Laboratory-based diagnosis of brucellosis - A review of the literature Part I: Techniques for direct detection and identification of Brucella spp

Clinical Laboratory

Volumn 49, Issue 9-10, 2003, Pages 487-505

  Al Dahouk, Sascha ^a   Tomaso, Herbert ^a   Nöckler, Karsten ^b   Neubauer, Heinrich ^a   Frangoulidis, Dimitrios ^a  

^a Institute of Microbiology   (Germany)

^b FEDERAL INSTITUTE FOR RISK ASSESSMENT   (Germany)

Author keywords

Brucella; Brucella PCR; Brucellosis; Cultural isolation

Indexed keywords

AMIKACIN; AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BETA LACTAM ANTIBIOTIC; BRUCELLA VACCINE; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; COTRIMOXAZOLE; GENTAMICIN; RIFAMPICIN; STREPTOMYCIN; TETRACYCLINE; TOBRAMYCIN;

AGGLUTINATION TEST; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; BACTERIUM DETECTION; BACTERIUM IDENTIFICATION; BACTERIUM ISOLATE; BLOOD CULTURE; BRUCELLA; BRUCELLOSIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST; CONTROLLED STUDY; COOMBS TEST; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE SEVERITY; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; FEVER; FOOD CONTAMINATION; FOOD INTAKE; GENUS; LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS; MALARIA; MATERIALS HANDLING; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; NONHUMAN; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RELIABILITY; RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SEROLOGY; SPECIES DIFFERENTIATION; STRAIN DIFFERENCE; SYMPTOM; TIME; TUBERCULOSIS; TULAREMIA; TYPHOID FEVER; ZOONOSIS;

ANIMALS; BRUCELLA; BRUCELLOSIS; ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; HUMANS; LABORATORY TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES; MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; POLYMORPHISM, RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH; SEROLOGIC TESTS;

ANIMALIA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); BRUCELLA; NEGIBACTERIA;

EID: 0142123455     PISSN: 14336510     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (146)

