Social histories of old age and aging

Journal of Social History

Volumn 37, Issue 1, 2003, Pages

  Thane, Pat ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 0141860836     PISSN: 00224529     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jsh.2003.0163     Document Type: Review

References (140)

1. This is a revised version of an essay, addressed to social scientists, 'The History of Aging in the West' published in Thas R. Cole, Robert Kastenbaum & Ruth E. Kay, eds., Handbook of the Humanities and Aging Second Edition (New York, 2000).
2. P. Stearns, Old Age in European Society (London, 1977); Keith Thomas "Age and Authority in Early Modern England," Proceedings of the British Academy, 62, 1976, pp. 205-248; Peter Laslett, "Societal development and aging" in R. Binstock & E. Shanas, eds., Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences (New York, 1976), pp. 87-116; D. Hackett Fischer, Growing Old in America (New York, 1978).
3. P. Stearns, Old Age in European Society (London, 1977); Keith Thomas "Age and Authority in Early Modern England," Proceedings of the British Academy, 62, 1976, pp. 205-248; Peter Laslett, "Societal development and aging" in R. Binstock & E. Shanas, eds., Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences (New York, 1976), pp. 87-116; D. Hackett Fischer, Growing Old in America (New York, 1978).
4. P. Stearns, Old Age in European Society (London, 1977); Keith Thomas "Age and Authority in Early Modern England," Proceedings of the British Academy, 62, 1976, pp. 205-248; Peter Laslett, "Societal development and aging" in R. Binstock & E. Shanas, eds., Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences (New York, 1976), pp. 87-116; D. Hackett Fischer, Growing Old in America (New York, 1978).
5. P. Stearns, Old Age in European Society (London, 1977); Keith Thomas "Age and Authority in Early Modern England," Proceedings of the British Academy, 62, 1976, pp. 205-248; Peter Laslett, "Societal development and aging" in R. Binstock & E. Shanas, eds., Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences (New York, 1976), pp. 87-116; D. Hackett Fischer, Growing Old in America (New York, 1978).
6. P. Bourdelais, Le nouvel age de la vieillesse: histoire du viellissement de la population (Paris, 1993); D. Troyansky, Old Age in the Old Regime: Image and Experience in 18th and 19th century France (Ithaca, 1989); "Old age, retirement and the social contract in 18th and 19th century France" in C. Conrad & H. J. Von Kondratowicz, Zur Kulturgeschichte des Alterns (Berlin, 1993), pp. 77-95; "Balancing social and cultural approaches to the history of old age and aging in Europe: a review and an example from post-revolutionary France" in P. Johnson & P. Thane, Old Age from Antiquity to Post-Modernnity (London, 1998), pp. 96-109.
7. P. Bourdelais, Le nouvel age de la vieillesse: histoire du viellissement de la population (Paris, 1993); D. Troyansky, Old Age in the Old Regime: Image and Experience in 18th and 19th century France (Ithaca, 1989); "Old age, retirement and the social contract in 18th and 19th century France" in C. Conrad & H. J. Von Kondratowicz, Zur Kulturgeschichte des Alterns (Berlin, 1993), pp. 77-95; "Balancing social and cultural approaches to the history of old age and aging in Europe: a review and an example from post-revolutionary France" in P. Johnson & P. Thane, Old Age from Antiquity to Post-Modernnity (London, 1998), pp. 96-109.
8. P. Bourdelais, Le nouvel age de la vieillesse: histoire du viellissement de la population (Paris, 1993); D. Troyansky, Old Age in the Old Regime: Image and Experience in 18th and 19th century France (Ithaca, 1989); "Old age, retirement and the social contract in 18th and 19th century France" in C. Conrad & H. J. Von Kondratowicz, Zur Kulturgeschichte des Alterns (Berlin, 1993), pp. 77-95; "Balancing social and cultural approaches to the history of old age and aging in Europe: a review and an example from post-revolutionary France" in P. Johnson & P. Thane, Old Age from Antiquity to Post-Modernnity (London, 1998), pp. 96-109.
