High altitude hypoxia: An intricate interplay of oxygen responsive macroevents and micromolecules

Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry

Volumn 253, Issue 1-2, 2003, Pages 287-305

  Sarkar, S ^a   Banerjee, P K ^a   Selvamurthy, W ^a  

^a DEFENCE INSTITUTE OF PHYSIOLOGY AND ALLIED SCIENCES   (India)

Author keywords

Cellular response; Gene expression; HA malady; High altitude; Hypoxia; Physiological response; Transcription factors

Indexed keywords

CCAAT ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN BETA; EARLY GROWTH RESPONSE FACTOR 1; ENDOTHELIN 1; ERYTHROPOIETIN; HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; NEUROTRANSMITTER; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; OXYGEN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP 1; TYROSINE 3 MONOOXYGENASE; VASCULOTROPIN;

ADAPTATION; ALTITUDE; ALTITUDE DISEASE; BIOSYNTHESIS; BLOOD FLOW; BRAIN BLOOD VESSEL; BREATHING MUSCLE; CAROTID BODY; CELL ACTIVITY; CELL METABOLISM; CELL SURVIVAL; CHEMORECEPTOR; COPING BEHAVIOR; CORONARY BLOOD VESSEL; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GENE ACTIVATION; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; HEREDITY; HORMONE RELEASE; HUMAN; KIDNEY CELL; LIVER CELL; LUNG BLOOD VESSEL; LUNG VENTILATION; MEDULLA OBLONGATA; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; RESPIRATION CONTROL; REVIEW; THORAX WALL; TRANSACTIVATION; VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE; VASODILATATION;

ALTITUDE; ANIMALS; ANOXIA; GROWTH SUBSTANCES; HUMANS; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; OXYGEN; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; POLYCYTHEMIA; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE;

GLOMUS;

EID: 0142181184     PISSN: 03008177     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1026080320034     Document Type: Review

References (206)

1. Ward MP, Milledge JS, West JB: In: High Altitude Medicine and Physiology, 2nd edn. Chapman and Hall Medical, 1995, pp 51-68
2. Lopez-Barneo J, Pardal R, Ortega-Saenz P: Cellular mechanism of oxygen sensing. Ann Rev Physiol 63: 259-287, 2001
3. Malyshev IY, Manukina EB: Stress, adaptation and nitric oxide. In: K.B. Pandolf, N. Takeda, P.K. Singal (eds). Adaptation Biology and Medicine, Vol. 2. Narosa Publishing House, India, 1999, pp 375-392
4. Prabhakar NR: Oxygen sensing in the carotid body chemoreceptors. J Appl Physiol 88: 2287-2295, 2000
5. Gledhill N, Beirne GL Dempsey JA: Renal response to short-term hypocapnia in man. Kidney Int 8: 376-386, 1975
6. Swenson ER, Duncan TB, Goldberg SV, Ramirez G, Ahmad S, Schoene RB: Diuretic effect of acute hypoxia in humans: Relationship to hypoxic ventilatory responsiveness and renal hormones. J Appl Physiol 78: 377-383, 1995
7. Bärtsch P, Pfluger N, Audetat M, Shaw S, Weidmann P, Vock P, Vetter W, Rennie D, Oelz O: Effects of slow ascent to 4559 M on fluid homeostasis. Aviat Space Environ Med 62: 105-110, 1991
8. Moore LG, Brewer GJ: Beneficial effect of rightward hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve shift for short-term high-altitude adaptation. J Lab Clin Med 98: 145-154, 1981
9. Winslow RM, Samaja M, West JB: Red cell function at extreme altitude on Mount Everest. J Appl Physiol 56: 109-116, 1984
10. Fitzgerald MP: The changes in the breathing and the blood at various high altitude. Phil Trans C Proc R Soc Lond set B 203: 351-371, 1913
11. Richalet JP, Souberbielle JC, Antezana AM, Déchaux M, LeTrong JL, Bienuenu A, Daniel F, Blanchot C, Zittoun J: Control of erythropoiesis in human during prolonged exposure to the altitude of 6542 m. Am J Physiol Regul Intergr Comp Physiol 266: R756-R764, 1994
12. Swaka MN, Young AL Rock PB, Lyons TP, Boushel R, Freund BJ, Muza SR, Cymerman A, Dennis RC, Pandolf KB, Valeri CR: Altitude acclimatization and blood volume: Effects of exogenous erythrocyte volume expansion. J Appl Physiol 81: 636-642, 1996
13. Vogel JA, Harris CW: Cardiopulmonary responses of resting man during early exposure to high altitude. J Appl Physiol 22: 11124-1128, 1967
14. Reeves JT, Mazzeo RS, Wolfel EE, Young AJ: Increased arterial pressure after acclimatization to 4300 m: Possible role of norepinephrine. Int J Sports Med 13(suppl 1): S18-S21, 1992
15. Kanstrup IL, Poulsen TD, Hansen JM, Andersen LJ, Bestle MH, Christensen NJ, Olsen NV: Blood pressure and plasma catecholamines in acute and prolonged hypoxia: Effects of local hypothermia. J Appl Physiol 87: 2053-2058, 1999
16. Veglio M, Maule S, Cametti G, Cogo A, Lussiana L, Madrigale G, Pecchio O: The effects of exposure to moderate altitude on cardiovascular autonomic function in normal subjects. Clin Anton Res 9: 123-127, 1999
17. Bestle MH, Olsen NV, Poulsen TD, Roach R, Fogh-Anderson N, Bie P: Prolonged hypobaric hypoxemia attenuates vasopressin secretion and renal response to osmostimulation in men. J Appl Physiol 92: 1911-1922, 2002
