Married & The Shewing- Up of Blanco Posnet by Bernard Shaw (London, 1911), 99-100.
51. Michael Holroyd, Bernard Shaw (Harmondsworth, 1990), II, 58.
52. Peter Kropotkin, Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (Boston, 1914), 5-6, 57-59, 74-75.
53. Created from Animals, 1.
54. Richard Milner, The Encyclopedia of Evolution: Humanity's Search For Its Origins (New York, 1990), 201.
55. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (New York, 18742), 24, 25, 40, 61, 62, 73, 81, 87, 98, 105, 125, 133, 138, 153, etc.
56. Ibid 98.
57. Quoted in Adrian Desmond and James Moore, Darwin: The Life of a Tormented Evolutionist (New York, 1992), 244.
58. Descent of Man, 135.
59. Collected Letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, ed. Earle Leslie Grigg (Oxford, 1957), IV, 574-75.
60. Created from Animals, 14-16.
61. For Anaximander, see Hipolytus, Refutation of All Heresies, I, vi, 6; Eusebius, Preparation for the Gospels, I, vii, 16; Plutarch, Table Talk, 730DF. For Empedocles, see Aristotle, Physics, 196a, 24; Aelian, On the Nature of Animals, XVI, 29.
62. For Anaximander, see Hipolytus, Refutation of All Heresies, I, vi, 6; Eusebius, Preparation for the Gospels, I, vii, 16; Plutarch, Table Talk, 730DF. For Empedocles, see Aristotle, Physics, 196a, 24; Aelian, On the Nature of Animals, XVI, 29.
63. For Anaximander, see Hipolytus, Refutation of All Heresies, I, vi, 6; Eusebius, Preparation for the Gospels, I, vii, 16; Plutarch, Table Talk, 730DF. For Empedocles, see Aristotle, Physics, 196a, 24; Aelian, On the Nature of Animals, XVI, 29.
64. For Anaximander, see Hipolytus, Refutation of All Heresies, I, vi, 6; Eusebius, Preparation for the Gospels, I, vii, 16; Plutarch, Table Talk, 730DF. For Empedocles, see Aristotle, Physics, 196a, 24; Aelian, On the Nature of Animals, XVI, 29.
65. For Anaximander, see Hipolytus, Refutation of All Heresies, I, vi, 6; Eusebius, Preparation for the Gospels, I, vii, 16; Plutarch, Table Talk, 730DF. For Empedocles, see Aristotle, Physics, 196a, 24; Aelian, On the Nature of Animals, XVI, 29.
66. Darwin cites Aristotle from Physicae Auscultationes, 2, 8, 2.
67. Letter to J. Gmelin, 14 February 1747. Quoted in Carl Sagan and Ann Druyen, Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors: A Search for Who We Are (New York, 1992), 274.
68. Quoted in Richard Milner, The Encyclopedia of Evolution, 69.
69. The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of the Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, ed. J. W. Burrow (London, 1983 [1859]), 53-54.
70. See Daniel J. Boorstin, The Discoverers: A History of Man's Search to Know His World and Himelf(New York, 1985), 472; Arthur O. Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being: A Study of the History of an Idea (New York, 1965 [1936]), 268.
71. See Daniel J. Boorstin, The Discoverers: A History of Man 's Search to Know His World and Himelf(New York, 1985), 472; Arthur O. Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being: A Study of the History of an Idea (New York, 1965 [1936]), 268.
72. De la Nature, v, 148. Quoted in Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being, 268.
73. De la Nature, v, 148. Quoted in Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being, 268.
74. Système de la Nature, pt. 1, ch 6. Quoted in Lovejoy, ibid., 275.
75. Système de la Nature, pt. 1, ch 6. Quoted in Lovejoy, ibid., 275.
76. Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being, 283.
77. See Boorstin, The Discoverers, 412.
78. "Historical Sketch" in The Origin of Species, 55.
79. Quoted in Desmond King-Hele, Erasmus Darwin: A Life of Unqualified Achievement (London, 1999), 283.
80. "Metamorphose der Tiere" in Johan Wolfgang Goethe, Sämmtliche Werke nach Epochen seines Schaffens (Munich, 1992), 13.1, 153.