9. P. Bourdelais, Le nouvel age de la vieillesse: histoire du viellissement de la population (Paris, 1993); D. Troyansky, Old Age in the Old Regime: Image and Experience in 18th and 19th century France (Ithaca, 1989); "Old age, retirement and the social contract in 18th and 19th century France" in C. Conrad & H. J. Von Kondratowicz, Zur Kulturgeschichte des Alterns (Berlin, 1993), pp. 77-95; "Balancing social and cultural approaches to the history of old age and aging in Europe: a review and an example from post-revolutionary France" in P. Johnson & P. Thane, Old Age from Antiquity to Post-Modernnity (London, 1998), pp. 96-109.
10. P.Borscheid, Geschichte des Alters 16-18. Jahrhundert (Munster, 1987); C. Conrad, Vom Greis zum Rentner: Der Strukturwandel des Alters in Deutschland zwischen 1830 und 1930 (Gottingen, 1994); H. J. Von Kondratowicz, "The medicalization of old age: continuity and change in Germany from the 18th to the 19th century" in M. Pelling and R. M. Smith, eds., Life, Death and the Elderly: Historical Perspectives on Ageing (London, 1991), pp. 143-164.
11. P.Borscheid, Geschichte des Alters 16-18. Jahrhundert (Munster, 1987); C. Conrad, Vom Greis zum Rentner: Der Strukturwandel des Alters in Deutschland zwischen 1830 und 1930 (Gottingen, 1994); H. J. Von Kondratowicz, "The medicalization of old age: continuity and change in Germany from the 18th to the 19th century" in M. Pelling and R. M. Smith, eds., Life, Death and the Elderly: Historical Perspectives on Ageing (London, 1991), pp. 143-164.
12. P.Borscheid, Geschichte des Alters 16-18. Jahrhundert (Munster, 1987); C. Conrad, Vom Greis zum Rentner: Der Strukturwandel des Alters in Deutschland zwischen 1830 und 1930 (Gottingen, 1994); H. J. Von Kondratowicz, "The medicalization of old age: continuity and change in Germany from the 18th to the 19th century" in M. Pelling and R. M. Smith, eds., Life, Death and the Elderly: Historical Perspectives on Ageing (London, 1991), pp. 143-164.
13. Pat Thane, Old Age in English History. Past Experiences, Present Issues (Oxford, 2000), pp. 21-4.
14. G.Minois, History of Old Age: from antiquity to the renaissance. Trans. S. Hanbury-Tenison (Oxford, 1989).
15. J.T. Rosenthal, Old Age in Late Medieval England (Philadelphia, 1996).
16. T. Premo, Winter Friends (Urbana, 1990); M.Stavenuiter, K. Bjisterfeld & S. Jansens, Lange Levens, stille getuigen. Oudere Vrowen in het verladen (Zutpen, 1996); L. Botelho & P. Thane, Women and Ageing in Britain since 1500 (London, 1999); Thane, Old Age; C. Haber & B. Gratton, Old Age and the Search for Security: An American Social History (Bloomington, 1994).
17. T. Premo, Winter Friends (Urbana, 1990); M.Stavenuiter, K. Bjisterfeld & S. Jansens, Lange Levens, stille getuigen. Oudere Vrowen in het verladen (Zutpen, 1996); L. Botelho & P. Thane, Women and Ageing in Britain since 1500 (London, 1999); Thane, Old Age; C. Haber & B. Gratton, Old Age and the Search for Security: An American Social History (Bloomington, 1994).
18. T. Premo, Winter Friends (Urbana, 1990); M.Stavenuiter, K. Bjisterfeld & S. Jansens, Lange Levens, stille getuigen. Oudere Vrowen in het verladen (Zutpen, 1996); L. Botelho & P. Thane, Women and Ageing in Britain since 1500 (London, 1999); Thane, Old Age; C. Haber & B. Gratton, Old Age and the Search for Security: An American Social History (Bloomington, 1994).
