The eclipse of Walesa's political career

Europe - Asia Studies

Volumn 49, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 107-124

  Zubek, Voytek ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0141882712     PISSN: 09668136     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09668139708412429     Document Type: Article

References (125)

1. See also Wojciech Maziarski, 'Koniec ery Walesy', Gazeta Wyborcza, 2 December 1991, p. 15.
2. See also 'Poznaj racje drugiej strony, rozmowa z Adamem Hodyszem', Kzeczpospolita, 18-19 September 1993, p. 3.
3. See also Jan Skorzynski, 'Nie Ma Wolnosci Bez Solidarnosc', Arka, 1995, 56, pp. 70-88.
4. See also Jerzy Holzer & Krzysztof Leski, Solidarnosc w Podziemu (Lodz, Wydawnictwo Lodzkie, 1990).
5. See also Krzysztof Dubinski, Magdalenka Transakcja Epoki (Warsaw, Sylwa, 1990); Witold Beres & Jerzy Skoczylas, General Kiszczak Mowi ⋯ Prawie Ws-\stko (Warsaw, BGW. 1991).
6. See also Krzysztof Dubinski, Magdalenka Transakcja Epoki (Warsaw, Sylwa, 1990); Witold Beres & Jerzy Skoczylas, General Kiszczak Mowi ⋯ Prawie Ws-\stko (Warsaw, BGW. 1991).
7. See also Voytek Zubek, 'Poland's Party Self-destructs'. Orbis, 34, 2, Spring 1990, pp. 179-193
8. See especially '4 Czerwca 1989 - nazajutrz', Polityka, 4 June 1994, p. 20.
9. See also Zbigniew Domaranczyk, 100 Dni Mazowieckiego (Warsaw, A. Bonarski, 1990).
10. See especially 'Balcerowicz', in Teresa Toranska, My (Warsaw, Most, 1994); 'Czy zostane politykiem? Z Leszkiem Balcerowiczem rozmawiaja Ewa Milewicz i Jacek Zakowski', Gazeta Wyborcza, 19-20 March 1994, pp. 12-13; Kazimierz Olesiak, Kto Kupczy Polska Wsia (Warsaw, BGW, 1992).
11. See especially 'Balcerowicz', in Teresa Toranska, My (Warsaw, Most, 1994); 'Czy zostane politykiem? Z Leszkiem Balcerowiczem rozmawiaja Ewa Milewicz i Jacek Zakowski', Gazeta Wyborcza, 19-20 March 1994, pp. 12-13; Kazimierz Olesiak, Kto Kupczy Polska Wsia (Warsaw, BGW, 1992).
12. See especially 'Balcerowicz', in Teresa Toranska, My (Warsaw, Most, 1994); 'Czy zostane politykiem? Z Leszkiem Balcerowiczem rozmawiaja Ewa Milewicz i Jacek Zakowski', Gazeta Wyborcza, 19-20 March 1994, pp. 12-13; Kazimierz Olesiak, Kto Kupczy Polska Wsia (Warsaw, BGW, 1992).
13. See also Bronislaw Wildstein, 'Spor o dekomunizacje', Res Publica 1993, 4, April, pp. 28-31.
14. Odrobina braterstwa'. Z prof. Bronislawem Geremkiem, politykiem UD rozmawia Adam Michnik', Gazeta Wyborcza, 16 September 1993, pp. 12-13.
15. See also Marcin Krol, 'Nowe szaty cesarza', Tygodnik Powszechny, 8 May 1994, pp. 1 and 4.
16. See also 'Szok wspolczesnosci'.Z Jozefem Oleksym, marszalkiem Sejmu RP, rozmawia Stefan Opara'. Dzis, 1, January 1994, pp. 6-16.
17. See also Piotr Skorzynski, 'Towarzyska szlachta', Kultura, 1994, 6, June, pp. 141-148.
18. For example, Trzecia Rzeczpospolita - Trzeci Rzad - Trzecia Droga'.Z premierem Janem Olszewskim rozmawiali Joanna Jachman, Andrzej Gelberg i Wojciech Gielzynski', Tygodnik Solidarnosc,10 January 1992, pp. 1 and 10-11.
19. See also Voytek Zubek, 'The Rise and Fall of Rule by Poland's Best and Brightest', Soviet Studies, 44, 4, 1992, pp. 579-608.