18. Brian JE Jr, Faraci FM, Heistad DD: Recent insights into the regulation of cerebral circulation. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 23: 449-457, 1996
19. Buck A, Schirlo C, Jasinksy V, Weber B, Burger C, von Schulthess GK, Koller EA, Pavlicek V: Changes of cerebral blood flow during short-term exposure to normobaric hypoxia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 18: 906-910, 1998
20. Hoppeler H, Howald H, Cerretelli P: Human muscle structure after exposure to extreme altitude. Experientia 46: 1185-1187, 1990
21. Boutellier U, Howald H, diPrampero PE, Giezendanner D, Cerretelli P: Human muscle adaptation to chronic hypoxia. Prog Clin Biol Res 136: 273-281, 1983
22. McDougall JD, Green HJ, Sutton JR, Coates G, Cymerman A, Young P, Houston CS: Operation Everest II: Structural adaptations in skeletal muscle in response to extreme simulated altitude. Acta Physiol Scan 142: 421-427, 1991
23. Brooks GA, Butterfield GE, Wolfe RR, Groves BM, Mazzeo RS, Sutton JR, Wolfel EE, Reeves JT: Increased dependence on blood glucose after acclimatization to 4,300 m. J Appl Physiol 70: 919-927, 1991
24. Roberts AC, Butterfield GE, Cymerman A, Reeves JT, Mazzeo RS, Wolfel EE, Brooks GA: Acclimatization to 4,300-m altitude decreases reliance on fat as a substrate. J Appl Physiol 81: 1762-1771, 1996
25. Kennedy SL, Stanley WC, Panchal AR, Mazzeo RS: Alterations in enzymes involved in fat metabolism after acute and chronic altitude exposure. J Appl Physiol 90: 17-22, 2001
26. Young PM, Sutton JR, Green HJ, Reeves JT, Rock PB, Houston CS, Cymerman A: Operation Everest II. Metabolic and hormonal responses to incremental exercise to exhaustion. J Appl Physiol 73: 2574-2579, 1992
27. Acker H: Oxygen sensing in the carotid body: Ideas and models. Adv Exp Med Biol 360: 21-27, 1994
28. Lahiri S: Peripheral Receptors and their Sensory Neurons in Chronic States of Hypo- and Hyperoxia. Handbook Physiol Env Physiol Sect 4, Vol. 2, 1996, pp 1183-1206
29. 2 transport at high altitude. Acta Physiol Scand 159: 249-256, 1997
30. 2 sensor in rat pulmonary vasculature. Circ Res 73: 1100-1112, 1993
31. Heath D, William DR: Man at High Altitude. Churchill Livingstone, London, 1981, pp 3-23
32. Groves BM, Droma T, Sutton JR, McCullough RG, McCullough RE, Zhuang J, Rapmund G, Sun S, Janes C, Moore LG: Minimal hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in normal Tibetans at 3,658 m. J Appl Physiol 74: 312-318, 1993
33. Forsythe JS, Hang BH, Iyer NV, Agani F, Leung SW, Koos RD, Semenza GL: Activation of vascular endothelial growth factor gene transcription by hypoxia-inducible factor I. Mol Cell Biol 16: 4604-4613, 1999
34. Detmar M, Brown LF, Berse B, Jackman RW, Elicker BM, Dvorak HF, Claffey KP: Hypoxia regulates the expression of vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor (VPF/VEGF) and its receptors in human skin. J Invest Dermatol 108: 263-268, 1996
35. Hashimoto E, Ogita T, Nakaoka T, Matsuoka R, Takao A, Kira Y: Rapid induction of vascular endothelial growth factor expression by transient ischemia in rat heart. Am J Physiol 267: H1948-H1954, 1994
36. Harik N, Harik SI, Kuo NT, Sakai K, Przybylski RJ, LaManna JC: Time-course and reversibility of the hypoxia-induced alterations in cerebral vascularity and cerebral capillary glucose transporter density. Brain Res 737: 335-338, 1996
37. Goldberg MA, Dunning SP, Bunn HF: Regulation of the erythropoietin gene: Evidence that the oxygen sensor is a heme protein. Science 242: 1412-1415, 1988
38. Hochachka PW, Buck LT, Doll CJ, Land SC: Unifying theory of hypoxia tolerance: Molecular/metabolic defense and rescue mechanisms for surviving oxygen lack. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 9493-9498, 1996
39. Bunn HF, Poyton RO: Oxygen sensing and molecular adaptation. Physiol Rev 76: 839-885, 1996
40. Chandel NS, Schumacker PT: Cellular oxygen sensing by mitochondria: Old questions, new insight. J Appl Physiol 88: 1880-1889, 2000
41. Lahiri S: Historical perspectives of cellular oxygen sensing and responses to hypoxia. J Appl Physiol 88: 1467-1473, 2000
42. Acker H: Cellular oxygen sensors. Ann NY Acad Sci 718: 3-10, 1994
43. Jones RD, Hancock JT, Morice AH: NADPH oxidase: A universal oxygen sensor? Free Radic Biol Med 29: 416-424, 2000
44. Prabhakar NR, Overholt JL: Cellular mechanisms of oxygen sensing at the carotid body: Heme proteins and ion channels. Respir Physiol 122: 209-221, 2000
45. Overholt JL, Ficker E, Yang T, Shams H, Bright GR, Prabhakr NR: Chemosensing at the carotid body. Involvement of a HERG-like potassium current in glomus cells. Adv Exp Med Biol 475: 241-248, 2000
46. 2 sensor in the rat carotid body. FEBS Lett 256: 75-78, 1989
47. Wenger RH, Marti HIL Schuerer-Maly CC, Kvietikova I, Bauer C, Gassmann M, Maly FE: Hypoxic induction of gene expression in chronic granulomatous disease-derived B-cell lines: Oxygen sensing is independent of the cytochrome b558-containing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase. Blood 87: 756-761, 1996