1. Al Nakkas AF, Wright SG, Mustafa AS, Wilson S. Single-tube, nested PCR for the diagnosis of human brucellosis in Kuwait. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2002; 4: 397-403
2. Allardet-Servent A, Bourg G, Ramuz M, Pages M, Bellis M, Roizes G. DNA polymorphisms in strains of the genus Brucella. J Bacteriol 1988; 170: 4603-7
3. Alton GG, Jones LM (eds). Techniques for the brucellosis laboratory. Paris: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 1988
4. Araj GF. Human brucellosis: a classical infectious disease with persistent diagnostic challenges. Clin Lab Sci 1999; 12: 207-12
5. Baily GG, Krahn JB, Drasar BS, Stoker NG. Detection of Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus by DNA amplification. J Tropical Med Hyg 1992; 95: 271-5
6. Barham WB, Church P, Brown JE, Paparello S. Misidentification of Brucella species with use of rapid bacterial identification systems. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17: 1068-9
7. Behan KA, Klein GC. Reduction of Brucella species and Francisella tularensis cross-reacting agglutinins by dithiothreitol. J Clin Microbiol 1982; 16: 756-7
8. Bosch J, Linares J, Lopez de Goicoechea MJ, Ariza J, Cisnal MC, Martin R. In vitro activity of ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone and five other antimicrobial agents against 95 strains of Brucella melitensis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1986; 17: 459-61
9. Boschiroli ML, Foulongne V, O'Callaghan D. Brucellosis: a world wide zoonosis. Curr Opin Microbiol 2001; 4: 58-64
10. Bricker BJ, Ewalt DR, MacMillan AP, Foster G, Brew S. Molecular characterization of Brucella strains isolated from marine mammals. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 1258-62
11. Bricker BJ, Halling SM. Differentiation of Brucella abortus bv. 1, 2, and 4, Brucella melitensis, Brucella ovis, and Brucella suis bv. 1 by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 11: 2660-6
12. Bricker BJ, Halling SM. Enhancement of the Brucella AMOS PCR assay for differentiation of Brucella abortus vaccine strains S 19 and RB 51. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 6: 1640-2
13. Bricker BJ. Characterization of the three ribosomal RNA oper-ons rrnA, rrnB, and rrnC, from Brucella melitensis. Gene 2000; 255: 117-26
14. Casanas MC, Queipo-Ortuno MI, Rodriguez-Torres A, Orduna A, Colmenero JD, Morata P. Specificity of a polymerase chain reaction assay of a target sequence on the 31-kilodalton Brucella antigen DNA used to diagnose human brucellosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2001; 20: 127-31
15. Castaneda MR. A practical method for routine blood cultures in brucellosis. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1947; 64: 114-5
16. Cisneros JM, Viciana P, Colmenero J, Pachon J, Martinez C, Alarcon A. Multicenter prospective study of treatment of Brucella melitensis brucellosis with doxycycline for 6 weeks plus streptomycin for 2 weeks. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34: 881-3
17. Cloeckaert A, Grayon M, Grépinet O. An IS711 element downstream of the bp26 gene is a specific marker of Brucella spp. isolated from marine mammals. Clin Diag Lab Immun 2000; 7: 835-9
18. Cloeckaert A, Grayon M, Grépinet O. Identification of Brucella melitensis vaccine strain Rev. 1 by PCR-RFLP based on a mutation in the rspL gene. Vaccine 2002; 20: 2546-50
19. Cloeckaert A, Grayon M, Verger J-M, Letesson J-J, Godfroid F. Conservation of seven genes involved in the biosynthesis of the lipopolysaccharide O-side chain in Brucella spp. Res Microbiol 2000; 151: 209-16
20. Cloeckaert A, Verger J-M, Grayon M, Grépinet O. Polymorphism at the dnaK locus of Brucella species and identification of a Brucella melitensis species-specific marker. J Med Microbiol 1996; 45: 200-5
21. Collins CH, Kennedy DA (eds). Laboratory-acquired infections. History, incidence, causes and prevention. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999: 11
22. Colmenero JD, Reguera JM, Cabrera FP, Cisneros JM, Orjuela DL, Fernandez-Crehuet J. Serology, clinical manifestations and treatment of brucellosis in different age groups. Infection 1990; 18: 152-6
23. Corbel MJ, MacMillan AP. Brucellosis. In: Colloer LH, Balows A (eds) Topley & Wilson's microbiology and microbial infections. London: Arnold, 1998: 2039-68
