Integration of herbicides with arthropod biocontrol agents for weed control

Biocontrol Science and Technology

Volumn 13, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 547-570

  Ainsworth, Nigel ^a  

^a The CRC for Australian Weed Management   (Australia)

Author keywords

2,4 D; Dispersal; Glyphosate; Insect; Metsulfuron methyl; Oviposition; Picloram; Predator; Toxicity; Triclopyr

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL; CHEMICAL CONTROL; INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT; WEED CONTROL;

ARTHROPODA; INSECTA;

EID: 0141857851     PISSN: 09583157     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/0958315031000151819     Document Type: Review

References (118)

1. ADAIR, R.J. & AINSWORTH, N. (2000) Best Practice Management Guide for Environmental Weeds. Boneseed. CRC for Weed Management Systems, Adelaide.
2. AGNELLO, A.M., BRADLEY, J.R. & VAN DUYN, J.W. (1986) Plant-mediated effects of postemergence herbicides on Epilachna varivestis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Environmental Entomology 15, 216-220.
3. AHN, Y.J., CHO, J.R., KIM, Y.J., YOO, J.K. & LEE, J.O. (1997) Toxicity of the herbicide glufosinate-ammonium to Tetrynchus urticae (Acari: Tetrynchidae) under laboratory and field conditions. Pesticide Science 51, 455-461.
4. AINSWORTH, N. (1999) Potential for integrated control of horehound Marrubium vulgare L. by the plume moth Wheeleria spilodactylus (Curtis) and 2,4-D. Biocontrol Science and Technology 9, 355-364.
5. th Australian Weeds Conference, Hobart, Tasmania 12-16 September 1999 (BISHOP, A.C., BOERSMA, M. & BARNES, C.D., Eds.). Tasmanian Weed Society, Hobart, pp. 275-278.
6. AINSWORTH, N. & MORRIS, C. (2000) Integration of herbicide treatments with the plume moth for horehound control. Plant Protection Quarterly 15, 37-39.
7. ANDRES, L.A. (1977) Biological control of weeds, in Integrated control of weeds (FRYER, D.D. & MATSUNAKA, S., Eds.). University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, pp. 153-176.
8. ARITA, L.H., FURUTANI, S.C. & MONIZ, J.J. (1988) Preferential feeding by Chinese rose beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) on ethephon-treated plants. Journal of Economic Entomology 81, 1373-1376.
9. ATKINSON, P.R. & NUSS, K.J. (1989) Associations between host-plant nitrogen and infestations of the sugarcane borer, Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 79, 489-506.
10. BIALCZYK, J., LECHOWSKI, Z. & LIBIK, A. (1999) The protective action of tannins against glasshouse whitefly in tomato seedlings. Journal of Agricultural Science 133, 197-201.
11. BINGGELI, P. (1996) A taxonomic, biogeographical and ecological overview of invasive woody plants. Journal of Vegetation Science 7, 121-124.
12. BODNARYK, R.P. (1992) Leaf epicuticular wax, an antixenotic factor in Brassicaceae that affects the rate and pattern of feeding of flea beetles, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze). Canadian Journal of Plant Science 72, 1295-1303.
13. th Australian Weeds Conference, Hobart, Tasmania, 12-16 September 1999 (BISHOP, A.C., BOERSMA, M. & BARNES, C.D., Eds.) Tasmanian Weed Society, Hobart, p. 447.
14. BRIESE, D.T. (2000) Classical Biological Control, in Australian Weed Management Systems (SINDEL, B.M., Ed.). R.G. and F.J. Richardson, Melbourne, pp. 161-192.
15. CAMPBELL, B.C. (1988) The effects of plant growth regulators and herbicides on host plant quality to insects, in Plant Stress-Insect Interactions (HEINRICHS, E.A., Ed.). Wiley-Interscience, New York, pp. 205-224.
16. CAMPBELL, B.C., CHAN, B.G., CREASEY, L.L., DREYER, D.L., RABIN, L.B. & WAISS, A.C. (1984) Bioregulation of host plant resistance to insects, in Bioregulators: Chemistry and Uses (ORY, R.L. & RITTIG, F.R., Eds.). American Chemical Society Symposium Series 257, pp. 193-203.
