Physical examination of acutely injured ankles: An evidence-based approach

Athletic Therapy Today

Volumn 8, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 13-19

  Vela, Luzita ^a   Tourville, Timothy W ^a   Hertel, Jay ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Ankle sprain; Ottawa ankle rules; Palpation; Special tests; Swelling

Indexed keywords

ANKLE EDEMA; ANKLE INJURY; ANKLE RADIOGRAPHY; ANKLE SPRAIN; ANTERIOR DRAWER TEST; CALCANEUS; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FIBULA; HUMAN; IMAGE ANALYSIS; LIGAMENT; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MEDICAL RESEARCH; OTTAWA ANKLE RULE; PALPATION; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REVIEW;

EID: 0141816909     PISSN: 10787895     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1123/att.8.5.13     Document Type: Review

References (23)

1. Garrick JG, Requa RK. The epidemiology of foot and ankle injuries in sports. Clin Sports Med. 1988;7(1):29-36.
2. Ekstrand J, Tropp H. The incidence of ankle sprains in soccer. Foot Ankle. 1990;11(1):41-44.
3. Garrick JG. The frequency of injury, mechanism of injury, and epidemiology of ankle sprains. Am J Sports Med. 1977;5(6):241-242.
4. Sackett DL, Straus SE, Richardson WS, Rosenberg W, Haynes RB. Evidence-Based Medicine. How to Practice and Teach EBM. 2nd ed. Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone; 2000.
5. Stiell I, McKnight R, Greenberg G, Nair R, McDowell I, Wallace G. Intraobserver agreement in the examination of acute ankle injury patients. Am J Emerg Med. 1992;10(1):14-17.
6. Bachmann LM, Kolb E, Koller MT, Steurer J, ter Riet G. Accuracy of Ottawa ankle rules to exclude fractures of the ankle and mid-foot: systematic review. Br Med J. 2003 Feb 22;326(7386):417.
7. Leddy JJ, Smolinski RJ, Lawrence J, Snyder JL, Priore RL. Prospective evaluation of the Ottawa ankle rules in a university sports medicine center. With a modification to increase specificity for identifying malleolar fractures. Am J Sports Med. 1998;26(2):158-165.
8. Stiell IG, Greenberg GH, McKnight RD, et al. Decision rules for the use of radiography in acute ankle injuries. Refinement and prospective validation. JAMA. 1993;269(9):1127-1132,
9. Springer BA, Arciero RA, Tenuta JJ, Taylor DC. A prospective study of modified Ottawa ankle rules in a military population. Am J Sports Med. 2000;28(6):864-868.
10. van Dijk C, Lim L, Bossuyt P, Marti R. Physical examination is sufficient for the diagnosis of sprained ankles. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1996;78:958-962.
11. Funder V, Jorgensen J, Andersen A, et al. Ruptures of the lateral ligaments of the ankle. Acta Orthop Scand. 1982;53:997-1000.
12. Blanshard K, Finaly D, Scott D, Ley C, Siggins D, Allen M. A radiological analysis of lateral ligament injuries of the ankle. Clin Radiol. 1986;37:247-251.
13. Raatikainen T, Putkonen M, Puranen J. Arthrography, clinical examination, and acute stress radiograph in the diagnosis of acute injury to the lateral ligaments of the ankle. Am J Sports Med. 1992;20(1):2-6.
14. Fujii T, Luo Z, Kitaoka H, An K. The manual stress test may not be sufficient to differentiate ankle ligament injuries. Clin Biomech. 2000;15(8):619-623.
15. Liu W, Maitland M, Nigg B. The effect of axial load on the in vivo anterior drawer test of the ankle joint complex. Foot Ankle Int. 2000;21(5):420-426.
16. van Dijk C, Mol B, Lim L, Marti R, Bossuyt P. Diagnosis of ligament rupture of the ankle joint. Acta Orthop Scand. 1996;67(6):566-570.
17. Bahr R, Pena F, Shine J, et al. Mechanics of the anterior drawer and talar tilt test. A cadaveric study of lateral ligaments injuries of the ankle. Acta Orthop Scand. 1997;68(5):435-441.
18. Amendola A. Controversies in diagnosis and management of syndesmosis injuries of the ankle. Foot Ankle Int. 1992;13(1):44-50.
19. Hopkinson WJ, St Pierre P, Ryan JB, Wheeler JH. Syndesmosis sprains of the ankle. Foot Ankle Int. 1990;10(6):325-330.
20. Beumer A, Swierstra BA, Mulder PG. Clinical diagnosis of syndesmotic ankle instability: evaluation of stress tests behind the curtains. Acta Orthop Scand. 2002;73(6):667-669.
21. Meyer JM, Garcia J, Hoffmeyer P, Fritschy D. The subtalar sprain: a Roentgenographic study. Clin Orthop. 1986;226:169-173.
22. Hertel J, Denegar CR, Monroe MM, Stokes WL. Talocrural and subtalar joint instability after lateral ankle sprain. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31:1501-1508.
23. Denegar CR, Hertel J, Fonseca J. The effect of lateral ankle sprain on dorsiflexion range of motion, posterior talar glide, and joint laxity. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2002;32:166-173.