48. Porwol T, Ehleben W, Brand V, Acker H: Tissue oxygen sensor function of NADPH oxidase isoforms, an unusual cytochrome aa3 and reactive oxygen species. Respir Physiol 128: 331-348, 2001
49. 2 sensing. J Biol Chem 275: 25130-25138, 2000
50. Srinivas V, Leshchinsky I, Sang N, King MP, Minchenko A, Caro J: Oxygen sensing and HIF-1 activation does not require an active mitochondrial respiratory chain electron-transfer pathway. J Biol Chem 276: 21995-21998, 2001
51. Kietzman T, Fandrey J, Acker H: Oxygen radicals as messengers in oxygen-dependent gene expression. News Physiol Sci 15: 202-208, 2000
52. Turpaev KT: Reactive oxygen species and regulation of gene expression. Biochem Mosc 67: 281-292, 2002
53. Gleadle JM, Ratcliffe PJ: Hypoxia and the regulation of gene expression. Mol Med Today 4: 122-129, 1998
54. Genius J, Fandrey J: Nitric oxide affects the production of reactive oxygen species in hepatoma cells: Implications for the process of oxygen sensing. Free Radic Biol Med 29: 515-521, 2000
55. Beitner-Johnson D, Shull GE, Dedman JR, Millhorn DE: Regulation of gene expression by hypoxia: A molecular approach. Respir Physiol 110: 87-97, 1997
56. + channel in rat PC12 cells by hypoxia. J Physiol 502: 293-305, 1997
57. Millhorn DE, Raymond R, Conforti L, Zhu W, Beitner-Johnson D, Filisko T, Genter MB, Kobayashi S, Peng M: Regulation of gene expression for tyrosine hydroxylase in oxygen sensitive cells by hypoxia. Kidney Int 51: 527-535, 1997
58. 2+ and PKC. Kidney Int. 51: 536-541, 1997
59. Premkumar DR, Adhikary G, Overholt JL, Simonson MS, Cherniack NS, Prabhakar NR: Intracellular pathways linking hypoxia to activation of c-fos and AP-1. Adv Exp Med Biol 475: 101-109, 2000
60. Conrad PW, Freeman TL, Beitner-Johnson D, Millhorn DE: EPAS1 trans-activation during hypoxia requires p42/p44 MAPK. J Biol Chem 274: 33709-33713, 1999
61. 2+/CaM in the activation of MAPK and p38 gamma. Adv Exp Med Biol 475: 293-302, 2000
62. Enslen H, Raingeaud J, Davis RJ: Selective activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase isoforms by the MAP kinase kinases MKK3 and MKK6. J Biol Chem 273: 1741-1748, 1998
63. Conrad PW, Millhorn DE, Beitner-Johnson D: Novel regulation of p38gamma by dopamine D2 receptors during hypoxia. Cell Signal 12: 463-467, 2000
64. 2-sensing and hypoxia tolerance in pheochromocytoma cells. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 128: 187-204, 2001
65. Beitner-Johnson D, Rust RT, Hsieh TC, Millhorn DE: Hypoxia activates Akt and induces phosphorylation of GSK-3 in PC12 cells. Cell Signal 13: 23-27, 2001
66. Wang GL, Jiang BH, Semenza GL: Effect of protein kinase and phosphatase inhibitors on expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 216: 669-675, 1995
67. Salceda S, Beck I, Srinivas V, Caro J: Complex role of protein phosphorylation in gene activation by hypoxia. Kidney Int 51: 556-559, 1997
68. Richard DE, Berra E, Gothic E, Roux D, Pouyssegur J: p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinases phosphorylate hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, (HIF-1α) and enhance the transcriptional activity of HIF-1. J Biol Chem 274: 32631-32637, 1999
69. Hirota K, Semenza GL: Rac1 activity is required for the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1. J Biol Chem 276: 21166-21172, 2001
70. Mukhopadhyay D, Tsiokas L, Zhou X-M, Foster D, Brugge JS, Sukhatme VP: Hypoxic induction of human vascular epithelial growth factor expression through c-Src expression. Nature Lond 375: 577-581, 1995
71. Jung F, Haendeler J, Hoffmann J, Reissner A, Dernbach E, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S: Hypoxic induction of the hypoxia-inducible factor is mediated via the adaptor protein Shc in endothelial cells. Circ Res 91: 38-45, 2002
72. Stapleton D, Mitchelhill KI, Gao G, Widmer J, Michell BJ, Teh T, House CM, Fernandez CS, Cox T, Witters LA, Kemp BE: Mammalian AMP-activated protein kinase subfamily. J Biol Chem 271: 611-614, 1996
73. Abbud W, Habinowski S, Zhang JZ, Kendrew J, Elkairi FS, Kemp BE, Witters LA, Ismail-Beigi F: Stimulation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is associated with enhancement of Glut1-mediated glucose transport. Arch Biochem Biophys 380: 347-352, 2000
74. Dennis PB, Jaeschke A, Saitoh M, Fowler B, Kozma SC, Thomas G: Mammalian TOR: A homeostatic ATP sensor. Science 294: 1102-1105, 2001
75. Humar R, Kiefer FN, Berns H, Resink TJ,,Battegay EJ: Hypoxia enhances vascular cell proliferation and angiogenesis in vitro via rapamycin (mTOR)-dependent signaling. FASEB J 16: 771-80, 2002
76. Czyzyk-Krzeska MF, Furnari BA, Lawson EE, Millhorn DE: Hypoxia increases rate of transcription and stability of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA in pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. J Biol Chem 269: 760-764, 1994