17. CARSON, W.P. & ROOT, R.B. (1999) Top-down effects of insect herbivores during early succession: influence on biomass and plant dominance. Oecologia 121, 260-272.
18. CENTER, T.D., DRAY, F.A., JUBINSKY, G.P. & GRODOWITZ, M.J. (1999) Biological control of water hyacinth under conditions of maintenance management: can herbicides and insects be integrated? Environmental Management 23, 241-256.
19. CENTER, T.D., STEWARD, K.K. & BRUNER, M.C. (1982) Control of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) with Neochetina eichhorniae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and a growth retardant. Weed Science 30, 453-457.
20. CILLIERS, C.J. (1991) Biological control of water fern, Salvinia molesta (Salviniaceae) in South Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 37, 219-224.
21. COFFELT, M.A., SCHULTZ, P.B. & BANKO, T.J. (1993) Tree growth regulator influences orangestriped oakworm (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) development and survival. Journal of Economic Entomology 86, 1446-1452.
22. COWLEY, M.J.R., THOMAS, C.D., WILSON, R.J., LEON-CORTES, J.L., GUTIERREZ, D. & BULMAN, C.R. (2001) Density-distribution relationships in British butterflies. II An assessment of mechanisms. Journal of Animal Ecology 70, 426-441.
23. CRAWLEY, M.J. (1990) Plant life-history and the success of biological control projects, in Proceedings of the VII International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, 6-11 March 1988, Rome, Italy (DELFOSSE, E.S., Ed.). Ministero dell' Agricoltura e della Foreste, Rome/CSIRO, Melbourne, pp. 17-26.
24. CULLEN, J.M. (1996) Integrated control and management, in Proceedings of the IX International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (MORAN, V.C. & HOFFMAN, J.H., Eds.). University of Cape Town Stellenbosch, South Africa, pp. 483-486.
25. DING, J.-Q., WANG, R., FU, W.-D. & CHEN, Z.-Q. (1998) Effects of Roundup on the mortality of eggs, larvae and adults of Neochetina eichhorniae. Chinese Journal of Biological Control 14, 152-155.
26. DOWLING, P.M., MICHALK, D.L. & SINDEL, B.M. (2000) Weed management in pasture systems, in Australian Weed Management Systems (SINDEL, B.M., Ed.). R.G. and F.J. Richardson, Melbourne, pp. 307-328
27. DREYER D.L., CAMPBELL, B.C. & JONES, K.C. (1984) Effect of bioregulator-treated sorghum on greenbug fecundity and feeding behavior: implications for host-plant resistance. Phytochemistry 23, 1593-1596.
28. DUKE, S.O. (1985) Biosynthesis of phenolic compounds. Chemical manipulation in higher plants, in The chemistry of Allelopathy. Biochemical interactions among plants. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 113-131.
29. DURDEN, W.C., BLACKBURN, R.D. & GANGSTAD, E.O. (1975) Control program for alligatorweed in the southeastern states. Hyacinth Control Journal 13, 27-30.
30. EDWARDS, P.B. (1982) Do waxes on juvenile Eucalyptus leaves provide protection from grazing insects? Australian Journal of Ecology 7, 347-352
31. EIGENBRODE, S.D., SHELTON, A.M., CAIN, W.C., LEICHTWEIS, H. & SPITTLER, T.D. (1993) Managing lepidopteran pests in cabbage with herbicide-induced resistance, in combination with a pyrethroid insecticide. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 69, 41-50.
32. EIGENBRODE, S.D., MOODIE, S. & CASTAGNOLA, T. (1995) Predators mediate host plant resistance to a phytophagous pest in cabbage with glossy leaf wax. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 77, 335-342.
33. EIGENBRODE, S.D., KABALO, N.N. & STONER, K.A. (1999) Predation, behavior and attachment by Chrysoperla plorabunda larvae on Brassica oleracea with different surface waxblooms. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 90, 225-235.