20. See also Voytek Zubek, 'Walesa Leadership and Poland's Transition', Problems of Communism, 40, 1-2, January-April 1991, pp. 69-83.
21. For instance Adam Michnik, 'Diaczego nie oddanm glosu na Lecha Walese', Gazeta Wyborcza, 27-28 October 1990, pp. 6-7.
22. Half a year later Mazowiecki himself had to admit that those accusations were grossly exaggerated-'Przebylem polowe drogi'. Z Tadeuszem Mazowieckim, przewodniczacym UD, rozmawiaja Dariusz Fikus i Krzysztof Gottesman', Rzeczpospolita, 22-23 June 1991, pp 1 and 2.
23. For instance, Tadeusz Chrzanowski, 'Szlo stare', Kultura, 1991, 6, June, pp. 73-80.
24. See also Inka Slodkowska, 'Polityczny awans liberalow', Wiez, 1991, 7-8, July-August 1991, pp. 192-200.
25. See also Dawid Warszawski, 'Czas politycznych saperow', and Jerzy Sosnowski, 'Kto z kim przestaje', Gazeta Wyborcza, 22 September 1993, pp. 10-11 and 13.
26. See also Jacek Kurski, 'Kult antypolityki', Przeglad Polityczny, 1991, 1, June, pp. 13-14.
27. See also Tomasz Zukowski, 'Wybory w liczbach', Zycie Warszawy, 27 September 1993, p. 15.
28. See also Lech Mazewski, 'Demokratyczny kapitalizm', Przeglad Polityczny, 1991, 2, July, pp. 12-16; Janina Paradowska & Jerzy Baczynski (eds), Teczki Liberalow (Poznan: Obserwator, 1993).
29. See also Lech Mazewski, 'Demokratyczny kapitalizm', Przeglad Polityczny, 1991, 2, July, pp. 12-16; Janina Paradowska & Jerzy Baczynski (eds), Teczki Liberalow (Poznan: Obserwator, 1993).
30. The final outcome of this process was the unification of these two parties into the Union of Freedom (Unia Wolnosci - UW) in the spring of 1994, after a crushing defeat was handed to them in the September 1993 parliamentary election by the post-communist parties.
31. See also Leszek Balcerowicz, 'Czas obroncow', Gazeta Wyborcza, 27 September 1993, p. 15.
32. See also 'Niebezpieczne, liberalne sklonnosci'. Z prof. Wieslawem Chrzanowskim, prezesem ZChN, rozmawia Ewa Milewicz', Gazeta Wyborcza, 6-7 Novenber 1993. pp. 8-9.
33. See also Andrzej Micewski, 'Klotnie w rodzine', Wprost, 10 November 1991, pp. 24-25.
34. See also Adam Michnik, 'Diabel naszego czasu' Krytyka. 1991, 37, pp. 12-18; Maria Fik, 'Nowa fasada', Puls, 1991, 6, November-December, pp. 86-90.
35. See also Adam Michnik, 'Diabel naszego czasu' Krytyka. 1991, 37, pp. 12-18; Maria Fik, 'Nowa fasada', Puls, 1991, 6, November-December, pp. 86-90.
36. As for example when he publicly asked a right-wing parliamentarian who was attacking him to '⋯ kiss his arse ⋯', after which invitation Switon proceeded to sue Walesa. 'Zapraszamy na procesy', Gazeta Polska, 10 March 1994, p. 12. Also, during a radio interview he made exceedingly crude allusions to Jaroslaw Kaczynski's alleged homosexuality. Barbara Sulek, 'Pan Prezydent', Kultura, 1993, 1-2, January-February, p. 215.
37. As for example when he publicly asked a right-wing parliamentarian who was attacking him to '⋯ kiss his arse ⋯', after which invitation Switon proceeded to sue Walesa. 'Zapraszamy na procesy', Gazeta Polska, 10 March 1994, p. 12. Also, during a radio interview he made exceedingly crude allusions to Jaroslaw Kaczynski's alleged homosexuality. Barbara Sulek, 'Pan Prezydent', Kultura, 1993, 1-2, January-February, p. 215.