81. See "Duties towards Animals and Spirits" in Immanuel Kant, Lectures on Ethics, tr. Louis Infield (New York, 1963), 239-41.
82. Faust, Part One, "Wald und Höhle" in Sämmtliche Werke, 6.1, 629.
83. Sämmtliche Werke, 13.1, 153.
84. See Plutarch, "The Life of Marcus Cato," "On the Use of Reason by 'Irrational' Animals," and "Whether Land or Sea Animals are Cleverer"; Lucretius, De rerum natura, esp 2, 352-66 is most illuminating; Porphyry, see On Abstinence from Animal Food.
85. See Plutarch, "The Life of Marcus Cato," "On the Use of Reason by 'Irrational' Animals," and "Whether Land or Sea Animals are Cleverer"; Lucretius, De rerum natura, esp 2, 352-66 is most illuminating; Porphyry, see On Abstinence from Animal Food.
86. Arnobius, Adversus nationes, 2, 16-17; Lactantius, Divine Institutes, 3, 10; Athanasius, De incarnatione, cited in Andrew Linzey and Tom Regan (eds.), Animals and Christianity: A Book of Readings (London, 1989), 98-99; St. Basil, "The Liturgy of St. Basil" cited in C. W. Hume, Universities Federation for Animal Welfare Theological Bulletin, 2 (1962), 3; St. John Chrysostom, Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on the Epistle of St. Paul to the Romans, Homily XXIX.
87. Arnobius, Adversus nationes, 2, 16-17; Lactantius, Divine Institutes, 3, 10; Athanasius, De incarnatione, cited in Andrew Linzey and Tom Regan (eds.), Animals and Christianity: A Book of Readings (London, 1989), 98-99; St. Basil, "The Liturgy of St. Basil" cited in C. W. Hume, Universities Federation for Animal Welfare Theological Bulletin, 2 (1962), 3; St. John Chrysostom, Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on the Epistle of St. Paul to the Romans, Homily XXIX.
88. Arnobius, Adversus nationes, 2, 16-17; Lactantius, Divine Institutes, 3, 10; Athanasius, De incarnatione, cited in Andrew Linzey and Tom Regan (eds.), Animals and Christianity: A Book of Readings (London, 1989), 98-99; St. Basil, "The Liturgy of St. Basil" cited in C. W. Hume, Universities Federation for Animal Welfare Theological Bulletin, 2 (1962), 3; St. John Chrysostom, Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on the Epistle of St. Paul to the Romans, Homily XXIX.
89. Arnobius, Adversus nationes, 2, 16-17; Lactantius, Divine Institutes, 3, 10; Athanasius, De incarnatione, cited in Andrew Linzey and Tom Regan (eds.), Animals and Christianity: A Book of Readings (London, 1989), 98-99; St. Basil, "The Liturgy of St. Basil" cited in C. W. Hume, Universities Federation for Animal Welfare Theological Bulletin, 2 (1962), 3; St. John Chrysostom, Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on the Epistle of St. Paul to the Romans, Homily XXIX.
90. Arnobius, Adversus nationes, 2, 16-17; Lactantius, Divine Institutes, 3, 10; Athanasius, De incarnatione, cited in Andrew Linzey and Tom Regan (eds.), Animals and Christianity: A Book of Readings (London, 1989), 98-99; St. Basil, "The Liturgy of St. Basil" cited in C. W. Hume, Universities Federation for Animal Welfare Theological Bulletin, 2 (1962), 3; St. John Chrysostom, Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on the Epistle of St. Paul to the Romans, Homily XXIX.
91. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nature (Harmondsworth, 1995 [1836]), 31.
92. Joseph Addison, The Spectator, 120, 18 July 1711; Alexander Pope, The Guardian, 61, 21 May 1713; Samuel Johnson, The Idler, 17, 3 August 1758; Jonathan Swift, "To Mr Congreve," 1693; Henry Fielding, Miscellanies I, 1743.