34. ELMORE, C.L. (1996) A reintroduction to integrated weed management. Weed Science 44, 409-412.
35. FALCO, J.M., VILANOVA, L. & SEGURA, J. (1989) Effects of glyphosate on phenolic compounds and free amino acids in oat seedlings. Agrochimica 33, 166-173.
36. FRASER, L.H. & GRIME, J.P. (1998) Top-down control and its effect on the biomass and composition of three grasses at high and low soil fertility in outdoor microcosms. Oecologia 113, 239-246.
37. GAMAL, E.S. & EL GHAR, A. (1994) Effects of herbicides on consumption, growth and food utilization by cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) larvae. Anz. Schadlingskde, Pflanzenschutz, Umweltschutz 67, 143-146.
38. GATFORD, K.L., SIMPSON, R.J., SIEVER-KELLY, C., LEURY, B.J., DOVE, H. & CIAVARELLA, T.A. (1999) Spray-topping annual grass pasture with glyphosate to delay loss of feeding value during summer. I. Effects on pasture yield and nutritive value. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, 453-464.
39. GRICE, A.C. (2000) Weed Management in Australian Rangelands, in Australian Weed Management Systems (SINDEL, B.M., Ed.). R.G. and F.J. Richardson, Melbourne, pp. 431-458.
40. GROVES, R.H. & HOSKING, J.R. (1997) Recent Incursions of Weeds to Australia 1971-1995. CRC for Weed Management Systems Technical Series No. 3, Adelaide.
41. HAAG, K.H. (1986) Effects of herbicide application on mortality and dispersive behaviour of the water hyacinth weevils Neochetina eichhorniae and Neochetina bruchi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Environmental Entomology 15, 1192-1198.
42. HAAG, K.H. & BUCKINGHAM, G.R. (1991) Effects of herbicides and microbial insecticides on the insects of aquatic plants. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management 29, 55-57.
43. HAAG, K.H. & HABECK, D.H. (1991) Enhanced biological control of waterhyacinth following limited herbicide application. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management 29, 24-28.
44. HAAG, K.H., GLENN, M.S. & JORDAN, J.C. (1988) Selective patterns of herbicide application for improved biological control of waterhyacinth. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management 26, 17-19.
45. HASSAN, S.A., BIGLER, F., BOGENSCHÜTZ, H., BOLLER, E., BRUN, J., CALIS, J.N.M., CHIVERTON, P., COREMAN-PELSENEER, J., DUSO, C., LEWIS, G.B., MANSOUR, F., MORETH, L., OOMEN, P.A., OVERMEER, W.P.J., POLGAR, L., RIECKMANN, W., SAMSØE-PETERSEN, L., STÄUBLI, A., STERK, G., TAVARES, K., TUSET, J.J. & VIGGIANI, G. (1991) Results of the Fifth Joint Pesticide Testing Programme carried out by the IOBC/WPRS-working group 'Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms'. Entomophaga 36, 55-67.
46. HASSAN, S.A., BIGLER, F., BOGENSCHÜTZ, H., BOLLER, E., BRUN, J., CALIS, J.N.M., CHIVERTON, P., COREMAN-PELSENEER, J., DUSO, C., GROVE, A., HEIMBACH, U., HELYER, N., HOKKANEN, H., LEWIS, G.B., MANSOUR, F., MORETH, L., POLGAR, L., SAMSØE-PETERSEN, L., SAUPHANOR, B., STÄUBLI, A., STERK, G., VAINIO, A., VAN DE VEIRE, M., VIGGIANI, G. & VOGT, H. (1994) Results of the 6th Joint Pesticide Working Programme of the IOBC/WPRS-working group 'Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms'. Entomophaga 39, 107-119.
47. HAYES, L.M. (1999) Heather project calls for reinforcements, in Patua Te Otaota - Weed Clippings. Biological Control of Weeds Annual Review 1998199. Landcare Research New Zealand, Lincoln, New Zealand, p. 11.
48. HAYES, L.M. (2000a) Warning, herbicides can be fatal, in Patua Te Otaota - Weed Clippings. Biological Control of Weeds Annual Review 199912000. Landcare Research New Zealand, Lincoln, New Zealand, pp. 4-6.