77. 2-responsive sequences on the tyrosine hydroxylase gene. J Biol Chem 270: 23774-23779, 1995
78. Huey KA, Powell FL: Time-dependent changes in dopamine D(2)-receptor mRNA in the arterial chemoreflex pathway with chronic hypoxia. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 75: 264-270, 2000
79. Chen J, He L, Dinger B, Fidone S: Cellular mechanisms involved in rabbit carotid body excitation elicited by endothelin. Respir Physiol 121: 13-23, 2000
80. Paciga M, Vollmer C, Nurse, C: Role of ET-1 in hypoxia-induced mitosis of cultured rat carotid body chemoreceptors. Neuro Report 10: 3739-3744, 1999
81. Semenza GL: HIF-1: Mediator of physiological and pathophysiological responses to hypoxia. J Appl Biol 88: 1474-1480, 2000
82. Kourembanas S, Hannan RL, Faller DV: Oxygen regulates the expression of the platelet- derived growth factor-B chain gene in human endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 86: 670-674, 1990
83. Shreeniwas R, Koga S, Karakurum M, Pinsky D, Kaiser E, Brett J, Wolitzky BA, Norton C, Plocinski J, Benjamin W et al.: Hypoxia-mediated induction of endothelial cell interleukin-1 alpha. An autocrine mechanism promoting expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules on the vessel surface. J Clin Invest 90: 2333-2339, 1992
84. Karakurum M, Shreeniwas R, Chen J, Pinsky D, Yan SD, Anderson M, Sunouchi K, Major J, Hamilton T, Kuwabara K et al.: Hypoxic induction of interleukin-8 gene expression in human endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 93: 1564-1570, 1994
85. Wang GL, Semenza GL: General involvement of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 in transcriptional response to hypoxia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 4304-4308, 1993
86. Caro J: Hypoxia regulation of gene transcription. High Alt Med Biol 2: 145-154, 2001
87. Semenza GL, Agani F, Booth G, Forsythe J, Iyer N, Jiang BH, Leung S, Roe R, Wiener C, Yu A: Structural and functional analysis of hypoxia-inducible factor I. Kidney Int 51: 553-555, 1997
88. Bhattacharya S, Eckner R, Grossman S, Oldread E, Arany Z, D'Andrea A, Livingston DM: Cooperation of Stat2 and p300/CBP in signaling induced by interferon-alpha. Nature Lond 383: 344-347, 1996
89. Arany Z, Huang LE, Eckner R, Bhattacharya S, Jiang C, Goldberg MA, Bunn HF, Livingston DM: An essential role for p300/CBP in the cellular response to hypoxia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 12969-12973, 1996
90. Kallio PJ, Okamoto K, O'Brien S, Carrero P, Makino Y, Tanaka H, Poellinger L: Signal transduction in hypoxic cells: Inducible nuclear translocation and recruitment of the CBP/p300 coactivator by the hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha. EMBO J 17: 6573-6586, 1998
91. Carrero P, Okamoto K, Coumailleau P, O'Brien S, Tanaka H, Poellinger L: Redox-regulated recruitment of the transcriptional coactivators CREB-binding protein and SRC-1 to hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha. Mol Cell Biol 20: 402-415, 2000
92. Gu YZ, Moran SM, Hogenesch JB, Wartman L, Bradfield CA: Molecular characterization and chromosomal localization of a third α-class hypoxia-inducible factor subunit, HIF-3α. Gene Exp 7: 205-213, 1998
93. Salceda S, Caro J: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) protein is rapidly degraded by the ubiquitin-proteosome system under normoxic conditions: Its stabilization by hypoxia depends on redox-induced changes. J Biol Chem 272: 22642-22647, 1997
94. 2-dependent degradation domain via the ubiquitin-proteosome pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 7987-7992, 1998
95. Kallio PJ, Wilson WJ, O'Brien S, Makino Y, Poellinger L: Regulation of the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1α by the ubiquitin-proteosome pathway. J Biol Chem 274: 6519-6525, 1999
96. 2 sensing. Science 292: 464-468, 2001
97. 2-regulated prolyl hydroxylation. Science 292: 468-472, 2001
98. Chiu R, Boyle WJ, Meek J, Smeal T, Hunter T, Karin M: The c-fos protein interacts with c-jun/AP-1 to stimulate transcription of AP-1 responsive genes. Cell 54: 541-552, 1988
99. Curran T, Franza BR Jr: Fos and jun: The AP-1 connection. Cell 55: 395-397, 1988
100. Cohen DR, Ferreira CP, Grentz R, Franza BR Jr, Curran T: The product of a fos-related gene, fra-1, binds cooperatively to the AP-1 site with jun: Transcription factor AP-1 is comprised of multiple protein complexes. Genes Dev 3: 173-184, 1989
101. Hai T, Curran T: Cross-family dimerization of transcription factors fos/jun and ATF/CREB alters DNA binding specificity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 3720-3724, 1991
102. Halazonctis TD, Georgopoulos K, Greenberg ME, Leder P: c-Jun dimerizes with itself and with c-Fos, forming complexes of different DNA binding affinities. Cell 55: 917-924, 1988