93. Joseph Addison, The Spectator, 120, 18 July 1711; Alexander Pope, The Guardian, 61, 21 May 1713; Samuel Johnson, The Idler, 17, 3 August 1758; Jonathan Swift, "To Mr Congreve," 1693; Henry Fielding, Miscellanies I, 1743.
94. Joseph Addison, The Spectator, 120, 18 July 1711; Alexander Pope, The Guardian, 61, 21 May 1713; Samuel Johnson, The Idler, 17, 3 August 1758; Jonathan Swift, "To Mr Congreve," 1693; Henry Fielding, Miscellanies I, 1743.
95. Joseph Addison, The Spectator, 120, 18 July 1711; Alexander Pope, The Guardian, 61, 21 May 1713; Samuel Johnson, The Idler, 17, 3 August 1758; Jonathan Swift, "To Mr Congreve," 1693; Henry Fielding, Miscellanies I, 1743.
96. Joseph Addison, The Spectator, 120, 18 July 1711; Alexander Pope, The Guardian, 61, 21 May 1713; Samuel Johnson, The Idler, 17, 3 August 1758; Jonathan Swift, "To Mr Congreve," 1693; Henry Fielding, Miscellanies I, 1743.
97. Desmond and Moore, Darwin: The Life of a Tormented Evolutionist, 427.
98. Quoted in Rachels, Created from Animals, 214.
99. Descent of Man, 78.
100. See Descent of Man, 139.
101. Quoted in Rachels, Created from Animals, 213.
102. Quoted in Rachels, Created from Animals, 215
103. Quoted in ibid., 216.
104. Thomas Young, An Essay on Humanity to Animals (1798), ed. Rod Preece (Lampeter, Wales, 2001), 133.
105. T. H. Huxley, Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature (London, 1901 [1863]), 151-52.
106. Richard D. Ryder, Animal Revolution: Changing Attitudes Towards Speciesism (Oxford, 1989), 161.
107. William Youatt, The Obligation and Extent of Humanity to Brutes, Principally Considered with Reference to the Domesticated Animals (1839), ed. Rod Preece (Lampeter, Wales, 2003), 243.
108. Ibid., 47-103.
109. Descent of Man, 89.
110. Obligation and Extent, 55.
111. See George Nicholson, On the Primeval Diet of Man (1801), ed. Rod Preece (Lampeter, Wales, 1999).
112. Quoted in Overton, Man's Mortalitie (1643), 26.
113. See Peter Ackroyd, Dickens (Toronto, 1991), 464-65, 541-42, 698-70.
114. Charles Dickens, "Inhumane Humanity,"All the Year Round, XV, 17 March 1866, 240.
115. See Morton N. Cohen, Lewis Carroll: A Biography (New York, 1995), 205, 350-52, 367.
116. Charles Dodgson, "Some Popular Fallacies about Vivisection," Fortnightly Review (June 1875), 854.
117. Ch. XXXIII.
118. Darwin, 621.
119. Lord Chief Justice Coleridge, "The Nineteenth-Century Defenders of Vivisection," Fortnightly Review, XXXVIII (February, 1882), 236.
120. Parliamentary Debates (London, 1876), 26 May 1876.
121. Speech on Vivisection, Oxford, 9 December 1884. Quoted in Jon Wynne-Tyson, The Extended Circle: A Commonplace Book of Animal Rights (New York, 1989 [1985]), 289.
122. The Poetical Works of Robert Browning (London, 1896), II, 596, 753.
123. Quoted in Donald Thomas, Robert Browning: A Life Within Life (London, 1982), 265.
124. See Jan Marsh, Christina Rossetti: A Literary Biography (London, 1994), 433ff.
125. The Complete Poems of Christina Rossetti, ed. R. W. Crump (Baton Rouge, 1986), II, 43-44.
126. See Peter Levi, Tennyson (New York, 1993), 54, 223, 264.
127. Speech of 21 June 1882. Quoted in Tyson, The Extended Circle, 196.
128. Quoted in Tyson, The Extended Circle, 400-401.