An examination of the international understanding of political rape and the significance of labeling it torture

International Journal of Refugee Law

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 534-560

  Pearce, Hannah ^a  

^a British Institute of Human Rights   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CRIME; HUMAN RIGHTS; LEGAL SYSTEM; VIOLENCE;

EID: 0141959626     PISSN: 09538186     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ijrl/14.4.534     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. C. Niarchos, 'Women, war and rape: Challenges facing the ICTY' Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 17, No. 4, 1995, 649-690, 650.
2. A. Callamard, Documenting Human Rights Violations by States Agents; Sexual Violence, (Canada, 1999), 8.
3. E. Axelsen & N. Sveaass, 'Psychotherapeutic understanding of women exposed to sexual violence in political detention' in Nordisk Sexologi, No. 12, 1994, 1-12.
4. M. Peel, 'Sexual abuse of men in detention in Sri Lanka,' The Lancet, Vol. 355, June 2000, 2069-2070
5. H. van Tienhoven, 'Sexual Violence; A method of torture also used against male victims,' in III International Conference; 'Health, Political, Repression and Human Rights.' ACTAS Proceedings, 24-29 Nov. 1991, 393-395.
6. Benninger-Budel & Lacroix, Violence Against Women: A Report, (OMCT, 1999).
7. www.hrw.org/backgrounder/wrd/fireplus.htm).
8. Lisa Kois, 'Dance, sister, dance!' in Bertil Duner, (ed.) An end to torture: Strategies for its eradication (UK, 1998), 88.
9. D. Sullivan, 'The Public Private distinction in International Human Rights Law' in Peters & Wolpers (eds.) Women's Rights/ Human Rights, (Routledge, 1994) 126-134, 128.
10. J. Temkin, 'Prosecuting and defending rape: Perspectives from the Bar,' in Journal of Law and Society, Vol. 27, No. 2, June 2000, 219-248, 222.
11. J. Temkin, Rape and the legal process, (London, 1987), 11.
12. R. Cook, Human Rights of Women; National and International perspectives, (Penn Press, 1994), 120.
13. K. Gilmore, The rape in torture; The torture in rape, (Australia, 1989), 23.
14. Fischman et al, 'The Impact of Political Repression Upon gender-related violence,' in Family Violence and Sexual Assault Bulletin, Vol. 15, No. 1, 21-25.
15. Burgess & Holstrom, 'Rape Trauma Syndrome' (1974) 131 (9) American Journal of Psychiatry)
16. Steiner & Alston, International Human Rights in Context, (Oxford, 1996), 932.
17. Letter from Justice Richard Goldstone to Professor Rhonda Copelon, 8 Sept. 1995, in Shattered Lives: Sexual Violence during the Rwandan Genocide and its Aftermath (Human Rights Watch, 1996), 32.
18. UN Division for the Advancement of Women, Gender-based Persecution: Report of the Expert Group Meeting, Toronto, Canada, 9-12 Nov. 1997, 13.
19. 'FRY:(Kosovo) Rape as a weapon of ethnic cleansing,' HRW Report, March 2000, Vol. 12
20. S. Swiss & J. Giller, 'Rape as a Crime of War,' Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 270, No. 5, Aug. 1993, 612-615.
21. http://www.un.org/icty/basic/statut/statute.htm.
22. http://www.ictr.org/ENGLISH/cases/Akayesu/index.htm.
23. J. Coll Metcalfe, 'The Musema Judgment, Judgment raises questions at the International Tribunal' at http://www.internews.org/PROJECTS/ICTRAnalysis-2-00.html.
24. http://www.un.org/icty/furundzija/trialc2/judgement/index.htm.
25. Strumpen Darrie, 'Rape: a survey of current international jurisprudence', 7:12, Hum Rts Brief Wash. Coll. Law, 12, at 14 (1999).
26. Trial opens in Hague on Sex crimes during Bosnian War,' International Herald Tribune, 22 Mar. 2000.
27. N. Kelly, 'Political Rape as Persecution: A Legal Perspective,' Journal of American Medical Women's Association, Vol. 52, No. 4, 188-190.
28. J. Hathaway, The Law of Refugee Status, (Butterworths, 1991).
29. N. Berkowitz, Asylum Gender Guidelines (Draft version), (IAA 2000), 2.
30. J. Castel, 'Rape, Sexual Assault and the Meaning of Persecution,' 4 IJRL, 37 (1992).
31. A. Stanley & V. Tennant, 'Women Asylum Seekers: An Alternative Approach', Immigration and Nationality Law and Practice, Vol. 12, No. 2, 54-59.
32. D. Neal, Women as a Social Group: Recognising Sex-based Persecution as Grounds for Asylum, Columbia Human Rights Review, Vol. 20, No. 1, 1988, 203-227.
33. UNHCR, Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status, 1979, 31.
34. 'Gender-Related Persecution: An analysis of Recent Trends' in IJRL Special Issue 79 (1997).
35. Haines, R. 'Gender-based Persecution: New Zealand Jurisprudence' given at the UNHCR Symposium on Gender-based persecution (Palais des Nations, Geneva, Feb. 1996).
36. C. Chinkin in 'Women's rights as Human rights under International Law' in Gearty & Tomkins (ed.) Understanding Human Rights, 553-572, (GB, 1996), 564.
37. Heaven Crawley, Women as Asylum Seekers; A Legal Handbook, (Norwich, 1997), 59.
38. Douglas Farah, 'A War against Women', www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/ A50884-2000Apr10.html