24. Corbel MJ. Brucella phages: advances in the development of a reliable phage typing system for smooth and non-smooth Brucella isolates. Ann Inst Pasteur Microbiol 1987; 138: 70-5
25. Corbel MJ. Brucellosis: an overview. Emerg Infect Dis 1997; 3: 213-21
26. Corbel MJ. International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology subcommittee on the taxonomy of Brucella. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1988; 38: 450-2
27. Corbel MJ. Microbiology of the genus Brucella. In: Young EJ, Corbel MJ (eds) Brucellosis: clinical and laboratory aspects. Florida: CRC-Press, 1989: 53-72
28. Corbel MJ. Properties of Brucella-phages lytic for non-smooth Brucella strains. Dev Biol Stand 1984; 56: 55-62
29. Da Costa M, Guillou JP, Garin-Bastuji B, Thiébaud M, Dubray G. Specificity of six gene sequences for the detection of the genus Brucella by DNA amplification. J Appl Bacteriol 1996; 81: 267-75
30. De Ley J, Mannheim W, Segers P, Lievens A, Denijn M, Vanhoucke M, Gillis M. Ribosomal ribonucleic acid cistron similarities and taxonomic neighborhood of Brucella and CDC group Vd. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1987; 37: 35-42
31. Dickgießer N. Gattung Brucella. In: Burkhardt F (ed) Mikrobiologische Diagnostik. Stuttgart: Thieme, 1992: 158-62
32. Doern GV, Gantz NM. Detection of bacteremia in patients receiving antimicrobial therapy: an evaluation of the antimicrobial removal device and 16B medium. J Clin Microbiol 1983; 18: 43-8
33. Dorn GL, Land GA, Wilson GE. Improved blood culture technique based on centrifugation: clinical evaluation. J Clin Microbiol 1979; 9: 391-6
34. Douglas JT, Rosenberg EY, Nikaido H, Verstreate DR, Winter AJ. Porins of Brucella species. Infect Immun 1984; 44: 16-21
35. Drancourt M, Brouqui P, Raoult D. Afipia clevelandensis antibodies and cross-reactivity with Brucella spp. and Yersinia enterocolitica O:9. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1997; 4: 748-52
36. Edberg SC, Edberg MK. Inactivation of the polyanionic detergent sodium polyanetholsulfonate by hemoglobin. J Clin Microbiol 1983; 18: 1047-50
37. Ellner PD, Stoessel CJ. The role of temperature and anticoagulant on the in vitro survival of bacteria in blood. J Infect Dis 1966; 116: 238-42
38. Etemadi H, Raissadat A, Pickett MJ, Zafari Y, Vahedifar P. Isolation of Brucella spp. from clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol 1984; 20: 586
39. Ewalt DR, Bricker BJ. Validation of the abbreviated Brucella AMOS PCR as a rapid screening method for differentiation of Brucella abortus field strain isolates and the vaccine strains, 19 and RB51. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 8: 3085-6
40. Ewalt DR, PayeurJB, Martin BM, Cummins DR, Miller WG. Characteristics of a Brucella species from a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). J Vet Diagn Invest 1994; 6: 448-52
41. Farrell ID. The development of a new selective medium for the isolation of Brucella abortus from contaminated sources. Res Vet Sci 1974; 16: 280-6
42. Fayazi Z, Ghadersohi A, Hirst RG. Development of a Brucella suis specific hybridisation probe and PCR which distinguishes B. suis from Brucella abortus. Vet Microbiol 2002; 84: 253-61
43. Fekete A, Bantle JA, Halling SM, Sanborn MR. Preliminary development of a diagnostic test for Brucella using polymerase chain reaction. J Appl Bacteriol 1990; 69: 216-27
44. Fekete A, Bantle JA, Halling SM, Stich WR. Amplification fragment length polymorphism in Brucella strains by use of polymerase chain reaction with arbitrary primers. J Bacteriol 1992; 23: 7778-83
45. Ficht TA, Bearden SW, Sowa BA, Adams LG. A 36-kilodalton Brucella abortus cell envelope protein is encoded by repeated sequences closely linked in the genomic DNA. Infect Immun 1988; 56: 2036-46
46. Ficht TA, Bearden SW, Sowa BA, Adams LG. DNA sequence and expression of the 36-kilodalton outer membrane protein gene of Brucella abortus. Infect Immun 1989; 57: 3281-91
47. Ficht TA, Bearden SW, Sowa BA, Marquis H. Genetic variation at the omp2 porin locus of the Brucellae: species-specific markers. Mol Microbiol 1990; 4: 1135-42
48. Ficht TA, Husseinen HS, Derr J, Bearden SW. Species-specific sequences at the omp2 locus of Brucella type strains. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1996; 46: 329-31
49. Finegold SM, Martin WJ, Scott EG. Brucella. In: Bailey and Scott's diagnostic microbiology. Saint Louis: Mosby, 1978: 197-9
50. Fischer TK, Prag J. Survival and function of phagocytes in blood culture media. APMIS 1999; 107: 217-24
