More Than a Symbol of Freedom: Education for Liberation and Democracy

Phi Delta Kappan

Volumn 85, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 22-28

  Payne, Charles M ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0141872376     PISSN: 00317217     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/003172170308500107     Document Type: Review

References (24)

1. Theresa Perry, "Up from the Parched Earth: Toward aTheory of African-American Achievement," in Theresa Perry, Claude Steele, and Asa Milliard III, Young, Gifted and Black: Promoting High Achievement Among African-American Students (Boston: Beacon Press, 2003), p. 13.
2. Lawrence Levine, Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977).
3. Quoted in Stephen Kinzer, "In Search of the Blues, at Its Roots," New York Times, 25 March 2003.
4. Michael Honey, Black Workers Remember: An Oral History of Segregation, Unionism, and the Freedom Struggle (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999).
5. Quoted in Winston James, "Being Red and Black in Jim Crow America: Notes on the Ideology and Travails of America's Socialist Pioneers, 1877-1930," in Charles Payne and Adam Green, eds., Time Longer Than Rope: A Century of African American Activism, 1850-1950 (New York: New York University Press, forthcoming).
6. Claude Steele, "Stereotype Threat and African-American Student Achievement," in Perry, Steele, and Milliard, pp. 120-21.
7. Given what Cornel West calls the Afro-Americanization of youth culture, it will be interesting to see whether the insult culture becomes as institutionalized among other young people. Recently, we have seen at least one television commercial that uses the dozens to sell beer, and trash-talking T-shirts can be seen in suburban gyms. There are benign explanations about the origins of these customs. They originated in an African American fondness for wordplay, for example. But even if such explanations are historically accurate, they don't preclude the possibility that these patterns become harmful under current social conditions.
8. Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye (New York: Washington Square Press, 1970), p. 69.
9. Marc Elrich, "The Stereotype Within: Why Students Don't Buy Black History Month," Washington Post, 13 February 1994, p. C-1.
10. Lawrence Goodwyn, The Populist Moment (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), p. xix.
11. Fredrick C. Harris, "Will the Circle Be Unbroken?: The Erosion and Transformation of African-American Civic Life," in Robert Fullinwider, ed., Civil Society and Democratic Renewal (Lanham, Md.: Rowan and Littlefield, 1999), p. 333. For data on participation and membership patterns, see pp. 324-32.
12. Paul Ortiz, "Like Water Covers the Sea": The African American Freedom Struggle in Florida, 1877-1920 (Berkeley: University of California Press, forthcoming).
13. Charles Cobb, "Prospectus for a Summer Freedom School Program, " Radical Teacher, Fall 1991, p. 36. Cobb is quoted in Florence Howe, "Mississippi's Freedom Schools," in idem, Myths of Coeducation: Selected Essays (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984), p. 9.
14. Charles Cobb, "Prospectus for a Summer Freedom School Program, " Radical Teacher, Fall 1991, p. 36. Cobb is quoted in Florence Howe, "Mississippi's Freedom Schools," in idem, Myths of Coeducation: Selected Essays (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984), p. 9.
15. For information on the Children's Defense Fund Freedom Schools, see www.childrensdefense.org/bccc_freedsch.php.
16. Information on the Sunflower County project can be found at www. sunflowerfreedom.org. See also the website of the Education for Liberation Network at www.edliberation.org.
17. Information on the Sunflower County project can be found at www. sunflowerfreedom.org. See also the website of the Education for Liberation Network at www.edliberation.org.
18. Robert Moses and Charles Cobb, Radical Equations: Math Literacy and Civil Rights (Boston: Beacon Press, 2001). More information can be found atwww.algebra.org.
19. See www.grrlstories.org/rites/ROPAfrican.htm. See also the website of the National Rites of Passage Institute at www.ritesofpassage.org.
20. See www.grrlstories.org/rites/ROPAfrican.htm. See also the website of the National Rites of Passage Institute at www.ritesofpassage.org.
21. Michael Moffatt, Coming of Age in New Jersey: College and American Culture(New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1989).
22. Thavolia Glymph, "Liberty Dearly Bought: The Making of Civil War Memory in African-American Communities in the South," in Payne and Green, op. cit.
23. Herbert Gutman, "Historical Consciousness in Contemporary America," in Ira Berlin, ed., Power and Culture: Essays on the American Working Class (New York: New Press, 1987), p. 400.
24. Vincent Harding, Hope and History: Why We Must Share the Story of the Movement(Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books, 1990), p. 198. This book offers many ideas to educators concerned with shaping such programs.