38. For example Adam Michnik, 'Pozegnanie z Solidarnoscia', Gazeta Wyborcza, 31 August -1 September 1991, p. 3.
39. See also Adam Krzeminski & Wieslaw Wladyka, 'Czym Polska stoi', Polityka, 1 August 1992, pp. 1 and 6.
40. See also 'Gdzies we wschodniej czesci Europy ⋯ rozmowa z Adamem Michnikiem', Tygodnik Powszechny, 29 August 1993, pp. 1 and 5-7.
41. See also Mariusz Janicki, OPZZ w natarciu', Polityka, 2 March, 1991, p. 7.
42. See also Jolanta Makowska, 'Sila uporu', Przeglad Tygodniowy, 21 June 1992, pp. 1 and 4, Jolanta Makowska, 'Spoza ukladow', Przeglad Tygodniowy, 12 July 1992, p. 3.
43. See also Jolanta Makowska, 'Sila uporu', Przeglad Tygodniowy, 21 June 1992, pp. 1 and 4, Jolanta Makowska, 'Spoza ukladow', Przeglad Tygodniowy, 12 July 1992, p. 3.
44. See especially Witold Beres, 'Sprawa majora Hodysza', Tygodnik Powszechny, 19 September 1993 p. 3.
45. See also Krzysztof Grabowski, 'Niepokojacy sygnal', Wprost, 19 September, 1993, p. 11.
46. See also Aleksander Luczak, 33 Dni Premiera Pawlaka (Warsaw, BGW, 1992); 'Uczulenie na kolor'. Rozmowa z Waldemarem Pawlakiem, prezesem PSL', Przeglad Tygodniowy, 20 September 1992, pp. 1 and 4.
47. See also Aleksander Luczak, 33 Dni Premiera Pawlaka (Warsaw, BGW, 1992); 'Uczulenie na kolor'. Rozmowa z Waldemarem Pawlakiem, prezesem PSL', Przeglad Tygodniowy, 20 September 1992, pp. 1 and 4.
48. See also Aleksander Luczak, '33 dni premiera Pawlaka', Polityka, 19 September 1992, pp. 6-10; Jolanta Makowska, 'Wrzask i Furia', Przeglad Tygodniowy, 16 August 1992, pp. 1 and 4.
49. See also Aleksander Luczak, '33 dni premiera Pawlaka', Polityka, 19 September 1992, pp. 6-10; Jolanta Makowska, 'Wrzask i Furia', Przeglad Tygodniowy, 16 August 1992, pp. 1 and 4.
50. See also 'Polityka nie zna milosci blizniego. Rozmowa z premier Hanna Suchocka', Przeglad, Tygodniowy 18 October 1992, pp. 1 and 5;
51. 'Boje sie hasel'. Rozmowa z Hanna Suchocka', Polityka, 25 July 1992, pp. 1 and 5.
52. See also Janina Paradowska, 'Zasepieni Hamleci', Polityka, 18 July 1992 p. 5;
53. Ewa Milewicz, Tzba Obrachunkowa', Gazeta Wyborcza, 17-18 October 1992, p. 7.
54. See also Artur Zycki, 'SdRP Po Wyborach', Dzis, V, 1, January 1994, pp. 198-102.
55. See also Voytek Zubek, 'The Phoenix Out of the Ashes: The Rise to Power of Poland's Post-Communist SdRP', Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 28, 3, 1995, pp. 275-306.
56. See also Jozef Darski, 'Jezeli nie ONI, kto?', Tygodnik Solidarnosc, 14 January 1994, p. 9.
57. See also Jadwiga Staniszkis, ' "Political Capitalism" in Poland', East European Politics & Societies, 5, 1, Winter 1991, pp. 127-141.
58. See also 'Zacznijmy od bankow. Rozmowa z Jaroslawem Kaczynskim, prezesem PC', Gazeta Wyborcza, 12-13 June 1993, p. 4.
59. See also Jakub Karpinski, 'Aksamitna ewolucja: komunizm i wyzwolenie nomenklatury', Puls, 1993, 5-6, September-December, pp. 9-16.
60. See also Halina Maleszewska, 'Nowe wraca', Przeglad Tygodniowy, 16 May 1993, p. 2.
61. See especially Smecz (pseudonym of Tomasz Jastrun), 'Z ukosa', Kultura, 1994, 6, June pp. 70-80.
62. See also 'Reforma czy korupcja?' Z senatorem Zbigniewem Romaszewskim rozmawia Jerzy Klosinski', Tygodnik Solidamosc, 28 February 1992, pp. 8-9.