49. HAYES, L.M. (2000b) Ragwort flea beetle and herbicides, in The Biological Control of Weeds Book. Landcare Research New Zealand, Lincoln, New Zealand.
50. HILL, M.P. & CILLIERS, C.J. (1999) A review of the arthropod natural enemies, and factors that influence their efficacy, in the biological control of water hyacinth, Eichornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms-Laubach (Pontederiaceae), in South Africa. African Entomology Memoir, No. 1 (OLCKERS, T. & HILL, M.P., Eds.). pp. 103-112.
51. HINZ, H.L. & MCCLAY, A. (2000) Ten years of scentless chamomile: prospects for the biological control of a weed of cultivated land, in Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds 4-14 July 1999 (SPENCER, N.R., Ed.), Montana State University, Montana, USA, pp. 537-550.
52. HOSKING, J.R., MCFADYEN, R.E. & MURRAY, N.D. (1988) Distribution and biological control of cactus species in eastern Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly 3, 115-123.
53. IRESON, J.E., LEIGHTON, S.M., HOLLOWAY, R.J. & CHATTERTON, W.S. (2000) Establishment and redistribution of Longitarsus flavicornis (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) for the biological control of ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) in Tasmania. Australian Journal of Entomology 39, 42-46.
54. JACOBS, J.S., SHELEY, R.L. & STORY, J.M. (2000) Use of picloram to enhance establishment of Cyphocleonus achates (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Environmental Entomology 29, 349-354.
55. JULIEN, M.H. (1989) Biological control of weeds worldwide: trends, rates of success and the future. Biocontrol News and Information 10, 299-306.
56. JULIEN, M.H. & GRIFFITHS, M.W. (1998) Biological Control of Weeds. A World Catalogue of Agents and Their Target Weeds, 4th Edn. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.
57. JULIEN, M.H. & STORRS, M.J. (1996) Integrating biological controls to manage salvinia in Kakadu National Park, northern Australia, in Proceedings of the IX International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, January 1996, Stellenbosch, South Africa (MORAN, V.C. & HOFFMAN, J.H., Eds.). University of Cape Town, Cape Town, pp. 445-449.
58. KJAER, C. & ELMEGAARD, N. (1996) Effect of herbicide treatment on host plant quality for a leaf-eating beetle. Pesticide Science 47, 319-325.
59. KLEIN, H. (1999) Biological control of three cactaceous seeds, Pereskia aculeata Miller, Harrisia martinii (Labouret) Cereus jamacaru de Candolle in South Africa, in African Entomology Memoir, No. 1 (OLCKERS, T. & HILL, M.P., Eds.). pp. 3-14.
60. KORICHEVA, J., LARSSON, S. & HAUKIOJA, E. (1998) Insect performance on experimentally stressed woody plants: a meta-analysis. Annual Review of Entomology 43, 195-216.
61. KREITER, S. & LE MENN, V. (1993). Interactions between weed control in vines and phytophagous and predatory mite populations, in Conference Internationale sur les Ravageurs en Agriculture 7-9 December 1993, Montpellier. ANPP, Paris, pp. 821-830.
62. LEVESQUE, C.A. & RAHE, J.E. (1992) Herbicide interactions with fungal root pathogens, with special reference to glyphosate. Annual Review of Phytopathology 30, 579-602.
63. LINDGREN, C.J., GABOR, T.S. & MURKIN, H.R. (1998) Impact of triclopyr amine on Galerucella calmariensis L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and a step toward integrated management of purple loosestrife Lythrum salicaria L. Biological Control 12, 14-19.
64. LINDGREN, C.J., GABOR, T.S. & MURKIN, H.R. (1999) Compatibility of glyphosate with Galerucella calmariensis; a biological control agent for purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). Journal of Aquatic Plant Management 37, 44-48.
65. LINDGREN, C.J., GABOR, T.S., MURKIN, H.R. & HENNE, D. (2000) Critical steps towards an integrated vegetation managment strategy for the control of purple loosestrife in Manitoba, Canada, in Proceedings of the Xth International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, 4-14 July 1999 (SPENCER, N.R., Ed.), Montana State University, Montana, USA, pp. 383-388
66. LYDON, J. & DUKE, S.O. (1989) Pesticide effects on secondary metabolism of higher plants. Pesticide Science 25, 361-373.