103. Neuberg M, Adamkiewicz J, Hunter JB, Muller R: A Fos protein containing the Jun leucine zipper forms a homodimer which binds to the AP1 binding site. Nature Lond 341: 243-245, 1989
104. Steinmuller L, Cibelli G, Moll JR, Vinson C, Thiel G: Regulation and composition of activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factors controlling collagenase and c-Jun promoter activities. Biochem J 360: 599-607, 2001
105. Abate C, Patel L, Rauscher FJ, Curran T: Redox regulation of fos and jun DNA-binding activity in vitro. Science 249: 1157-1161, 1990
106. Yan SF, Tritto I, Pinsky D, Liao H, Huang J, Fuller G, Brett J, May L, Stern D: Induction of interleukin 6 (IL-6) by hypoxia in vascular cells: Central role of the binding site for nuclear factor-IL6. J Biol Chem 270: 11463-11471, 1995
107. Michiels C, Arnould T, Remacle J: Endothelial cell responses to hypoxia: Initiation of a cascade of cellular interactions. Biochim Biophys Acta 1497: 1-10, 2000
108. Yan SF, Lu J, Xu L, Zou YS, Tongers J, Kisiel W, Mackman N, Pinsky DJ, Stern DM: Pulmonary expression of early growth response-1: Biphasic time course and effect of oxygen concentration. J Appl Physiol 88: 2303-2309, 2000
109. Cui MZ, Parry GC, Oeth P, Larson H, Smith M, Huang RP, Adamson ED, Mackman N: Transcriptional regulation of the tissue factor gene in human epithelial cells is mediated by Sp1 and EGR-1. J Biol Chem 271: 2731-2739, 1996
110. Yan SF, Zou YS, Gao Y, Zhai C, Mackman N, Lee SL, Milbrandt J, Pinsky D, Kisiel W, Stern D: Tissue factor transcription driven by Egr-1 is a critical mechanism of murine pulmonary fibrin deposition in hypoxia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 8298-8303, 1998
111. Lawson CA, Yan SD, Yan SF, Liao H, Zhou YS, Sobel J, Kisiel W, Stern DM, Pinsky DJ: Monocytes and tissue factor promote thrombosis in a murine model of oxygen deprivation. J Clin Invest 99: 1729-1738, 1997
112. Yan SF, Lu J, Zou YS, Kisiel W, Mackman N, Leitges M, Steinberg S, Pinsky D, Stern D: Protein kinase C-β and oxygen deprivation: A novel EGR-1-dependent pathway for fibrin deposition in hypoxemic vasculature. J Biol Chem 275: 11921-11928, 2000
113. Semenza GL: Oxygen-regulated transcription factors and their role in pulmonary disease. Respir Res 1: 159-162, 2000
114. Bae SK, Bae MH, Ahn MY, Son MJ, Lee YM, Bae MK, Lee OH, Park BC, Kim KW: Egr-1 mediates transcriptional activation of IGF-II gene in response to hypoxia. Cancer Res 59: 5989-5994, 1999
115. Samaja M: Hypoxia-dependent protein expression: Erythropoietin. High Alt Med Biol 2: 155-163, 2001
116. Berglund B, Gennser M, Ornhagen H, Ostberg C, Wide L: Erythropoietin concentrations during 10 days of normobaric hypoxia under controlled environmental circumstances. Acta Physiol Scand 174: 225-229, 2002
117. Weisener MS, Eckardt KU: Erythropoietin, tumors and the von Hippel-Lindau gene: Towards identification of mechanisms and dysfunction of oxygen sensing. Nephrol Dial Transplant 17: 356-359, 2002
118. Bunn HF, Gu J, Huang LE, Park J-W, Zhu H: Erythropoietin: A model system for studying oxygen-dependent gene regulation. J Exp Biol 201: 1197-1201, 1998
119. Galson DL, Tuschiya T, Tendler DS, Huang LE, Ren Y, Ogura T, Bunn HF: The orphan receptor hepatic nuclear factor 4 functions as a transcriptional activator for tissue-specific and hypoxia-specific erythropoietin gene expression and is antagonized by EAR3/COUP-TF1. Mol Cell Biol 15: 2135-2144, 1995
120. Gess B, Wolf K, Kurtz A: Lack of control by immediate early response genes in the oxygen regulation of erythropoietin gene expression. Pflügers Arch 433: 827-831, 1997
121. Ferrara N: Role of vascular endothelial growth factor in the regulation of angiogenesis. Kidney Int 56: 794-814, 1999
122. Tisher E, Mitchell R, Hartmann T, Silva M, Gospodarowicz D, Fiddes J, Abraham J: The human gene for vascular endothelial growth factor. J Biol Chem 266: 11947-11954, 1991
123. Levy AP, Levy NS, Wegner S, Goldberg MA: Transcriptional regulation of the rat vascular endothelial growth factor gene by hypoxia. J Biol Chem 270: 13333-13340, 1995
124. Finkenzeller G, Technau A, Marme D: Hypoxia-induced transcription of the vascular endothelial growth factor gene is independent of functional AP-1 transcription factor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 208: 432-439, 1995
125. Goldberg MA, Schneider TJ: Similarities between the oxygen sensing mechanisms regulating the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and erythropoietin. J Biol Chem 260: 4355-4359, 1994
126. Ferrara N, Davies-Smyth T: The biology of vascular endothelial growth factor. Endocr Rev 18: 4-25, 1997
127. Levy NS, Goldberg MA, Levy AP: Sequencing of the human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) 3′ untranslated region (UTR): Conservation of five hypoxia-inducible RNA-protein binding sites. Biochim Biophys Acta 1352: 167-173, 1997