63. 'Notatki Redaktora', Kultura, 1994, 4, April, pp. 135-139;
64. 'Notatki Redaktora', Kultura, 1993, 11, November, pp. 132-135.
65. See also Antoni Z. Kaminski & Jan Stefanowicz, 'Korupcja-Schorzenie Panstwa', Res Publica, 1994, 7/8, July-August, pp. 31-35; Ernest Skalski, 'Partia niepokoju', Gazeta Wyborcza, 14-15 September 1991, pp. 8-9.
66. See also Antoni Z. Kaminski & Jan Stefanowicz, 'Korupcja-Schorzenie Panstwa', Res Publica, 1994, 7/8, July-August, pp. 31-35; Ernest Skalski, 'Partia niepokoju', Gazeta Wyborcza, 14-15 September 1991, pp. 8-9.
67. Thus, to mention a few of the more notorious affairs, at least hundreds of millions of dollars and even perhaps as much as a billion or more were gained by those who knew how to manipulate the computers in the inefficient state banking system to have their money permanently circulating among the bank's different branches while in fact being paid interest on the money in all the branches at the same time-the so-called Oscilator affair'. The 'ruble affair' had the Polish state legally forced to buy up by then virtually worthless rubles-at very favourable exchange rates-from phony 'exporters' of Polish products to the former Soviet Union. The 'petroleum', 'tobacco' and 'alcohol' affairs were staged when the state virtually lost control over its borders and the customs system in its dealings with some large-scale importers. Incidentally, the state's loss of control over its borders and the customs system was so complete that more than 90% of certain high-profit merchandise available on the Polish market that was supposed to be subject to high taxation was actually brought in as contraband. Finally, Poland became an unquestionable paradise for various 'pirates' of intellectual property and a massive venue for stolen goods, especially cars, that were either destined for the Polish market or more often were transferred to the insatiable post-Soviet market.
68. There were reports estimating them at millions of dollars-in a society where the average monthly salary fluctuated during that decade between 30 and 50 dollars.
69. Walesa could not possibly write them for he is known to be semi-literate.
70. See also, for instance, 'Notatki Redaktora', Kultura, 1994, 7-8, July-August, pp. 154-160.
71. See especially Jacek Zakowski, 'Cos w Polsce Peklo, Cos sie Skonczylo', Gazeta Wyborcza, 16-17 April 1994, pp. 8-11;
72. 'Notatki Redaktora', Kultura, 1994, 5, May, pp. 149-151;
73. Daniel Passent, Oboz Reform, Polityka, 6 August 1994, p. 28.
74. Monika Brakan & Rafal Smoczynski, 'SdRP za czerwone dolary?', Wprost, 17 November 1991, p. 5; SdRP i Trybuna za pieniadze KPZR', Gazeta Wyborcza, 8 November 1991, p. 2.
75. Monika Brakan & Rafal Smoczynski, 'SdRP za czerwone dolary?', Wprost, 17 November 1991, p. 5; SdRP i Trybuna za pieniadze KPZR', Gazeta Wyborcza, 8 November 1991, p. 2.
76. For instance Edmund Zurek, 'Zezowate szczescie', Polityka, 28 May 1994, p. 9.
77. See also Jaroslaw Kurski, Wodz (Warsaw, Pomost, 1991); Zbigniew Gach, Antybohater (Wroclaw, Forpress, 1991).
78. See also Jaroslaw Kurski, Wodz (Warsaw, Pomost, 1991); Zbigniew Gach, Antybohater (Wroclaw, Forpress, 1991).
79. For example, Andrzej Olechowski exclaimed that in a few hundred years, Walesa would remain the only Pole to be noticed by history ('Miejsce Dla Lemoniady'. Rozmowa z Andrzejem Olechowskim, doradca prezydenta RP ds. gospodarczych', Wprost, 13 September 1994, p. 3, and hence assured himself of his nomination as foreign minister.
