Flowers and bees are competitors - Not partners. Towards a new understanding of complexity in specialised bee flowers

Acta Horticulturae

Volumn 437, Issue , 1997, Pages 71-74

  Westerkamp, C ^a  

^a Annagraben 83   (Germany)

Author keywords

Apoidea; Foraging; Pollen; Pollination

Indexed keywords

APOIDEA;

EID: 0142032150     PISSN: 05677572     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1997.437.5     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (9)

1. Gottsberger, G., 1989. Beetle pollination and flowering rhythm of Annona spp. (Annonaceae) in Brazil. PI. Syst. Evol. 167: 165-187.
2. Harder, L.D., and Thomson, J.D., 1989. Evolutionary options for maximizing pollen dispersal of animal-pollinated plants. Am. Nat. 133: 323-344.
3. Harder, L.D., and Wilson, W.G., 1994. Floral evolution and male reproductive success: optimal dispensing schedules for pollen dispersal by animal pollinated plants. Evol. Ecol. 8: 542-559.
4. Mtiller, A., 1995. Morphological specializations in Central European bees for the uptake of pollen from flowers with anthers hidden in narrow tubes (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Entomologia Generalis 20: 43-57.
5. Miiller, A., 1996. Convergent evolution of morphological specializations in Central European bee and honey wasp species as an adaptation to the uptake of pollen from nototribic flowers (Hymenoptera, Apoidea and Masaridae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 57: 235-252.
6. Vogel, S., 1978. Evolutionary shifts from reward to deception in pollen flowers. In: Richards, A. J. (ed.): The pollination of flowers by insects. Linn. Soc. Symp. Ser. 6: 89-96. London: Academic Press.
7. Westerkamp, C., 1993. The co-operation between the asymmetric flower of Lathyrus latifolius (Fabaceae-Vicieae) and its visitors. Phyton (Horn, Austria) 33: 121-137.
8. Westerkamp, C., 1996. Pollen in bee-flower relations. Some considerations on melittophily. Botanica Acta 109 (in press)
9. Westerkamp, C., in press. Keel blossoms: Bee flowers with adaptations against bees. Flora