Is there a Tongan Middle Class? Hierarchy and protest in contemporary Tonga

Contemporary Pacific

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 309-336

  James, Kerry ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Class; Elite; Hierarchy; Protest; Public; Social stratification; Tonga

Indexed keywords

POPULAR PROTEST; SOCIAL MOVEMENT; SOCIAL STRUCTURE; SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS;

TONGA;

EID: 0141940597     PISSN: 1043898X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/cp.2003.0042     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Amarshi, Azeem, Kenneth Good, and Rex Mortimer 1979 Development and Dependency: The Political Economy of Papua New Guinea. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
2. Benguigui, Georges 1989 The Middle Classes in Tonga. Journal of the Polynesian Society 98: 451-463.
3. Bleakley, Clare 2002 Women of the New Millennium: Tongan Women Determine Their Development Direction. The Contemporary Pacific 14:134-147.
4. Bott, Elizabeth 1981 Power and Rank in the Kingdom of Tonga. Journal of the Polynesian Society 90:7-81.
5. Campbell, Ian 1992 Island Kingdom. Christchurch, NZ: Canterbury University Press.
6. Case, William 1993 Semi-Democracy in Malaysia: Withstanding the Pressures for Regime Change. Pacific Affairs 66 (2): 189-190.
7. Crompton, Rosemary 1998 Class and Stratification: An Introduction to Current Debates. 2nd edition. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
8. Errington, Frederick, and Deborah Gewertz 1997 The Rotary Club of Wewak: The Middle Class in Papua New Guinea. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 3:333-354.
9. Ewins, Rory 1998 Changing Their Minds: Tradition and Politics in Contemporary Fiji and Tonga. Christchurch, NZ: Macmillan Brown Centre for Pacific Studies.
10. Gailey, Christine Ward 1987 Kinship to Kingship: Gender Hierarchy and State Formation in the Tongan Islands. Austin: University of Texas Press.
11. Gewertz, Deborah, and Frederick Errington 1999 Emerging Class in Papua New Guinea. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
12. Gewertz, Deborah, and Frederick Errington 2001 Response to Review Forum on Emerging Class in Papua New Guinea, by Deborah Gewertz and Frederick Errington. The Contemporary Pacific 13:262-273.
13. Giddens, Anthony 1973 The Class Structure of the Advanced Societies. London: Hutchinson University Library.
14. Giddens, Anthony, and David Held, editors 1982 Classes, Power, and Conflict. London: Macmillan.
15. Hau'ofa, Epeli 1987 The New South Pacific Society: Integration and Independence. In Class and Culture in the South Pacific, edited by Antony Hooper, Steve Britton, Ron Crocombe, Judith Huntsman, and Cluny Macpherson, 1-15. Suva and Auckland: University of the South Pacific and the University of Auckland.
16. Hau'ofa, Epeli 1994 Thy Kingdom Come: The Democratization of Aristocratic Tonga. The Contemporary Pacific 6:414-428.
17. Helu, 'I Futa 1999 Critical Essays: Cultural Perspectives from the South Seas. Canberra: The journal of Pacific History.
18. James, Kerry 1997 Rank and Leadership in Tonga. In Chiefs Today: Traditional Pacific Leadership and the Postcolonial State, edited by Geoffrey White and Lamont Lindstrom, 49-70. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
19. James, Kerry 2000 Local Hierarchies of Authority and Development. In Culture and Sustainable Development in the Pacific, edited by Antony Hooper, 131-141. Canberra: Asia Pacific Press.
20. Joyce, Patrick 1995 Introduction. Oxford Reader in Class, edited by Patrick Joyce, 3-16. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
21. Kavaliku, S Langi 1977 'Ofa! The Treasure of Tonga. Pacific Perspective 6 (2): 47-67.
22. Kingston, Paul W 2000 The Classless Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
23. Lawson, Stephanie 1996 Tradition versus Democracy in the South Pacific. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
24. MacWilliam, Scott 2001 Response to Review Forum on Emerging Class in Papua New Guinea, by Deborah Gewertz and Frederick Errington. The Contemporary Pacific 13:267-270.
25. Marcus, George 1977 Contemporary Tonga-The Background of Social and Cultural Change. In Friendly Islands: A History of Tonga, edited by Noel Rutherford, 210-227. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
26. Marcus, George 1980 The Nobility and the Chiefly Tradition in the Modern Kingdom of Tonga. Memoirs of the Polynesian Society 42. Wellington: The Polynesian Society.
27. Marcus, George, editor 1983 Elites: Ethnographic Issues. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
28. Morton, Helen 1998 Creating Their Own Culture: Diasporic Tongans. The Contemporary Pacific 10: 1-30.
29. MT, Matangi Tonga 1991 After March, the Next Step a Vote of No Confidence, by Pesi Fonua. Mar-Apr: 30.
30. Mt, Matangi Tonga 1993 The Pro Democracy Movement: 'Akilisi Wants to be the Opposition, by Pesi Fonua. Jul-Sep: 17.
31. Mt, Matangi Tonga 1996 Choosing Individuals for the Legislature, by Pesi Fonua. Jan-Mar: 24-27.
32. Mt, Matangi Tonga 1997 Tongans on the Move. Editorial. Jan-Mar: 3.
33. Needs, Andrew 1988 New Zealand Aid and the Development of Class in Tonga. Palmerston North, NZ: Massey University Studies in Development and Change.
34. Newby, Howard 1988 An Inheritance Reaffirmed: Weber. In Social Class in Modern Britain, edited by Gordon Marshall, Howard Newby, David Rose, and Carol Vogler, 266-274. London: Hutchinson.
35. Pakulski, Jan, and Malcolm Waters 1996 The Death of Class. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
36. Sissons, Jeffrey 1998 Conspiracy, Class, and Culture in Oceania: A View from the Cook Islands. The Contemporary Pacific 10:164-178.
37. TC, The Tonga Chronicle 2001 Pohiva: Tongan Constitution Have Human Rights Components but Clashes with Traditional Values, Culture. 28 June, 6.
38. Thompson, Edward P 1978 Eighteenth-century English Society: Class Struggle without Class? Social History 3:133-165
39. Tonga, Government of 1993 Labour Force Survey. Statistics Department. Nuku'alofa: Government Printing Office.
40. Van der Grijp, Paul 1993 Islanders of the South. Leiden: KITLV Press.