51. Fox KF, Fox A, Nagpal M, Steinberg P, Heroux K. Identification of Brucella by ribosomal-spacer-region PCR and differentiation of Brucella canis from other Brucella spp. pathogenic for humans by carbohydrate profiles. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 11: 3217-22
52. Franz DR, Jahrling PB, Friedlander AM et al. Clinical recognition and management of patients exposed to biological warfare agents. JAMA 1997; 278: 399-411
53. Fuller DD, Davis TE Jr, Denys GA, York MK. Evaluation of BACTEC MYCO/F lytic medium for recovery of mycobacteria, fungi, and bacteria from blood. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 2933-6
54. Gallien P, Dorn C, Alban G, Staak C, Protz D. Detection of Brucella species in organs of naturally infected cattle by polymerase chain reaction. Vet Rec 1998; 142: 512-4
55. Garcia-Rodriguez JA, Garcia Sanchez JE, Munoz Bellido JL, Canut Blasco A. Comparison of a biphasic system and a non-radiometric system for blood culture. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1988; 7: 666-8
56. Garcia-Rodriguez JA, Munoz Bellido JL, Fresnadillo MJ, Trujillano I. In vitro activities of new macrolides and rifapentine against Brucella spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37: 911-3
57. Gilligan PH, York MK. Basic protocols for level A laboratories for the presumptive identification of Brucella species. Washington: ASM Press, 2001: 1-10
58. Gilson E, Clement JM, Brutlag D, Hofnung M. A family of dispersed repetitive extragenic palindromic DNA seqences in E. coli. EMBO J 1984; 3: 1417-21
59. Gross PA, Fryda R, Reilly K. Comparative evaluation of different types of blood culture media for isolation of aerobes. J Clin Microbiol 1977; 6: 362-6
60. Gur D, Kocagoz S, Akova M, Unal S. Comparison of E-test to microdilution for determining in vitro activities of antibiotics against Brucella melitensis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43: 2337
61. Hall WH, Manion RE. In vitro susceptibility of Brucella to various antibiotics. Appl Microbiol 1970; 20: 600-4
62. Hall WH. Modern chemotherapy for brucellosis in humans. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12: 1060-99
63. Halling SM, Bricker BJ. Characterization and occurrence of two repeated palindromic DNA elements of Brucella spp.: Bru-RS1 and Bru-RS2. Mol Microbiol 1994; 14: 681-9
64. Halling SM, Tatum FM, Bricker BJ. Sequence and characterization of an insertion sequence, IS711, from Brucella ovis. Gene 1993; 133: 123-7
65. Halling SM, Zehr ES. Polymorphism in Brucella spp. due to highly repeated DNA. J Bacteriol 1990; 172: 6637-40
66. Herman L, De Ridder H. Identification of Brucella spp. by using the polymerase chain reaction. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 6: 2099-101
67. Hoyer BH, McCullough NB. Homologies of deoxyribonucleic acids from Brucella ovis, canine abortion organisms, and other Brucella species. J Bacteriol 1968; 96: 1783-90
68. Hoyer BH, McCullough NB. Polynucleotide homologies of Brucella deoxyribonucleic acids. J Bacteriol 1968; 95: 444-8
69. Hulton CSJ, Higgins CF, Sharp PM. ERIC sequences: a novel family of repetitive elements in the genomes of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and other enterobacteria. Mol Microbiol 1991; 5: 825-34
70. Jahans KL, Foster G, Broughton ES. The characterization of Brucella strains isolated from marine mammals. Vet Microbiol 1997; 57: 373-82
71. Jensen MA, Webster JA, Straus N. Rapid identification of bacteria on the basis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified ribosomal DNA spacer polymorphisms. Appl Erviron Microbiol 1993; 59: 945-52
72. Jumas-Bilak E, Michaux-Charachon S, Bourg G, Ramuz M, Allardet-Servent A. Unconventional genomic organization in the alpha subgroup of the Proteobacteria. J Bacteriol 1998; 180: 2749-55
73. Kolman S, Maayan MC, Gotesman G, Rozenszajn LA, Wolach B, Lang R. Comparison of the Bactec and lysis concentration methods for recovery of Brucella species from clinical specimens. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1991; 10: 647-8
74. Leal-Klevezas DS, Lopéz-Merino A, Martínez-Soriano JP. Molecular detection of Brucella spp.: rapid identification of B. abortus biovar 1 using PCR. Archives Med Res 1995; 3: 263-7
75. Leal-Klevezas DS, Martínez-Vázquez IO, García-Cantú J, López-Merino A, Martínez-Soriano JP. Use of polymerase chain reaction to detect Brucella abortus biovar 1 in infected goats. Vet Microbiol 2000; 75: 91-7