19. T. Premo, Winter Friends (Urbana, 1990); M.Stavenuiter, K. Bjisterfeld & S. Jansens, Lange Levens, stille getuigen. Oudere Vrowen in het verladen (Zutpen, 1996); L. Botelho & P. Thane, Women and Ageing in Britain since 1500 (London, 1999); Thane, Old Age; C. Haber & B. Gratton, Old Age and the Search for Security: An American Social History (Bloomington, 1994).
20. T. Premo, Winter Friends (Urbana, 1990); M.Stavenuiter, K. Bjisterfeld & S. Jansens, Lange Levens, stille getuigen. Oudere Vrowen in het verladen (Zutpen, 1996); L. Botelho & P. Thane, Women and Ageing in Britain since 1500 (London, 1999); Thane, Old Age; C. Haber & B. Gratton, Old Age and the Search for Security: An American Social History (Bloomington, 1994).
21. E. A. Wrigley and R. S. Schofield, The Population History of England 1541-1871. A Reconstruction (Cambridge, 1989), p. 528.
22. E. A. Wrigley, R. S. Davies, J.E.Oeppen and R. S. Schofield, English Population History from Family Reconstitution 1580-1837 (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 280-293.
23. Thane, Old Age, pp. 475-493.
24. Patrice Bourdelais "The ageing of the population. Relevant question or obsolete notion?" in Johnson & Thane, Antiquity to Post-Modernity 110-131.
25. Shulamith Shahar, Growing Old in the Middle Ages (London, 1997), pp. 33-5.
26. Ibid; Minois, History, pp. 79, 130, 180, 222, 224, 290, 292.
27. Ibid; Minois, History, pp. 79, 130, 180, 222, 224, 290, 292.
28. R. Schofield, "Did the Mothers Really Die? Three Centuries of Maternal Mortality in The World we have Lost'," in L. Bonfield, et al., eds., The World We Have Gained (Oxford, 1986), pp. 231-260.
29. Shahar, Growing Old, pp. 32-3.
30. Bourdelais, "The ageing," p. 110.
31. Edgar-Andre Montigny, Foisted upon the Government. State Responsibilities, Family Obligations and the care of the Dependent Aged in Late Nineteenth Century Ontario (Montreal, 1997), 33-41.
32. Haber & Gratton, Old Age and the Search for Security, p. 23.
33. W. Andrew Achenbaum, Old Age in the New Land. The American Experience since 1790 (Baltimore, 1976), 60-1.
34. Montigny, Foisted, p. 34.
35. Thane, Old Age, pp. 475-80.
36. Bourdelais, "The ageing," pp. 112-116. Pat Thane, "The debate on the declining birthrate in Britain: the 'menace' of an ageing population, 1920s-1950s," Continuity and Change, 5, (2), 1990, pp. 283-305.
37. Bourdelais, "The ageing," pp. 112-116. Pat Thane, "The debate on the declining birthrate in Britain: the 'menace' of an ageing population, 1920s-1950s," Continuity and Change, 5, (2), 1990, pp. 283-305.
38. I b i d.
39. Bourdelais, "The ageing," p. 111.
40. M. Raphael, Pensions and Public Servants: a study of the origins of the British system (Paris, 1964).
41. Martin Kohli, M. Rein, A. Guillemard, H. van Gunsteren, eds., Time for Retirement. Comparative Studies of Early Exit from the Labour Force (Cambridge, 1991).
42. Shahar, Growing Old, pp. 24ff.
43. M. Finley, "Old Age in Ancient Rome," Ageing and Society, 3, 1983, pp. 391-408.
44. T. Parkin, "Ageing in antiquity: status and participation" in Johnson & Thane, Antiquity to Posmodernity, p. 9.
45. Shahar, Growing Old, pp. 12-30; J.T. Rosenthal "Retirement and the Life-cycle in Fifteenth Century England" in M.M. Sheehan, ed., Aging and the Aged in Medieval Europe (Toronto, 1990), p. 179.
46. Shahar, Growing Old, pp. 12-30; J.T. Rosenthal "Retirement and the Life-cycle in Fifteenth Century England" in M.M. Sheehan, ed., Aging and the Aged in Medieval Europe (Toronto, 1990), p. 179.