80. See also Pawel Smolenski, 'Wolny Strzelec Belwederski', Gazeta Wyborcza, 15 September 1993, pp. 10-11.
81. See also Jerzy Slawomir Mac, 'To jest Wlasnie to Miejsce', Przeglad Tygodniowy , 20-27 December 1992, pp. 12-13.
82. See also Pawel Rabiej & Inga Rosinska, Kim Pan Jest Panie Wachowski? (Warsaw, BGW, 1993).
83. See also 'Dymisja Byla Spodziewana'. Rozmowa z ministrem stanu w Kancelarii Prezydenta, Andrzejem Zakrzewskim', Gazeta Wyborocza, 6 September 1995, p. 2; 'Nawet Sierzant Ma Swoj Honor, Z Lechem Falandyszem rozmawia Stanislaw Podemski', Polityka, 6 May 1995, p. 6.
84. See also 'Dymisja Byla Spodziewana'. Rozmowa z ministrem stanu w Kancelarii Prezydenta, Andrzejem Zakrzewskim', Gazeta Wyborocza, 6 September 1995, p. 2; 'Nawet Sierzant Ma Swoj Honor, Z Lechem Falandyszem rozmawia Stanislaw Podemski', Polityka, 6 May 1995, p. 6.
85. See also Marek Markiewicz, Flaczki Belwederskie (Torun, LSW, 1994).
86. See also Piotr Gadzinowski, 'Premier Wachowcow', Nie, 16 February 1995, p. 4.
87. See also Lech Falandysz, Adwokat Prezydenta (Warsaw, BGW, 1995).
88. For example Wojciech Mackiewicz, 'Mecenas Wszystkich Polakow', Poutyka, 27 May 1995, p. 11
89. See also Radzislaw Gortat, 'Wybory Prezydenckie a Stabilnosc Demokracjr', Rzeczpospolita, 19 October 1995, p. 4.
90. See also 'Walesa Myslal ze Go Zdradzilem. Rozmowa z prof. Lechem Falandyszem', Przeglad Tygodniowy, 13 September 1995, p. 13:
91. Mieczyslaw Rakowski, 'Inteligentny Cynik Czy Wiarygodny Swiadek?' Wiadomosci Kulturalne, 8 October 1995, p. 5.
92. For instance, 'Wiele Bzdur Kaczory Nagadali'. Lech Walesa w rozmowie z Agnieszka Kublik, Adamem Michmkiem i Pawlem Smolenskim', Gazeta Wyborcza, 14-15 October 1995, pp. 8-11.
93. See also Krzysztof Wolicki, 'Walesa na sciezce wojennej', Kultura, 1994, 5, May, pp. 95-103; Stanislaw Marek Krolak, 'Bilans jednego otwarcia', Tygodnik Solidamosc, 11 March 1994, pp. 4-5.
94. See also Krzysztof Wolicki, 'Walesa na sciezce wojennej', Kultura, 1994, 5, May, pp. 95-103; Stanislaw Marek Krolak, 'Bilans jednego otwarcia', Tygodnik Solidamosc, 11 March 1994, pp. 4-5.
95. For instance 'Jestem specem od krzyzowek. Wywiad z Lechem Walesa, prezydentem RP', Wprost, 10 October 1993, pp. 13-15.
96. For example Roman Graczyk, 'Lech Walesa dosiada komuny', Gazeta Wvborcza, 25 February 1994, p. 15.
97. For instance, Stanislaw Podemski, 'Krolem nie bedziesz', Polityka, 30 April 1994, p. 3.
98. See also 'Notatki Redaktora', Kultura, 1994, 6, June, pp. 117-120;
99. 'Notatki Redaktora', Kultura, 1993, 10, October, pp. 98-100.
100. See especially, Piotr Ciompa & Marcin Kula, 'Gdy spady korony', Gazeta Wyborcza, 16-17 May 1992, pp. 8-12.
101. See also Andrzej Micewski, 'I parliament i prezydent', Wprost, 17 November 1991, pp. 21-22; Adam Michnick, 'BBWR albo czy Lech Walesa jest Jozefem Pilsudskim', Gazeta Wyborcza, 12-13 June 1993, pp. 8-9.
102. See also Andrzej Micewski, 'I parliament i prezydent', Wprost, 17 November 1991, pp. 21-22; Adam Michnick, 'BBWR albo czy Lech Walesa jest Jozefem Pilsudskim', Gazeta Wyborcza, 12-13 June 1993, pp. 8-9.
