Perspectives on development of definitions and values related to old-growth forests

Environmental Reviews

Volumn 11, Issue 1 SUPPL., 2003, Pages

  Frelich, Lee E ^a   Reich, Peter B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

Dwarf forest; Minnesota; Old growth processes; Tree height

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; CLIMATE CHANGE; ECOLOGY; NATURAL RESOURCES;

GENETIC STRUCTURES; OLD GROWTH FORESTS;

FORESTRY;

EID: 0141808186     PISSN: 11818700     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/a03-011     Document Type: Review

References (36)

1. Bormann, F.H., and Likens, G.E. 1979. Pattern and process in a forested ecosystem. Springer-Verlag, New York, N.Y.
2. Brubaker, L.B. 1975. Postglacial forest patterns associated with till and outwash in Northcentral Upper Michigan. Quaternary Res. 5: 499-527.
3. Buchert, G.P., Rajora, OM. P., Hood, J.V., and Dancik, B.P. 1997. Effects of harvesting on genetic diversity in old-growth eastern white pine in Ontario, Canada. Conserv. Biol. 11: 747-758.
4. Clements, F.E. 1936. Nature and structure of the climax. J. Ecol. 24: 252-284.
5. Davis, M.B. 1984. Climatic instability, time lags, and community disequilibrium. In Community ecology. Edited by J. Diamond and T.J. Case. Harper and Row, New York, N.Y. pp. 269-284.
6. Davis, M.B., and Shaw, R.G. 2001. Range shifts and adaptive responses to Quaternary climate change. Science (Washington, D.C.), 292: 673-679.
7. Davis, M.B., Calcote, R.R., Sugita, S., and Takahara, H. 1998. Patchy invasion and the origin of a hemlock-hardwoods forest mosaic. Ecology, 79: 2641-2659.
8. Dunwiddie, P., Foster, D.R., Leopold, D., and Leverett, R.T. 1996. Old- growth of southern New England, New York, and Pennsylvania. In Eastern old-growth forests. Prospects for rediscovery and recovery. Edited by M.B. Davis. Island Press, Washington, D.C. pp. 126-143.
9. Frelich, L.E. 2002. Forest dynamics and disturbance regimes, studies from temperate evergreen-deciduous forests. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
10. Frelich, L.E., and Lorimer, C.G. 1991. Natural disturbance regimes in hemlock-hardwood forests of the Upper Great Lakes Region. Ecol. Monogr. 61: 145-164.
11. Frelich, L.E., and Puettmann, K. 1999. Restoration ecology. In Maintaining biodiversity in forest ecosystems. Edited by M.L Hunter, Jr. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. pp. 498-524.
12. Frelich, L.E., and Reich, P.B. 1995. Spatial patterns and succession in a Minnesota southern-boreal forest. Ecol. Monogr. 65: 325-346.
13. Frelich, L.E., Calcote, R.R., Davis, M.B., and Pastor, J. 1993. Patch formation and maintenance in an old growth hemlock-hardwood forest. Ecology, 74: 513-527.
14. Gauthier, S., Bergeron, Y., and Simon, J.-P. 1993. Cone serotiny in jack pine: ontogenetic, positional and environmental effects. Can. J. For. Res. 3: 394-401.
15. Gauthier, S., Bergeron, Y., and Simon, J.-P. 1996. Effects of different fire regimes on the serotiny level of jack pine at the southern edge of the boreal forest. J. Ecol. 84: 539-548.
16. Giertych, M. 1974. Inadequacy of early tests for growth characters as indicated by a 59-year old experiment. In Proceedings, Joint IUFRO Meeting, S.02.04.I-3. Department of Forest Genetics, Swedish Royal College of Forestry, Stockholm, pp. 237-242.
17. Heinselman, M.L. 1973. Fire in the virgin forests of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, Minnesota. Quaternary Res. 3: 329-382.
18. Heinselman, M.L. 1996. The Boundary Waters wilderness ecosystem. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
19. Hunter, M.L., Jr. 1996. Benchmarks for managing ecosystems: are human activities natural? Conserv. Biol. 10: 695-697.
20. Hunter, M.L., Jr. 1999. Biological diversity. In Maintaining biodiversity in forest ecosystems. Edited by M.L. Hunter, Jr. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. pp. 3-21.
21. Hunter, M.L., Jr., and White, A.S. 1997. Ecological thresholds and the definition of old-growth forest stands. Nat. Areas J. 17: 292-296.
22. Johnson, E.A. 1992. Fire and vegetation dynamics: studies from the North American boreal forest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
23. Kelly, P.E., Cook, E.R., and Larson, D.W. 1992. Constrained growth, cambial mortality, and dendrochronology of ancient Thuja occidentalis on cliffs of the Niagara escarpment: an eastern version of bristlecone pine? Int. J. Plant Sci. 153: 117-127.
24. Li, P., Bealieu, J., Daoust, G., and Plourde, A. 1997. Patterns of adaptive genetic variation in eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) from Quebec. Can. J. For. Res. 27: 199-206.
25. Lorimer, C.G., and Frelich, L.E. 1984. A simulation of equilibrium diameter distributions of sugar maple (Acer saccharum). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 111: 193-199.
26. Matlack, G.R. 1994. Plant species migration in a mixed-history forest landscape in eastern North America. Ecology, 75: 1491-1502.
27. Meier, A.J., Bratton, S.B., and Duffy, D.C. 1995. Possible ecological mechanisms for loss of vernal herb diversity in logged eastern deciduous forest. Ecol. Appl. 5: 935-946.
28. Oleksyn, J., Reich, P.B., Tjoelker, M.G., and Chalupka, W. 2001. Biogeographic differences in shoot elongation pattern among European Scots pine populations. For. Ecol. Manage. 148: 207-220.
29. Oliver, C.D., and Larson, B.C. 1996. Forest stand dynamics. Update ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y.
30. Rehfeldt, G.E., Ying, C.C., Spittlehouse, D.L., and Hamilton, D.A., Jr. 1999. Genetic responses to climate in Pinus contorta: niche breadth, climate change, and reforestation. Ecol. Monogr. 69: 375-407.
31. Reich, P.B., Bakken, P., Carlson, D., Frelich, L.E., Friedman, S.K., and Grigal, D. 2001. Influence of logging and fire on boreal forest biodiversity and productivity. Ecology, 82: 2731-2748.
32. Rusterholz, K.A. 1996, Identification and protection of old growth on state-owned land in Minnesota. In Eastern old-growth forests: Prospects for rediscovery and recovery. Edited by M.B. Davis. Island Press, Washington, D.C. pp. 233-244.
33. Selva, S.B. 1994. Lichen diversity and stand continuity in the northern hardwood and spruce-fir forests of northern New England and wester New Brunswick. Bryologist, 94: 424-428.
34. Seymour, R.S., and Hunter, M.L., Jr. 1999. Principles of ecolgical forestry. In Maintaining biodiversity in forest ecosystems. Edited by M.L. Hunter, Jr. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. pp. 22-61.
35. Thompson, I.D., and Angelstam, P. 1999. Special species. In Maintaining biodiversity in forest ecosystems. Edited by M.L. Hunter, Jr. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. pp. 434-459.
36. Winchester, N.N. 1997. The arboreal superhighway: arthropods and landscape dynamics. Can. Entomol. 129: 595-599.