128. Goldberg-Cohen I, Furneauxb H, Levy AP: A 40-bp RNA element that mediates stabilization of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA by HuR. J Biol Chem 277: 13635-13640, 2002
129. 2-responsive sequences on the tyrosine hydroxylase gene. J Biol Chem 270: 23774-23779, 1995
130. Scandurro AB, Beckman BS: Common proteins bind mRNAs encoding erythropoietin, tyrosine hydroxylase, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 246: 436-440, 1998
131. Nakanishi K, Tajima F, Nakata Y, Osada H, Tachibana S, Kawai T, Torikata C, Suga T, Takishima K, Aurues T, Ikeda T: Expression of endothelin-1 in rats developing hypobaric hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Lab Invest 79: 1347-1357, 1999
132. Kourembanas S, Marsden PA, McQuillan LP, Faller DV: Hypoxia induces endothelial gene expression and secretion in cultured human endothelium. J Clin Invest 88: 1054-1057, 1991
133. Elton TS, Oparil S, Taylor GR, Hicks PH, Yang RH, Jin H, Chen YF: Normobaric hypoxia stimulates endothelin-1 gene expression in the rat. Am J Physiol 263: R1260-R1264, 1992
134. Minchenko A, Caro J: Regulation of endothelin-1 gene expression in human microvascular endothelial cells by hypoxia and cobalt: Role of hypoxia responsive element. Mol Cell Biochem 208: 53-62, 2000
135. Yamashita K, Discher DJ, Hu J, Bishopric NH, Webster KA: Molecular regulation of the endothelin-1 gene by hypoxia contributions of hypoxia-inducible factor-1, activator protein-1, GATA-2, and p300/CBP. J Biol Chem 276: 12645-12653, 2001
136. Behrooz A, Ismail-Beigi F: Dual control of Glut-1 glucose transporter gene expression by hypoxia and by inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 272: 5555-5562, 1997
137. Boado RJ, Pardridge WM: Glucose deprivation and hypoxia increase the expression of the GLUT1 glucose transporter via a specific mRNA cis-acting regulatory element. J Neurochem 80: 552-554, 2002
138. Boado RJ, Pardridge WM: Glucose deprivation causes post-transcriptional enhancement of brain capillary endothelial glucose transporter gene expression via GLUT1 mRNA stabilization. J Neurochem 60: 2290-2296, 1993
139. Ebert BL, Gleadle JM, O'Rourke JF, Bartlett SM, Poulton J, Ratcliffe PJ: Isoenzyme-specific regulation of genes involved in energy metabolism by hypoxia: Similarities with the regulation of erythropoietin. Biochem J 313: 809-814, 1996
140. Firth JD, Ebert BL, Pugh CW, Ratcliffe PJ: Oxygen-regulated control elements in the phosphoglycerate kinase 1 and lactate dehydrogenase A genes: Similarities with the erythropoietin 3′ enhancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 6496-6500, 1994
141. Semenza GL, Roth PH, Fang HM, Wang GL: Transcriptional regulation of genes encoding glycolytic enzymes by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. J Biol Chem 269: 23757-23763, 1994
142. Hellkamp J, Christ B, Bastian H, Jungermann K: Modulation by oxygen of the glucagon-dependent activation of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene in rat hepatocyte cultures. Eur J Biochem 198: 635-639, 1991
143. Garvin JL: Nitric oxide: Synthesis and intracellular actions. In: A. Sitaramayya (ed). Introduction to Cellular Signal Transduction. Birkhäuser, Boston, 1999, pp 177-212
144. Forstermann U, Boissel JP, Kleinert H: Expressional control of the 'constitutive' isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS I and NOS III). FASEB J 12: 773-790, 1998
145. Trzebski A, Sato Y, Suzuki A, Sato A: Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis potentiates the responsiveness of carotid chemoreceptors to systemic hypoxia in the rat. Neurosci Lett 190: 29-32, 1995
146. Gozal D, Torres JE, Gozal YM, Littwin SM: Effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on cardiorespiratory responses in the conscious rat. J Appl Physiol 81: 2068-2077, 1996
147. Shaul PW, North AJ, Brannon TS, Ujiie K, Wells LB, Nisen PA, Lowenstein CJ, Snyder SH, Star RA: Prolonged in vivo hypoxia enhances nitric oxide synthase type I and type III gene expression in adult rat lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 13: 167-174, 1995
148. Xue C, Rengasamy A, Le Cras TD, Koberna PA, Dailey GC, Johns RA: Distribution of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in normoxic vs. hypoxic rat lung: Upregulation of NOS by chronic hypoxia. Am J Physiol 267: L667-L678, 1994
149. LeCras TD, Xue C, Rengasamy A: Chronic hypoxia upregulates endothelial and inducible NO synthase gene and protein expression in rat lung. Am J Physiol 270: L164-L170, 1996
150. Forstermann U, Boissel JP, Kleinert H: Expressional control of the 'constitutive' isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS I and NOS III). FASEB J 12: 773-790, 1998
151. Mohaupt MG, Elzie JL, Ahn KY, Clapp WL, Wilcox CS, Kone BL: Differential expression and induction of mRNAs encoding two inducible nitric oxide synthases in rat kidneys. Kidney Int 46: 653-665, 1994