47. Shahar, Growing Old.
48. Lynn Botelho, "Old age and menopause in rural women in early modern Suffolk" in Botelho & Thane, Women and Ageing, pp. 43-65.
49. Troyansky, "Old Age. Retirement and the social contract," p. 86.
50. Parkin, "Ageing in Antiquity".
51. J. A. Burrow, The Ages of Man (Oxford, 1986); Mary Dove, The Perfect Age of Man's Life (Cambridge, 1986); E. Sears, Ages of Man: Medieval Interpretations of the Life-Cycle (Princeton, 1986).
52. J. A. Burrow, The Ages of Man (Oxford, 1986); Mary Dove, The Perfect Age of Man's Life (Cambridge, 1986); E. Sears, Ages of Man: Medieval Interpretations of the Life-Cycle (Princeton, 1986).
53. J. A. Burrow, The Ages of Man (Oxford, 1986); Mary Dove, The Perfect Age of Man's Life (Cambridge, 1986); E. Sears, Ages of Man: Medieval Interpretations of the Life-Cycle (Princeton, 1986).
54. P. Amoss & S. Harrell, Other Ways of Growing Old: Anthropological Perspectives (Stanford, 1981).
55. Claire S. Schen, "Strategies of poor aged women and widows in sixteenth century London" in Botelho & Thane, Women and Ageing, pp. 13-30; Montigny, Foisted; Elles Bulder, The Social Economics of Old Age. Strategies to maintain income in later life in the Netherlands, 1880-1940 (Tinbergen, 1993); Thane, Old Age, pp. 73-160, 273-286.
56. Claire S. Schen, "Strategies of poor aged women and widows in sixteenth century London" in Botelho & Thane, Women and Ageing, pp. 13-30; Montigny, Foisted; Elles Bulder, The Social Economics of Old Age. Strategies to maintain income in later life in the Netherlands, 1880-1940 (Tinbergen, 1993); Thane, Old Age, pp. 73-160, 273-286.
57. Claire S. Schen, "Strategies of poor aged women and widows in sixteenth century London" in Botelho & Thane, Women and Ageing, pp. 13-30; Montigny, Foisted; Elles Bulder, The Social Economics of Old Age. Strategies to maintain income in later life in the Netherlands, 1880-1940 (Tinbergen, 1993); Thane, Old Age, pp. 73-160, 273-286.
58. Claire S. Schen, "Strategies of poor aged women and widows in sixteenth century London" in Botelho & Thane, Women and Ageing, pp. 13-30; Montigny, Foisted; Elles Bulder, The Social Economics of Old Age. Strategies to maintain income in later life in the Netherlands, 1880-1940 (Tinbergen, 1993); Thane, Old Age, pp. 73-160, 273-286.
59. Montigny, Foisted, pp. 53-56.
60. Shahar, Growing old, pp. 13-14, 171-2 and passim; B. Harvey, Living and Dying in England, 110-1540 (Oxford, 1993), pp. 179-209; R. M. Smith, "The Manorial Court and the Elderly Tenant in Late Medieval England" in Margaret Pelling and R. M. Smith, eds., Life, Death and the Elderly. Historical Perspectives (London, 1991), pp. 39-61. P.J. Greven, Four Generations (Ithaca, NY and London, 1970). C. Haber, "Historians' Approach to Aging in America" in Cole, Kastenbaum, Ray, Handbook, pp. 28-30.
61. Shahar, Growing old, pp. 13-14, 171-2 and passim; B. Harvey, Living and Dying in England, 110-1540 (Oxford, 1993), pp. 179-209; R. M. Smith, "The Manorial Court and the Elderly Tenant in Late Medieval England" in Margaret Pelling and R. M. Smith, eds., Life, Death and the Elderly. Historical Perspectives (London, 1991), pp. 39-61. P.J. Greven, Four Generations (Ithaca, NY and London, 1970). C. Haber, "Historians' Approach to Aging in America" in Cole, Kastenbaum, Ray, Handbook, pp. 28-30.
