Observation of polymer conformation hysteresis in extensional flow

Science

Volumn 301, Issue 5639, 2003, Pages 1515-1519

  Schroeder, Charles M ^a   Babcock, Hazen P ^b,c   Shaqfeh, Eric S G ^a   Chu, Steven ^b  

^a Stanford University   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONFORMATIONS; DNA; ESCHERICHIA COLI; FLUORESCENCE; HYDRODYNAMICS; HYSTERESIS;

FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY;

PLASTIC FLOW;

POLYMER;

DNA; HYSTERESIS; POLYMER;

ARTICLE; CONFORMATION; FLOW; FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY; HYDRODYNAMICS; HYSTERESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STRESS STRAIN RELATIONSHIP;

BIOPOLYMERS; CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL; COMPUTER SIMULATION; DNA, BACTERIAL; ESCHERICHIA COLI; MICROSCOPY, FLUORESCENCE; NUCLEIC ACID CONFORMATION; THERMODYNAMICS;

ESCHERICHIA COLI;

EID: 0141818364     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.1086070     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. R. G. Larson, The Structure and Rheology of Complex Fluids (Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1999).
2. H. P. Babcock, R. E. Teixeira, J. S. Hur, E. S. G. Shaqfeh, S. Chu, Macromolecules 36, 4544 (2003).
3. R. B. Bird, C. F. Curtiss, R. C. Armstrong, O. Hassager, Dynamics of Polymeric Liquids (Wiley, New York, ed. 2, 1987), vol. 2.
4. P. G. de Gennes, J. Chem. Phys. 60, 5030 (1974).
5. G. G. Fuller, L. G. Leal, Rheol. Acta 19, 580 (1980).
6. D. Hunkeler, T. Q. Nguyen, H. H. Kausch, Polymer 37, 4257 (1996).
7. M. J. Menasveta, D. A. Hoagland, Macromolecules 24, 3427 (1991).
8. E. C. Lee, S. J. Muller, Macromolecules 32, 3295 (1999).
9. T. T. Perkins, D. E. Smith, S. Chu, Science 276, 2016 (1997).
10. D. E. Smith, S. Chu, Science 281, 1335 (1998).
11. E. J. Hinch, in Proc. Symp. Polym. Lubrification 233, 241 (1974).
12. R. I. Tanner, Trans. Soc. Rheol. 19, 557 (1975).
13. E. J. Hinch, Phys. Fluids 20, s22 (1977).
14. Y. V. Brestkin, Acta Polymerica 38, 470 (1987).
15. J.J. Magda, R. G. Larson, M. E. Mackay, J. Chem. Phys. 89, 2504 (1988),
16. J. M. Rallison, E. J. Hinch, J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 29, 37 (1988).
17. X. J. Fan, R. B. Bird, M. Renardy, J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 18, 255 (1985).
18. J. M. Wiest, L. E. Wedgewood, R. B. Bird, J. Chem. Phys. 90, 587 (1988).
19. P. G. de Gennes, Scaling Concepts in Polymer Physics (Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY, 1979).
20. F. Reif, Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1965).
21. G. K. Batchelor, J. Fluid Mech. 44, 419 (1970).
22. We have omitted a numerical constant on the order of unity in this expression.
23. D. E. Smith, T. T. Perkins, S. Chu, Macromolecules 29, 1372 (1996).
24. T. T. Perkins, D. E. Smith, R. G. Larson, S. Chu, Science 268, 83 (1995).
25. DNA molecules were imaged with a Micromax 512BFT camera from Roper Scientific, using a Zeiss Axioplan microscope equipped for epifluorescence with a 40 × 1.0 numerical aperture objective oil-immersion lens. We used a 0. 31 × demagnifying lens to provide a field of view of ≈480 μm. For polymer extensions greater than our field of view, we translated our microscope stage in the direction of molecular stretch to discern total extended lengths. The time scale for translation was on the order of seconds, which was much faster than the time scale of transient molecule dynamics for the range of ε probed.
26. Materials and methods are available as supporting material on Science Online.
27. B. J. Bentley, L. G. Leal, J. Fluid Mech. 167, 219 (1986).
28. obs = ε/ε on the order of several hours were required for fluid strains of about 10 to 15 units. Therefore, we added a small concentration of Sytox dye (Molecular Probes) to our inlet buffer solutions. Dye molecules bound to DNA exchange with free dye in solution so that fresh dye molecules replenish older, photobleached dye molecules. We also used a mechanical shutter to minimize light exposure from a mercury lamp illuminator and an oxygen-scavenging glucose oxidase-catalase enzyme system to minimize photo-bleaching. Combining these techniques, we achieved stable polymer relaxation times for at least 7 hours of observation time of a single DNA molecule.
29. R. M. Jendrejack, J. J. de Pablo, M. D. Graham, J. Chem. Phys. 116, 7752 (2002).
30. C. C. Hsieh, L. Li, R. G. Larson, J. Rheol., in press.
31. J. Rotne, S. Prager, J. Chem. Phys. 50, 4831 (1969).
32. B. A. Toms, in Proc. Int. Congr. Rheol. 2, 135 (1949).
33. P. S. Virk, Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. J. 21, 625 (1975).
34. J. Lumley, J. Polym. Sci. Macromol. Rev. 7, 263 (1973).
35. P. G. de Gennes, Introduction to Polymer Dynamics (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1990).
36. We thank M. Gallo and E. Chan at U.S. Genomics for generosity in genomic-length E. coli DNA sample preparation and G. Fuller and R. Larson for useful discussions. Supported in part by the Materials Research Science and Engineering Center Program of the NSF (DMR-0213618 and DMR-9808677), the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, and the NSF. C.M.S. was supported in part by an NSF graduate fellowship.