76. Leal-Klevezas DS, Martínez-Vázquez IO, López-Merino A, Martínez-Soriano JP. Single-step PCR for detection of Brucella spp. from blood and milk of infected animals. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 12: 3087-90
77. Louws FJ, Fulbright DW, Stephens CT, de Bruijn FJ. Specific genomic fingerprints of phytopathogenic Xanthomonas and Pseudomonas pathovars and strains generated with repetitive sequences and PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 1994; 60: 2286-95
78. Marin CM, Jimenez de Bagues MP, Barberan M, Blasco JM. Comparison of two selective media for the isolation of Brucella melitensis from naturally infected sheep and goats. Vet Rec 1996; 138: 409-11
79. Matar GM, Khneisser IA, Abdelnoor AM. Rapid laboratory confirmation of human brucellosis by PCR analysis of a target sequence on the 31-kilodalton Brucella antigen DNA. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 2: 477-8
80. Mayfield JE, Bricker BJ, Godfrey H et al. The cloning, expression, and nucleotide sequence of a gene coding for an immunogenic Brucella abortus protein. Gene 1988; 63: 1-9
81. McDonald R, Cao T, Borschel R. Multiplexing for the detection of multiple biowarfare agents shows promise in the field. Military Med 2001; 166: 237-9
82. Mercier E, Jumas-Bilak E, Allardet-Servent A, O'Callaghan D, Ramuz M. Polymorphism in Brucella strains detected by studying distribution of two short repetitive DNA elements. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 5: 1299-302
83. Meslin FX. Zoonoses in the world: current and future trends. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1995; 125: 875-8
84. Meunier JR, Grimont PAD. Factors affecting reproducibility of random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting. Res Microbiol 1993; 144: 373-9
85. Mishal J, Ben-Israel N, Levin Y et al. Brucellosis outbreak: analysis of risk factors and serologic screening. Int J Mol Med 1999; 4: 655-8
86. Morata P, Queipo-Ortuno MI, Reguera JM, García-Ordonez MA, Pichardo C, Colmenero JD. Posttreatment follow-up of brucellosis by PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 12: 4163-6
87. Morata P, Queipo-Ortuno MI, Reguera JM, Miralles F, Lopez-Gonzalez JJ, Colmenero JD. Diagnostic yield of a PCR assay in focal complications of brucellosis. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 10: 3743-6
88. Moreno E, Stackebrandt E, Dorsch M, Wolters J, Busch M, Mayer H. Brucella abortus 16S rRNA and lipid A reveal a phylogenetic relationship with members of the alpha-2 subdivision of the class Proteobacteria. J Bacteriol 1990; 172: 3569-76
89. Navarro E, Escribano J, Fernández JA, Solera J. Comparison of three different PCR methods for detection of Brucella spp. in human blood samples. FEMS Immun Med Microbiol 2002; 34: 147-51
90. 2 with nucleic acid constituents by Brucella abortus. J Bacteriol 1954; 67: 233-6
91. O'Hara MJ, Collins DM, DeLisle GW. Restriction endonuclease analysis of Brucella ovis and other Brucella species. Vet Microbiol 1985; 10: 425-9
92. Ouahrani S, Michaux S, Widada JS et al. Identification and sequence analysis of IS6501, an insertion sequence in Brucella spp.: relationship between genomic structure and the number of IS6501 copies. J General Microbiol 1993; 139: 3265-73
93. Ouahrani-Bettache S, Soubrier MP, Liautard JP. IS6501-anchored PCR for detection and identification of Brucella species and strains. J Appl Bacteriol 1996; 81: 154-60
94. Pearson AD, Scarfe S, Morgan TA, Pollard R. Evidence of a pattern in the variable host response to Brucella in man. Lancet 1973; 1: 593-4
95. Perry MB, Bundle DR. Antigenic relationships of the lipopolysaccharides of Escherichia hermannii strains with those of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Brucella melitensis, and Brucella abortus. Infect Immun 1990; 58: 1391-5
96. Pike RM. Past and present hazards of working with infectious agents. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1978; 102: 333-6
97. Queipo-Ortuno MI, Morata P, Ocón P, Manchado, P, Colmenero JD. Rapid diagnosis of human brucellosis by peripheral-blood PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 2927-30
98. Redkar R, Rose S, Bricker B, DelVecchio V. Real-time detection of Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis and Brucella suis. Molecular Cellular Probes 2001; 15: 43-52