62. Shahar, Growing old, pp. 13-14, 171-2 and passim; B. Harvey, Living and Dying in England, 110-1540 (Oxford, 1993), pp. 179-209; R. M. Smith, "The Manorial Court and the Elderly Tenant in Late Medieval England" in Margaret Pelling and R. M. Smith, eds., Life, Death and the Elderly. Historical Perspectives (London, 1991), pp. 39-61. P.J. Greven, Four Generations (Ithaca, NY and London, 1970). C. Haber, "Historians' Approach to Aging in America" in Cole, Kastenbaum, Ray, Handbook, pp. 28-30.
63. Shahar, Growing old, pp. 13-14, 171-2 and passim; B. Harvey, Living and Dying in England, 110-1540 (Oxford, 1993), pp. 179-209; R. M. Smith, "The Manorial Court and the Elderly Tenant in Late Medieval England" in Margaret Pelling and R. M. Smith, eds., Life, Death and the Elderly. Historical Perspectives (London, 1991), pp. 39-61. P.J. Greven, Four Generations (Ithaca, NY and London, 1970). C. Haber, "Historians' Approach to Aging in America" in Cole, Kastenbaum, Ray, Handbook, pp. 28-30.
64. Shahar, Growing old, pp. 13-14, 171-2 and passim; B. Harvey, Living and Dying in England, 110-1540 (Oxford, 1993), pp. 179-209; R. M. Smith, "The Manorial Court and the Elderly Tenant in Late Medieval England" in Margaret Pelling and R. M. Smith, eds., Life, Death and the Elderly. Historical Perspectives (London, 1991), pp. 39-61. P.J. Greven, Four Generations (Ithaca, NY and London, 1970). C. Haber, "Historians' Approach to Aging in America" in Cole, Kastenbaum, Ray, Handbook, pp. 28-30.
65. Troyansky, "Old Age, Retirement". Raphael, Pensions and Public Servants. G.Thuillier, Les pensions de retraite des fonctionnaires au XIXème siecle (Paris, 1994). Thane, Old Age, pp. 236-256.
66. Troyansky, "Old Age, Retirement". Raphael, Pensions and Public Servants. G.Thuillier, Les pensions de retraite des fonctionnaires au XIXème siecle (Paris, 1994). Thane, Old Age, pp. 236-256.
67. Troyansky, "Old Age, Retirement". Raphael, Pensions and Public Servants. G.Thuillier, Les pensions de retraite des fonctionnaires au XIXème siecle (Paris, 1994). Thane, Old Age, pp. 236-256.
68. Troyansky, "Old Age, Retirement". Raphael, Pensions and Public Servants. G.Thuillier, Les pensions de retraite des fonctionnaires au XIXème siecle (Paris, 1994). Thane, Old Age, pp. 236-256.
69. M. Pelling, "Old Age, Poverty and Disability in Norwich" in Pelling and Smith, Life, Death and the Elderly, p. 82.
70. R. Jutte, Poverty and Deviance in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 86-90.
71. P. Johnson, "The employment and retirement of older men in England and Wales, 1881-1981," Economic History Review, 47, 1994, 106-128; R. L. Ransom & R. Sutch, "The labor of older Americans: retirement of men on and off the job, 1870-1937," Journal of Economic History, 46, 1986, 1-30. B. Gratton, "The labor force participation of older men," Journal of Social History, 20, 1987, 689-710; J. Moen, "The labor of older men," Journal of Economic History, 47 (3), 1987, 761-767. Thane, Old Age, pp. 273-286, 385-406.
72. P. Johnson, "The employment and retirement of older men in England and Wales, 1881-1981," Economic History Review, 47, 1994, 106-128; R. L. Ransom & R. Sutch, "The labor of older Americans: retirement of men on and off the job, 1870-1937," Journal of Economic History, 46, 1986, 1-30. B. Gratton, "The labor force participation of older men," Journal of Social History, 20, 1987, 689-710; J. Moen, "The labor of older men," Journal of Economic History, 47 (3), 1987, 761-767. Thane, Old Age, pp. 273-286, 385-406.