152. Prabhakar NR, Kumar GK, Chang CH, Agani FH, Haxhiu MA: Nitric oxide in the sensory function of the carotid body. Brain Res 625: 16-22, 1993
153. Grimes PA, Mokashi A, Stone RA, Lahiri S: Nitric oxide synthase in autonomic innervation of the carotid body. J Auton Nerv Syst 54: 80-86, 1995
154. Vincent SR, Kimura H: Histochemical mapping of nitric oxide synthase in the rat brain. Neuroscience 46: 755-784, 1992
155. Haxhui MA, Chang CH, Dreshraj IA, Erokwu B, Prabhakar NR, Cherniack NS: Nitric oxide and ventilatory response to hypoxia. Respir Physiol 101: 257-266, 1995
156. Prabhakar NR, Rao S, Premkumar D, Pieramici SF, Kumar GK, Kalaria RK: Regulation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene expression by hypoxia. Role of nitric oxide in respiratory adaptation to low pO2. Adv Exp Med Biol 410: 345-348, 1996
157. Kline DD, Yang T, Huang PL, Prabhakar NR: Altered respiratory responses to hypoxia in mutant mice deficient in neuronal nitric oxide synthase. J Physiol 511: 273-287, 1998
158. Mifflin SW: Inhibition of chemoreceptor inputs to nucleus of tractus solitarius neurons during baroreceptor stimulation. Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 265: R14-R20, 1993
159. Umans JG, Levi R: Nitric oxide in the regulation of blood flow and arterial pressure. Ann Rev Physiol 57: 771-790, 1995
160. Faraci FM, Heistad DD: Regulation of the cerebral circulation: Role of endothelium and potassium channels. Physiol Rev 78: 53-97, 1998
161. Paulson OB, Strandgaard S, Edvinsson I: Cerebral autoregulation. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev 2: 161-192, 1990
162. Panerai RB: Assessment of cerebral pressure autoregulation in humans: A review of measurement methods. Physiol Meas 19: 305-338, 1998
163. Van Mil AHM, Spilt A, Buchem MAV, Bollen ELEM, Teppema L, Westendorp RGJ, Blauw J: Nitric oxide mediated hypoxia-induced cerebral vasodilation in humans. J Appl Physiol 92: 962-966, 2002
164. Wang XL, Mahaney MC, Sim AS et al.: Genetic contribution of the endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase gene to plasma nitric oxide levels. Arterioscl Thromb Vasc Biol 17: 3147-3153, 1997
165. Kline DD, Yang T, Premkumar DRD, Thomas AJ, Prabhakar NR: Blunted respiratory responses to hypoxia in mutant mice deficient in nitric oxide synthase-3. J Appl Physiol 88: 1496-1508, 2000
166. Palmer LA, Semenza GL, Stoler MH, Johns RA: Hypoxia induces type II NOS gene expression in pulmonary artery endothelial cells via HIF-1. Am J Physiol 274: L212-L219, 1998
167. Kvietikova I, Wenger RH, Marti HH, Gassmann M: The transcription factors ATF-1 and CREB-1 bind constitutively to the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) DNA recognition site. Nucl Acids Res 23: 4542-4550, 1995
168. Sandau KB, Zhou J, Kietzmann T, Brune B. Regulation of the hypoxia-inducible factor lalpha by the inflammatory mediators nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in contrast to desferroxamine and phenylarsine oxide. J Biol Chem 276: 39805-139801, 2001
169. Jaffrey SR, Snyder SH: Nitric oxide: A neural messenger. Ann Rev Cell Dev Biol 11: 417-440, 1995
170. Huie RE, Padmaja S: The reaction of NO with superoxide. Free Radic Res Common 18: 195-199, 1993
171. Andreopoulos S, Papapetropoulos A: Molecular aspects of soluble guanylyl cyclase regulation. Gen Pharmacol 34: 147-158, 2000
172. Earley S, Nelin LD, Chicoine LG, Walker BR: Hypoxia-induced
173. Moore LG, Harrison GL, McCullough RE, McCullogh RG, Micco AJ, Tucker A, Weil JV, Reeves JT: Low acute hypoxic ventilatory response and hypoxic depression in acute altitude sickness. J Appl Biol 60: 1407-1412, 1986
174. Ge RL, Matsuzawa Y, Takeoka M, Kubo K, Sekiguchi M, Kobayashi T: Low pulmonary diffusing capacity in subjects with acute mountain sickness. Chest 111: 58-64, 1997
175. Bärtsch P, Shaw S, Wiedmann P, Franciolli M, Maggiorini M, Oelz O: Aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone and atrial natriuretic peptide in acute mountain sickness. In: J.R. Sutton, G. Coates, C.S. Houston (eds). Hypoxia and Mountain Medicine. Queen City Press, Burlington, VT, 1992, pp 73-81
176. Bärtsch P, Shaw S, Francioli M, Gnadinger MP, Weidmann P: Atrial natriuretic peptide in acute mountain sickness. J Appl Physiol 65: 1929-1937, 1988
177. Nakanishi K, Tajima F, Nakamura A, Yagura S, Ookawara T, Yamashita H, Suzuki K, Taniguchi N, Ohno H: Effects of hypobaric hypoxia on antioxidant enzymes in rats. J Physiol 489: 869-876, 1995
178. Roach RC, Hackett PH: Frontiers of hypoxia research: Acute mountain sickness. J Exp Biol 204: 3161-3170, 2001
179. Sartori C, Truch L, Scherrer: High-altitude pulmonary edema: Mechanisms and management. Cardiologia 42: 559-567, 1997
180. Scherrer U, Vollenweider L, DeLabays A, Savcic M, Eichenberger U, Kleger G, Firkle A, Ballmer P, Nicod P, Bartch P: Inhaled nitric oxide for high altitude pulmonary edema. N Engl J Med 334: 624-629, 1996