99. Richardson M, Holt JN. Synergistic action of streptomycin with other antibiotics in intracellular Brucella abortus in vitro. J Bacteriol 1962; 84: 638-46
100. Richtzenhain LJ, Cortez A, Heinemann MB et al. A multiplex PCR for the detection of Brucella spp. and Leptospira spp. DNA from aborted bovine fetuses. Vet Microbiol 2002; 87: 139-47
101. Rigby CE, Cerqueira-Campos ML, Kelly HA, Surujballi OP. Properties and partial genetic characterization of Nepean phage and other lytic phages of Brucella species. Can J Vet Res 1989; 53: 319-25
102. Rijpens NP, Jannes G, van Asbroeck M, Rossau R, Herman LMF. Direct detection of Brucella spp. in raw milk by PCR and reverse hybridization with 16S-23S rRNA spacer probes. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 5: 1683-8
103. Roberts A, Kemp C. Brucellosis (Mediterranean fever, Gibraltar fever, Malta fever, Cyprus fever, undulant fever, typhomalarial fever). J Am Acad Nurse Pract 2001; 13: 106-7
104. Romero C, Gamazo C, Pardo M, López-Goni I. Specific detection of Brucella DNA by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 3: 615-7
105. Ross HM, Foster G, Reid RJ, Jahans KL, MacMillan AP. Brucella species infection in sea-mammals. Vet Rec 1994; 134: 359
106. Roth A, Mauch H, Göbel U. Nucleic acid amplification techniques. In: Mauch H, Lütticken R, Gatermann S (eds) Quality standards for microbiological diagnostic techniques for infectious diseases. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer, 1997: 27-40
107. Rubinstein E, Lang R, Shasha B et al. In vitro susceptibility of Brucella melitensis to antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35: 1925-7
108. Ruiz J, Lorente I, Perez J, Simarro E, Martinez-Campos L. Diagnosis of brucellosis by using blood cultures. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 2417-8
109. Sanchez-Sousa A, Torres C, Campello MG et al. Serological diagnosis of neurobrucellosis. J Clin Pathol 1990; 43: 79-81
110. Sangari FJ, Aguero J. Identification of Brucella abortus B19 vaccine strain by the detection of DNA polymorphism at the ery locus. Vaccine 1994; 12: 435-8
111. Scheinert P, Krausse R, Ullman U, Söller R, Krupp G. Molecular differentiation of bacteria by PCR amplification of the 16S-23S rRNA spacer. J Microbiol Methods 1996; 26: 103-17
112. Seifert H, Shah P, Ullmann U et al. Sepsis-Blutkulturdiagnostik. In: Mauch H, Lütticken R, Gatermann S (eds) Quality standards for microbiological diagnostic techniques for infectious diseases. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer, 1997: 14-27
113. Serpe L, Gallo P, Fidanza N, Scaramuzzo A, Fenizia D. Single-step method for rapid detection of Brucella spp. in soft cheese by gene-specific polymerase chain reaction. J Dairy Res 1999; 66: 313-7
114. Sewell DL. Laboratory-associated infections and biosafety. Clin Microbiol Rev 1995; 8: 389-405
115. Shapiro DS, Wong JD. Brucella. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yolken RH (eds) Manual of clinical microbiology. Washington: ASM Press, 1999: 625-32
116. Sifuentes-Rincón AM, Revol A, Barrera-Saldana HA. Detection and differentiation of the six Brucella species by polymerase chain reaction. Molecular Med 1997; 11: 734-9
117. Sippel JE, Diab AS, Ellakani A. Letter: Two-phase blood culture system. Br Med J 1974; 4: 342-3
118. Soborg M, Bendixen G. Human lymphocyte migration as a parameter of hypersensitivity. Acta Med Scan 1967; 181: 247-56
119. Solera J, Martinez-Alfaro E, Espinosa A. Recognition and optimum treatment of brucellosis. Drugs 1997; 53: 245-56
120. Spaargaren J, van Boven CP, Voorn GP. Effectiveness of resins in neutralizing antibiotic activities in Bactec plus Aerobic/F culture medium. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 3731-3
121. Staszkiewicz J, Lewis CM, Colville J, Zervos M, Band J. Outbreak of Brucella melitensis among microbiology laboratory workers in a community hospital. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29: 287-90
122. Sullivan NM, Sutter VL, Finegold SM. Practical aerobic membrane filtration blood culture technique: clinical blood culture trial. J Clin Microbiol 1975; 1: 37-43
123. Tenney JH, Reller LB, Wang WL, Cox RL, Mirrett S. Comparative evaluation of supplemented peptone broth with sodium polyanetholsulfonate and trypticase soy broth with sodium amylosulfate for detection of septicemia. J Clin Microbiol 1982; 16: 107-10