73. P. Johnson, "The employment and retirement of older men in England and Wales, 1881-1981," Economic History Review, 47, 1994, 106-128; R. L. Ransom & R. Sutch, "The labor of older Americans: retirement of men on and off the job, 1870-1937," Journal of Economic History, 46, 1986, 1-30. B. Gratton, "The labor force participation of older men," Journal of Social History, 20, 1987, 689-710; J. Moen, "The labor of older men," Journal of Economic History, 47 (3), 1987, 761-767. Thane, Old Age, pp. 273-286, 385-406.
74. P. Johnson, "The employment and retirement of older men in England and Wales, 1881-1981," Economic History Review, 47, 1994, 106-128; R. L. Ransom & R. Sutch, "The labor of older Americans: retirement of men on and off the job, 1870-1937," Journal of Economic History, 46, 1986, 1-30. B. Gratton, "The labor force participation of older men," Journal of Social History, 20, 1987, 689-710; J. Moen, "The labor of older men," Journal of Economic History, 47 (3), 1987, 761-767. Thane, Old Age, pp. 273-286, 385-406.
75. P. Johnson, "The employment and retirement of older men in England and Wales, 1881-1981," Economic History Review, 47, 1994, 106-128; R. L. Ransom & R. Sutch, "The labor of older Americans: retirement of men on and off the job, 1870-1937," Journal of Economic History, 46, 1986, 1-30. B. Gratton, "The labor force participation of older men," Journal of Social History, 20, 1987, 689-710; J. Moen, "The labor of older men," Journal of Economic History, 47 (3), 1987, 761-767. Thane, Old Age, pp. 273-286, 385-406.
76. John Macnicol, The Politics of Retirement in Britain, 1878-1948 (Cambridge, 1998); C. Phillipson, Capitalism and the Construction of Old Age (London, 1982).
77. John Macnicol, The Politics of Retirement in Britain, 1878-1948 (Cambridge, 1998); C. Phillipson, Capitalism and the Construction of Old Age (London, 1982).
78. M. Kohli et al., eds., Time for Retirement.
79. Troyansky, "Old Age, Retirement"; Liam Kennedy, "Farm succession in modern Ireland; elements of a theory of inheritance," Economic History Review, 3, 1991, pp. 478-496; Montigny, Foisted.
80. Troyansky, "Old Age, Retirement"; Liam Kennedy, "Farm succession in modern Ireland; elements of a theory of inheritance," Economic History Review, 3, 1991, pp. 478-496; Montigny, Foisted.
81. Troyansky, "Old Age, Retirement"; Liam Kennedy, "Farm succession in modern Ireland; elements of a theory of inheritance," Economic History Review, 3, 1991, pp. 478-496; Montigny, Foisted.
82. D. Gaunt, "The property and kin relationships of retired farmers in northern and central Europe" in R. Wall et al., eds., Family Forms in Historic Europe (Cambridge, 1983), PP. 259.
83. Jutte, Poverty and Deviance, pp. 88-9.
84. ibid. p. 83 ff.
85. David Thomson, "Old Age in the New World: New Zealand's Colonial Welfare Experiment" in Johnson & Thane, Antiquity to Postmodernity, pp. 146-179; Montigny, Foisted; Haber, "Historians' Approach," pp. 28-29; Premo, Winter Friends, p. 36; C. Haber and B. Gratton, Old Age and the Search for Security (Bloomington, 1993).
86. David Thomson, "Old Age in the New World: New Zealand's Colonial Welfare Experiment" in Johnson & Thane, Antiquity to Postmodernity, pp. 146-179; Montigny, Foisted; Haber, "Historians' Approach," pp. 28-29; Premo, Winter Friends, p. 36; C. Haber and B. Gratton, Old Age and the Search for Security (Bloomington, 1993).
87. David Thomson, "Old Age in the New World: New Zealand's Colonial Welfare Experiment" in Johnson & Thane, Antiquity to Postmodernity, pp. 146-179; Montigny, Foisted; Haber, "Historians' Approach," pp. 28-29; Premo, Winter Friends, p. 36; C. Haber and B. Gratton, Old Age and the Search for Security (Bloomington, 1993).