103. See also 'Notatki Redaktora', Kultura, 1994, 3, March, pp. 155-157.
104. See also 'Wlada To Ja. Z Jackiem Merklem, szefem sztabu wyborczego Lecha Walesy w 1990 roku, rozmawia Witold Beres', Tygodnik Powszechny, 22 October 1995, p. 3.
105. See also Janina Paradowska, 'Autorytety i Kandydaci', Polityka, 24 June 1995, pp. 1 and 6.
106. See also Dominika Wilowiejska & Jaroslaw Kurski, 'Walesa - prosto z Belwederu', Gazeta Wyborcza, 1 January 1994, p. 11.
107. See also Ewa K. Czakowska, 'Zaangazowanie Bardziej Niz Powsciagliwosc', Rzeczpospolita, 3 October 1995, p. 3.
108. See also Czeslaw Bielecki, 'Historia w Pigulce', Polityka, 23 December 1995, pp. 28-29.
109. See also Maciej Rosolak, 'Serdeczne Bog Zaplac'. Rzezpospolita, 26 November 1995, p. 19.
110. For instance, 'Sprawiedliwy Wymiar. Z Lechem Walesa, prezydentem R.P., rozmawiaja Janina Paradowska i Jerzy Baczynski', Polityka, 16 September 1995, p. 7; 'Jestem Ojcem Solidarnosci. Rozmowa z Lechem Walesa', Tygodnik Solidarnosc, 21 October 1995, pp. 1 and 12-13.
111. For instance, 'Sprawiedliwy Wymiar. Z Lechem Walesa, prezydentem R.P., rozmawiaja Janina Paradowska i Jerzy Baczynski', Polityka, 16 September 1995, p. 7; 'Jestem Ojcem Solidarnosci. Rozmowa z Lechem Walesa', Tygodnik Solidarnosc, 21 October 1995, pp. 1 and 12-13.
112. See also 'Nowa, Stara Twarz Lecha Walesy', Rzeczpospolita, 18 October 1995, p. 5.
113. Obraz Tygodnia', Tygodnik Powszechny, 24 September 1995, p. 1.
114. Obraz Tygodnia', Tygodnik Powszechny, 19 November 1995, p. 1.
115. See also Adam Szostkiewicz, 'Demokracja Mowi Proza', Tygodnik Powszechny, 26 November 1995, pp. 1 and 4.
116. See also Adam Michnik, 'Strach Przed Monopolem', Gazeta Wyborcza, 16 November 1995, p. 1; Ernest Skalski, 'Mimo Wszystko Walesa', Gazeta Wyborcza, 14 November 1995, p. 19.
117. See also Adam Michnik, 'Strach Przed Monopolem', Gazeta Wyborcza, 16 November 1995, p. 1; Ernest Skalski, 'Mimo Wszystko Walesa', Gazeta Wyborcza, 14 November 1995, p. 19.
118. See also Grzegorz Sieczkowski, 'Bez Placzu, ale i Bez Radosci', Rzeczpospolita, 31 January 1995, p. 3.
119. See also Marcin Krol, 'Sens Wyborow', Tygodnik Powszechny, 5 September 1995, pp. 1 and 4; Robert Walenciak, 'Druzyna Lecha', Przeglad Tygodniowy, 15 November 1995, pp. 12-13
120. See also Marcin Krol, 'Sens Wyborow', Tygodnik Powszechny, 5 September 1995, pp. 1 and 4; Robert Walenciak, 'Druzyna Lecha', Przeglad Tygodniowy, 15 November 1995, pp. 12-13
121. For example, Aleksander Kwasniewski, 'Potrzebna Debata', Polityka, 11 November 1995, p. 16.
122. See also Piotr Adamowicz & Kazimierz Groblewski, 'Zwyciestwo Sie Nalezy', Rzeczpospolita, 17 November 1995, p. 4.
123. See also Adam Szostkiewicz, 'Debata Kwasniewski-Walesa', Tygodnik Powszechny, 19 November 1995, p. 3.
124. See also Andrzej Kwiatkowski, 'Kulisy Prezydenckiej Debaty', Przeglad Tygodniowy, 15 November 1995, p. 4.
125. Obraz Tygodnia', Tygodnik Powszechny, 3 December 1995, p. 1.