67. LYM, R.G. & CARLSON, R.B. (1994) Effect of herbicide treatment on leafy spurge gall midge (Spurgia esulae) population. Weed Technology 8, 285-288.
68. LYM, R.G., MUNDAL, D.A. & CARLSON, R.B. (2000) Leafy spurge control with Apthona nigriscutis alone or combined with herbicides. Western Society of Weed Science 2000 Research progress Report Tucson, Arizona, pp. 11-12.
69. MCCAFFREY, J.P. & CALLIHAN, R.H. (1988) Compatibility of picloram and 2,4-D with Urophora affinis and U. quadrifasciata (Diptera: Tephritidae) for spotted knapweed control. Environmental Entomology 17, 785-788.
70. MCCLAY, A.S. (1995) Beyond "before-and-after:" experimental design and evaluation in classical weed biological control, in Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, 2-7 February 1992 (DELFOSSE, E.S. & SCOTT, R.R., Eds.), Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand, DSIR/CSIRO, Melbourne, pp. 213-219.
71. MCFADYEN, R.E.C. (2000) Successes in the biological control of weeds, in Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, 4-14 July 1999 (SPENCER, N.R., Ed.), Montana State University, Montana, USA, pp. 3-14.
72. MEISNER, J., LIFSHITZ, N. & ASCHER, K.R.S. (1987) Antifeedant properties of herbicides against Spodoptera littoralis larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), with special reference to Pronamide. Journal of Economic Entomology 80, 724-727.
73. MENENDEZ, R., GUTIERREZ, D. & THOMAS, C.D. (2002) Migration and Allee effects in the six-spot burnet moth Zygaena filipendulae. Ecological Entomology 27, 317-325.
74. MESSERSMITH, C.G. & ADKINS, S.W. (1995) Integrating weed-feeding insects and herbicides for weed control. Weed Technology 9, 199-208.
75. MORAN, M.D. & SCHEIDLER, A.R. (2002) Effects of nutrients and predators on an old-field food chain: interactions of top-down and bottom-up processes. Oikos 98, 116-124.
76. MORAN, V.C. & ZIMMERMANN, H.G. (1991) Biological control of cactus weeds of minor importance in South Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 37, 37-55.
77. MOYER, J.L. & KELLEY, K.W. (1995) Broadleaf herbicide effects on tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) seedhead density, forage yield, and quality. Weed Technology 9, 270-276.
78. NELSON, J.A. & LYM, R.G. (2000) Integration of the flea beetle, Apthona nigriscutis, and herbicides for control of leafy spurge, Euphorbia esula in Proceedings of the X International Symposiwn on Biological Control of Weeds, 4-14 July 1999 (SPENCER, N.R., Ed.), Montana State University, Montana, USA, p. 968.
79. NEWMAN, R.M., THOMPSON, D.C. & RICHMAN, D.B. (1998) Conservation Strategies for the biological control of weeds, in Conservation Biological Control (BARBOSA, P., Ed.). Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 371-396.
80. OLCKERS, T., ZIMMERMAN, H.G. & HOFFMANN, J.H. (1998) Integrating biological control into the management of alien invasive weeds in South Africa. Pesticide Outlook 9, 9-16.
81. PATNAIK, N.C., PRUSTY, J.C., RAY, H. & GHODE, M.K. (1988) Effect of some herbicides on Parthenium and its biocontrol agent Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister. Indian Journal of Weed Science 20, 98-100.
82. PEMBERTON, R.W. & TURNER, C.E. (1990) Biological control of Senecio jacobaea in northern California, an enduring success. Entomophaga 35, 71-77.
83. PITCAIRN, M.J. & DI TOMASO, J.M. (2000) Rangeland and uncultivated areas: integrating biological control agents and herbicides for starthistle control, in California Conference on Biological Control II (HODDLE, M.S., Ed.). pp. 65-72.