88. David Thomson, "Old Age in the New World: New Zealand's Colonial Welfare Experiment" in Johnson & Thane, Antiquity to Postmodernity, pp. 146-179; Montigny, Foisted; Haber, "Historians' Approach," pp. 28-29; Premo, Winter Friends, p. 36; C. Haber and B. Gratton, Old Age and the Search for Security (Bloomington, 1993).
89. David Thomson, "Old Age in the New World: New Zealand's Colonial Welfare Experiment" in Johnson & Thane, Antiquity to Postmodernity, pp. 146-179; Montigny, Foisted; Haber, "Historians' Approach," pp. 28-29; Premo, Winter Friends, p. 36; C. Haber and B. Gratton, Old Age and the Search for Security (Bloomington, 1993).
90. P. Laslett, "Necessary knowledge: age and aging in the societies of the past" in D. Kertzner & P. Laslett, eds., Aging in the Past: Demography, Society and Old Age (Berkeley & London, 1995); P. Laslett & R.Wall, Household and Family in Past Time (Cambridge, 1972).
91. P. Laslett, "Necessary knowledge: age and aging in the societies of the past" in D. Kertzner & P. Laslett, eds., Aging in the Past: Demography, Society and Old Age (Berkeley & London, 1995); P. Laslett & R.Wall, Household and Family in Past Time (Cambridge, 1972).
92. Laslett and Wall, Household and Family.
93. Jutte, Poverty and Deviance, p. 90.
94. L. Rosenmayr and E. Kockeis, "Proposition for a sociological theory of aging and the family," International Social Science Journal, 3, 1963, pp. 418-9.
95. Jutte, Poverty and Deviance, p. 85.
96. Bourdelais, "The ageing," p. 116.
97. Thane, Old Age, pp. 407-435.
98. Montigny describes similar relationships in 19th century Canada. Montigny, Foisted, pp. 33-49.
99. Bourdelais, "The ageing," p. 116.
100. Thane, Old Age, pp. 428-435.
101. Jutte, Poverty and Deviance.
102. Bourdelais, "The ageing," p. 116. Jutte, Poverty and Deviance. M. Pelling, "Old Age, Poverty," pp. 85-90. Montigny, Foisted 40-48. Jeffrey Weeks, Brian Heaphy, Catherine Donovan, "Families of choice: autonomy and mutuality in non-heterosexual relationships" in Susan McRae, ed., Changing Britain. Families and Households in the 1990s (Oxford, 1999), pp. 297-316.
103. Bourdelais, "The ageing," p. 116. Jutte, Poverty and Deviance. M. Pelling, "Old Age, Poverty," pp. 85-90. Montigny, Foisted 40-48. Jeffrey Weeks, Brian Heaphy, Catherine Donovan, "Families of choice: autonomy and mutuality in non-heterosexual relationships" in Susan McRae, ed., Changing Britain. Families and Households in the 1990s (Oxford, 1999), pp. 297-316.
104. Bourdelais, "The ageing," p. 116. Jutte, Poverty and Deviance. M. Pelling, "Old Age, Poverty," pp. 85-90. Montigny, Foisted 40-48. Jeffrey Weeks, Brian Heaphy, Catherine Donovan, "Families of choice: autonomy and mutuality in non-heterosexual relationships" in Susan McRae, ed., Changing Britain. Families and Households in the 1990s (Oxford, 1999), pp. 297-316.
105. Bourdelais, "The ageing," p. 116. Jutte, Poverty and Deviance. M. Pelling, "Old Age, Poverty," pp. 85-90. Montigny, Foisted 40-48. Jeffrey Weeks, Brian Heaphy, Catherine Donovan, "Families of choice: autonomy and mutuality in non-heterosexual relationships" in Susan McRae, ed., Changing Britain. Families and Households in the 1990s (Oxford, 1999), pp. 297-316.