124. Traub WH, Fukushima PI. Variable neutralization of several nonspecific antibacterial systems in fresh, defibrinated human blood by sodium polyanetholsulfonate and sodium amylosulfate. J Clin Microbiol 1979; 10: 27-31
125. Trujillo IZ, Zavala AN, Caceres JG, Miranda CQ. Brucellosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1994; 8: 225-41
126. Tscherneva E, Rijpens N, Jersek B, Herman LMF. Differentiation of Brucella species by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. J Appl Microbiol 2000; 88: 69-80
127. Tscherneva E, Rijpens N, Naydensky C, Herman LMF. Repetitive element sequence based polymerase chain reaction for typing of Brucella strains. Vet Microbiol 1996; 51: 169-78
128. Tsolia M, Drakonaki S, Messaritaki A et al. Clinical features, complications and treatment outcome of childhood brucellosis in central Greece. J Infect 2002; 44: 257-62
129. Tyler KD, Wang G, Tyler SD, Johnson WM. Factors affecting reliability and reproducibility of amplification-based DNA fingerprinting of representative bacterial pathogens. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 339-46
130. Velasco J, Romero C, López-Goni I, Leiva J, Diaz R, Moriyon I. Evaluation of the relatedness of Brucella spp. and Ochrobactrum anthropi and description of Ochrobactrum intermedium sp. nov., a new species with a closer relationship to Brucella spp. Int J Sys Bacteriol 1998; 48: 759-68
131. Vemulapalli R, McQuiston JR, Schurig GG, Sriranganathan N, Halling SM, Boyle SM. Identification of an IS711 element interrupting the wboA gene of Brucella abortus vaccine strain RB51 and a PCR assay to distinguish strain RB51 from other Brucella species and strains. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1999; 6: 760-4
132. Verger JM, Grayon M, Cloeckaert A, Lefèvre M, Ageron E, Grimont F. Classification of Brucella strains isolated from marine mammals using DNA-DNA hybridization and ribotyping. Res Microbiol 2000; 151: 797-9
133. Verger JM, Grimont F, Grimont PAD, Grayon M. Brucella, a monospecific genus as shown by deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1985; 35: 292-5
134. Vetter E, Torgerson C, Feuker A et al. Comparison of the BACTEC MYCO/F Lytic bottle to the isolator tube, BACTEC Plus Aerobic F/bottle, and BACTEC Anaerobic Lytic/10 bottle and comparison of the BACTEC Plus Aerobic F/bottle to the Isolator tube for recovery of bacteria, mycobacteria, and fungi from blood. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 4380-6
135. Vizcaíno N, Cloeckaert A, Verger J-M, Grayon M, Fernández-Lago L. DNA polymporphism in the genus Brucella. Microbes and Inf 2000; 2: 1089-110
136. Wang WL, Luechtefeld NW, Reller LB, Blaser MJ. Enriched Brucella medium for storage and transport of cultures of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni. J Clin Microbiol 1980; 12: 479-80
137. Washington JA. Blood cultures: principles and techniques. Mayo Clin Proc 1975; 50: 91-8
138. Williams JGK, Kubelik AR, Rafalski JS, Tingey SV. Genetic analysis with RAPD markers. In: Bennett JW, Lasure LL (eds) More gene manipulations in fungi. San Diego, Calif.: Academic Press 1991: 432-9
139. Wooley RE, Blue JL. In vitro effect of edta-tris-lysozyme solutions on selected pathogenic bacteria. J Med Microbiol 1975; 8: 189-94
140. Yagupsky P, Peled N, Press J, Abu-Rashid M, Abramson O. Rapid detection of Brucella melitensis from blood cultures by a commercial system. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1997; 16: 605-7
141. Yagupsky P, Peled N, Press J. Use of BACTEC 9240 blood culture system for detection of Brucella melitensis in synovial fluid. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 738-9
142. Yagupsky P. Detection of Brucella melitensis by BACTEC NR660 blood culture system. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32: 1899-901
143. Yagupsky P. Detection of Brucellae in blood cultures. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 3437-42
144. Young EJ. Brucella species. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R (eds) Principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000: 2386-92
145. Zerva L, Bourantas K, Mitka S, Kansouzidou A, Legakis NJ. Serum is the preferred clinical specimen for diagnosis of human brucellosis by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 1661-4
146. Zervos MJ, Bostic G. Exposure to Brucella in the laboratory. Lancet 1997; 349: 651-57