84. PRICE, P.W. (1991) The plant vigor hypothesis and herbivore attack. Oikos 62, 244-251.
85. PRICE, P.W. (2000) Host plant resource quality, insect herbivores and biocontrol, in Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, 4-14 July 1999 (SPENCER, N.R., Ed.), Montana State University, Montana, USA, pp. 583-590.
86. REES, N.E. & FAY, P.K. (1989) Survival of leafy spurge hawk moths (Hyles euphorbiae) when larvae are exposed to 2,4-D or picloram. Weed Technology 3, 429-431.
87. REINHARDT, C.F. (2000) Weed management practices in natural ecosystems: a critical overview. Koedoe 43, 67-74.
88. ROOM, P.M. & THOMAS, P.A. (1985) Nitrogen and establishment of a beetle for biological control of the floating weed Salvinia in Papua New Guinea. Journal of Applied Ecology 22, 139-156.
89. ROORDA, F.A., SCHULTEN, G.G.M. & PIETERSE, A.H. (1978) The susceptibility of Orthogalumna terebrantis Wallwork (Acarina: Galumnidae) to various pesticides, in Proceedings of the European Weeds Research Society 5th Symposium on Aquatic Weeds, pp. 375-381.
90. SAMSØE-PETERSEN, L (1995) Effects of 67 herbicides and plant growth regulators on the rove beetle Aleochara bilineata (Col: Staphylinnidae) in the laboratory. Entomophaga 40, 95-104.
91. SCHMUTZ, A., BUCHALA, A.J. & RYSER, U. (1996) Changing the dimensions of suberin lamellae of green cotton fibers with a specific inhibitor of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated fatty acid elongases. Plant Physiology 110, 403-411.
92. SEARLE, G.G., PENMAN, D.R. & CHAPMAN, R.B. (1990). The toxicity of herbicides to the gorse spider mite Tetranychus lintearius, in Proceedings of the 43rd New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 1990, pp. 178-181.
93. SHELTON, M.D. & EDWARDS, C.R. (1983) Effects of weeds on the diversity and abundance of insects in soybeans. Environmental Entomology 12, 296-298.
94. SIEBURTH, P.J., KOK, L.T. & LENTNER, M. (1983) Factors influencing the effectiveness of Tricosirocalus horridus (Panzer) in the control of Carduus thistles. Crop Protection 2, 143-151.
95. SMYTH, M.J. & SHEPPARD, A.W. (1996) The effect of simulated spray-grazing on the Paterson's curse crown weevil, Mogulones larvatus Schultze, in Proceedings of the Eleventh Australian Weeds Conference (SHEPHERD, R.C.H., Ed.). Weed Science Society of Victoria, Melbourne, pp. 291-293.
96. SPEIGHT, R.I. & WHITTAKER, J.B. (1987) Interactions between the Chrysomelid beetle Gastrophysa viridula, the weed Rumex obtusifolius and the herbicide Asulam. Journal of Applied Ecology 24, 119-129.
97. STERK, G., HASSAN, S.A., BAILLOD, M., BAKKER, F., BLÜMEL, H., BOGENSCHÜTZ, H., BOLLER, E., BROMAND, B., BRUN, J., CALIS, J.N.M., COREMANS-PELSENEER, J., DUSO, C., GARRIDO, A., GROVE, A., HEIMBACH, U., HOKKANEN, H., JACAS, J., LEWIS, G., MORETH, L., POLGAR, L., ROVERSTI, L., SAMSØE-PETERSEN, L., SAUPHANOR, B., SCHAUB, L., STÄUBLI, A., TUSET, J.J., VAINIO, A., VAN DE VIERE, M., VIGGIANI, G., VIÑUELA, E. & VOGT, H. (1999) Results of the Seventh Joint Pesticide Testing Programme carried out by the IOBC/WRS-working group 'Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms'. BioControl 44, 99-117.
98. STOREY, J.M., BOGGS, K.W. & GOOD, W.R. (1988) Optimal timing of 2, 4-D applications for compatibility with Urophora affinis and U. quadrifasciata (Diptera: Tephritidae) for control of spotted knapweed. Environmental Entomology 17, 911-914.