181. Sartori C, Vollenweider L, Loffler B-M, Delabays A, Nicod P, Bartch P, Scherrer U: Exaggerated endothelin release in high-altitude pulmonary edema. Circulation 99: 2665-2668, 1999
182. Duplain H, Sartori C, Lepori M, Egli M, Allemann Y, Nicod P, Scherrer U: Exhaled nitric oxide in high altitude pulmonary edema. Am J Resir Crit Care Med 162: 221-224, 2000
183. Scherrer U, Sartori C, Lepori H Duplain, H Treub L, Nicod P: High altitude pulmonary edema: From exaggereted pulmonary hypertension to a defect in transepithelial sodium transport. Adv Exp Med Biol 474: 93-107, 1999
184. Clericii C, Matthay MA: Hypoxia regulates gene expression of alveolar epithelial transport proteins. J Appl Physiol 88: 1890-1896, 2000
185. +-ATPase function by hypoxia in rats. J Appl Physiol 87: 962-968, 1999
186. Marshall C, Mamary AJ, Verhoeven AJ, Marshall BE: Pulmonary artery NADPH oxidase is activated in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Am J Res Cell Mol Biol 15: 633-644, 1996
187. Ghezzi P, Dinarello CA, Bianchi M, Rosandich ME, Repine JE, White CW: Hypoxia increases production of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor by human mononuclear cells. Cytokine 3: 189-194, 1991
188. Kleger GR, Bartsch P, Vock P, Heilig B, Roberts LN, Ballmer PE: Evidence against an increase in capillary permeability in subjects exposed to high altitude. J Appl Physiol 81: 1917-1923, 1996
189. Kubo K, Hanaoka M, Yamaguchi S, Hayano T, Hayasaka M, Koizumi T, Fujimoto K, Kobayashi T, Honda T: Cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with high altitude pulmonary oedema at moderate altitude in Japan. Thorax 51: 739-742, 1996
190. Pavlicek V, Marti HH, Grad S, Gibbs JS, Kol C, Wenger RH, Gassmann M, Kohl J, Maly FE, Oelz O, Koller EA, Schirlo C: Effects of hypobaric hypoxia on vascular endothelial growth factor and the acute phase response in subjects who are susceptible to high-altitude pulmonary edema. Eur J Appl Physiol 81: 497-503, 2000
191. Fagan KA, Weil JV: Potential genetic contributions to control of the pulmonary circulation and ventilation at high altitude. High Alt Med Biol 2: 165-171, 2001
192. Matsuzawa Y, Fujimoto K, Kobayashi T, Namushi NR, Harada K, Kohno H, Fukushima M, Kusama S: Blunted hypoxic ventilatory drive in subjects susceptible to high-altitude pulmonary edema. J Appl Physiol 66: 1152-1157, 1989
193. Heckett PH, Roach RC, Harrison GL, Schoene RB, Mills WJ Jr: Respiratory stimulants and sleep periodic breathing at high altitude. Almitrine vs. acetazolamide. Am Rev Respir Dis 135: 896-898, 1987
194. Penazola D, Sime F: Circulatory dynamics during high altitude pulmonary edema. Am J Cardiol 23: 369-378, 1969
195. Hultgren HN, Grover RF, Hartley LH: Abnormal circulatory responses to high altitude in subjects with a previous history of high-altitude pulmonary edema. Circulation 44: 759-770, 1971
196. Yagi H, Yamada H, Kobayashi T, Sekiguchi M: Doppler assessment of pulmonary hypertension induced by hypoxic breathing in subjects susceptible to high altitude pulmonary edema. Am Rev Respir Dis 142: 796-801, 1990
197. Eldridge MW, Podolsky A, Richardson RS, Johnson DH, Knight DR, Johnson EC, Hopkins SR, Michimata HO, Grassi B, Feiner J, Kurdak SS, Bickler PE, Wagner PD, Severinghaus JW: Pulmonary hemodynamic response to exercise in subjects with prior high-altitude pulmonary edema. J Appl Physiol 81: 911-921, 1996
198. Naeije R, Melot C, Lejeune P: Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and high altitude pulmonary edema. Am Rev Respir Dis 134: 332-333, 1986
199. Burki NK: Effects of acute exposure to high altitude on ventilatory drive and respiratory pattern. J Appl Physiol 56: 1027-1031, 1984
200. Bender PR, Weil JV, Reeves JT, Moore LG: Breathing pattern in hypoxic exposures of varying duration. J Appl Physiol 60: 640-645, 1987
201. Hackett PH, Roach RC, Schoene RB, Harrison GL, Mills WJ Jr: Abnormal control of ventilation in high-altitude pulmonary edema. J Appl Physiol 64: 1268-1272, 1988
202. Morrell NW, Sarybaev AS, Alikhan A, Mirrakhimov MM, Aldashev AA: ACE genotype and risk of high altitude pulmonary hypertension in Kyrghyz highlanders. Lancet 353: 814, 1999
203. Lander ES: The new genomics: Global views of biology. Science 274: 536-539, 1996
204. Cargill M, Altshuler D, Ireland J, Sklar P, Ardlie K, Patil N, Shaw N, Lane CR, Lim EP, Kalyanaraman N, Nemesh J, Ziaugra L, Friedland L, Rolfe A, Warrington J, Lipshutz R, Daley GQ, Lander ES: Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes. Nature Genet 22: 231-238, 1999
205. Haluska MK, Fan JB, Bentley K, Hsie L, Shen N, Weder A, Cooper R, Lipshultz R, Chakravarti A: Patterns of single nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes for blood-pressure homeostasis. Nature Genet 22: 239-247, 1999
206. Lockhart DJ, Winzeler EA: Genomics, gene expression and DNA arrays. Nature Lond 405: 827-836, 2000