106. Bourdelais, "The ageing," p. 116. Jutte, Poverty and Deviance. M. Pelling, "Old Age, Poverty," pp. 85-90. Montigny, Foisted 40-48. Jeffrey Weeks, Brian Heaphy, Catherine Donovan, "Families of choice: autonomy and mutuality in non-heterosexual relationships" in Susan McRae, ed., Changing Britain. Families and Households in the 1990s (Oxford, 1999), pp. 297-316.
107. Paul Slack, The English Poor Law, 1531-1782 (London, 1990).
108. Jutte, Poverty and Deviance, p. 54.
109. Slack, English Poor Law, pp. 39-45.
110. David Thomson, "Old Age in the New World: New Zealand's Colonial Welfare Experiment" Ch. 8. in P. Johnson and Pat Thane, eds., Old Age from Antiquity to Post-modernity (London, 1999); Brian Dickey, No Charity There. A Short History of Social Welfare in Australia (Melbourne, 1980).
111. David Thomson, "Old Age in the New World: New Zealand's Colonial Welfare Experiment" Ch. 8. in P. Johnson and Pat Thane, eds., Old Age from Antiquity to Post-modernity (London, 1999); Brian Dickey, No Charity There. A Short History of Social Welfare in Australia (Melbourne, 1980).
112. Montigny, Foisted, pp. 82-107.
113. P. Baldwin, The Politics of Social Solidarity. Class Bases of the European Welfare States, 1875-1975 (Cambridge, 1990).
114. World Bank, Averting the Old Age Crisis (Washington, 1994).
115. Minois, History, pp, 6-7.
116. D. H. Fischer, Growing Old.
117. Thomas R. Cole, The Journey of Life. A cultural of aging in America (Cambridge, 1992).
118. Achenbaum, New Land; Haber, Beyond Sixty-Five (New York, 1983).
119. Achenbaum, New Land; Haber, Beyond Sixty-Five (New York, 1983).
120. Fischer, Growing Old.
121. Cole, Journey.
122. Achenbaum, New Land.
123. Haber, Beyond Sixty-Five.
124. Haber, "Historians"; Thane, Old Age, pp. 1-16.
125. Haber, "Historians"; Thane, Old Age, pp. 1-16.
126. Parkin, "Ageing in antiquity".
127. Shahar, Growing Old; Rosenthal, Old Age.
128. Shahar, Growing Old; Rosenthal, Old Age.
129. Troyansky, Old Age in the Old Regime; "Social and cultural approaches" ; Bourdelais, Le nouvel age; "The ageing".
130. Troyansky, Old Age in the Old Regime; "Social and cultural approaches" ; Bourdelais, Le nouvel age; "The ageing".
131. Troyansky, Old Age in the Old Regime; "Social and cultural approaches" ; Bourdelais, Le nouvel age; "The ageing".
132. Troyansky, Old Age in the Old Regime; "Social and cultural approaches" ; Bourdelais, Le nouvel age; "The ageing".
133. Borscheid, Geschichte des Alters; Conrad, Vom Greis, zum Rentner; Von Kondratowicz, "medicalization."
134. Borscheid, Geschichte des Alters; Conrad, Vom Greis, zum Rentner; Von Kondratowicz, "medicalization."
135. Borscheid, Geschichte des Alters; Conrad, Vom Greis, zum Rentner; Von Kondratowicz, "medicalization."
136. Haber & Gratton, The search for security.
137. E. Clark, "The quest for security in medieval England" in M. M. Sheehan, ed., Aging and the aged in medieval Europe (Toronto, 1990); R. M. Smith, "The manorial court and the elderly tenant in late medieval England" in Pelling & Smith, Life, Death, pp. 39-61.
138. E. Clark, "The quest for security in medieval England" in M. M. Sheehan, ed., Aging and the aged in medieval Europe (Toronto, 1990); R. M. Smith, "The manorial court and the elderly tenant in late medieval England" in Pelling & Smith, Life, Death, pp. 39-61.
139. T. Sokoll, "Old age in poverty: the record of Essex pauper letters, 1780-1834" in T. Hitchcock, et al, eds., Chronicling Poverty: The voices and strategies of the English poor, 1640-1840 (London, 1993), pp. 127-154.
140. William Shakespeare, As You Like It Act 2 Scene 7.