99. STOYER, T.L. & KOK, L.T. (1986) Field nurseries for propagating Trichosirocalus horridus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a biological control agent for Carduus thistles. Journal of Economic Entomology 79, 873-876.
100. STOYER, T.L. & KOK, L.T. (1987) Insect/plant interactions in integrating Trichosirocalus horridus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid for Carduus thistle control. Environmental Entomology 16, 864-888.
101. STOYER, T.L. & KOK, L.T. (1989) Oviposition by Trichosirocalus horridus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a biological control agent for Carduus thistles, on plants treated with low dosages of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Environmental Entomology 18, 715-718.
102. TIPPING, P.W. (1991) Effects of mowing or spraying Carduus thoermeri on Rhinocyllus conicus. Weed Technology 5, 628-631.
103. TONEY, J.C., RICE, P.M. & FORCELLA, F. (1998) Exotic plant records in the northwest United States 1950-1996: an ecological assessment. Northwest Science 72, 198-209.
104. TREVERROW, N. (1996) Controlling banana aphids by insecticide injection. Banana Growers Federation Bulletin 60, 22-23.
105. Trumble, J.T. & Kok, L.T. (1979) Compatability of Rhinocyllus conicus and 2,4-D (LVA) for musk thistle control. Environmental Entomology 8, 421-422
106. TRUMBLE, J.T. & KOK, L.T. (1980a) Impact of 2,4-D on Ceuthorhynchidius horridus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and their compatibility for integrated control of Carduus thistle. Weed Research 20, 73-75.
107. TRUMBLE, J.T. & KOK, L.T. (1980b) Integration of a thistle-head weevil and herbicide for Carduus thistle control. Protection Ecology 2, 57-64.
108. TRUMBLE, J.T. & KOK, L.T. (1982) Integrated pest management techniques in thistle suppression in pastures of North America. Weed Research 22, 345-359.
109. VAN, T.K. & CENTER, T.D. (1994) Effect of paclobutrazol and waterhyacinth weevil (Neochetina eichhorniae) on plant growth and leaf dynamics of waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Weed Science 42, 665-672.
110. WARING, G.L. & COBB, N.S. (1992) The impact of plant stress on herbivore population dynamics, in Insect Plant Interactions (BERNAYS, E., Ed.), vol. 4. CRC Press, London, Tokyo, pp. 167-226.
111. WESTRA, P.H., WYSE, D.L. & COOK, E.F. (1981) Weevil (Notaris bimaculatus) feeding reduces effectiveness of glyphosate on quackgrass (Agropyron repens). Weed Science 29, 540-547.
112. WESTWOOD, A.H. & BIESBOER, D.D. (1986) The influence of glyphosate on endogenous levels of free and conjugated IAA and phenolic compounds in leafy spurge, Euphorbia esula L. American Journal of Botany 73, 725.
113. WHITE, T.C.R. (1984) The abundance of invertebrate herbivores in relation to the availability of nitrogen in stressed food plants. Oecologia 63, 90-105.
114. WRIGHT, A.D. & BOURNE, A.S. (1990) Effect of 2,4-D on the quality of water hyacinth as food for insects. Plant Protection Quarterly 5, 139-141.
115. WRIGHT, A.D. & SKILLING, L. (1987) Herbicide toxicity and biological control agents, in Proceedings of the 8th Australian Weeds Conference, Sydney, 21-25 September 1987 (LEMMERLE, D. & LEYS, A.D., Eds.), Weed Society of NSW, pp. 93-96.
116. ZHANG, Z.-Q. & MCEVOY, P.B. (1995) Responses of ragwort flea beetle Longitarsus jacobaeae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to signals from host plants. Bulletin of Entomological Research 85, 437-444.
117. ZIMMERMANN, H.G. & MORAN, V.C. (1991) Biological control of prickly pear, Opuntia ficus-indica (Cactaceae), in South Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 37, 29-35.
118. ZIMMERMAN, H.G. & NESER, S. (1999). Trends and prospects for biological control of weeds in South Africa, in African Entomology Memoir, No. 1 (OLCKERS, T. & HILL, M.P., Eds.), pp. 165-173.