Stopping the illegal trafficking of human beings: How transnational police work can stem the flow of forced prostitution

Crime, Law and Social Change

Volumn 38, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 67-80

  Mameli, Peter A ^a  

^a JOHN JAY COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0141794088     PISSN: 09254994     EISSN: 15730751     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1019876429551     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (45)

1. th, 1998, p. 21; United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention. "Global Programme Against Trafficking in Human Beings: An Outline for Action," February 1999; and, Amy O'neill-Richard, "International Trafficking in Women in the Untied States: A Contemporary Manifestation of Slavery and Organized Crime," Center for the Study of Intelligence, April 2000, pp. 1-2, and pp. 27-28. Beyond globalization processes, gender roles and cultural norms that relegate women to second class status need to be analyzed to fully define this problem.
2. th, 1998, p. 21; United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention. "Global Programme Against Trafficking in Human Beings: An Outline for Action," February 1999; and, Amy O'neill-Richard, "International Trafficking in Women in the Untied States: A Contemporary Manifestation of Slavery and Organized Crime," Center for the Study of Intelligence, April 2000, pp. 1-2, and pp. 27-28. Beyond globalization processes, gender roles and cultural norms that relegate women to second class status need to be analyzed to fully define this problem.
3. th, 1998, p. 21; United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention. "Global Programme Against Trafficking in Human Beings: An Outline for Action," February 1999; and, Amy O'neill-Richard, "International Trafficking in Women in the Untied States: A Contemporary Manifestation of Slavery and Organized Crime," Center for the Study of Intelligence, April 2000, pp. 1-2, and pp. 27-28. Beyond globalization processes, gender roles and cultural norms that relegate women to second class status need to be analyzed to fully define this problem.
4. United Nations, General Assembly, "Traffic in Women and Girls: Report of the Secretary-General," September 17, 1997, A/52/355.
5. Definition provided in Amy O'neill-Richard, "International Trafficking in Women in the Untied States: A Contemporary Manifestation of Slavery and Organized Crime," Center for the Study of Intelligence April 2000, p. v. The author also offers useful definitions of "Force or Coercion" and "Organized Criminal Groups."
6. Europol Convention, 1998. Annex. Europol is the EU's law enforcement agency established to support Member States by facilitating data exchanges, providing operational analysis, and providing expertise and technical support for investigations and ongoing operations.
7. See Thomas Schott, "Collaboration in the Invention of Technology: Globalization, Regions and Centers," Social Science Research 1994 (23), 23-56; Stephen D. Krasner, "International Political Economy: Abiding Discord" Review of International Political Eocnomy Spring 1994 (1:1), 13-19; Micheal Storper, "The Limits to Globalization: Technology Districts and International Trade," Economic Geography 1992, 60-92; Nigel Thrift, "Muddling Through: World Orders and Globalization," The Professional Geographer 1992 (44:1), 3-7; and Fred Riggs, "Globalization - An Inquiry About Meaning," PA Times October 1999, for a few examples.
8. See Thomas Schott, "Collaboration in the Invention of Technology: Globalization, Regions and Centers," Social Science Research 1994 (23), 23-56; Stephen D. Krasner, "International Political Economy: Abiding Discord" Review of International Political Eocnomy Spring 1994 (1:1), 13-19; Micheal Storper, "The Limits to Globalization: Technology Districts and International Trade," Economic Geography 1992, 60-92; Nigel Thrift, "Muddling Through: World Orders and Globalization," The Professional Geographer 1992 (44:1), 3-7; and Fred Riggs, "Globalization - An Inquiry About Meaning," PA Times October 1999, for a few examples.
9. See Thomas Schott, "Collaboration in the Invention of Technology: Globalization, Regions and Centers," Social Science Research 1994 (23), 23-56; Stephen D. Krasner, "International Political Economy: Abiding Discord" Review of International Political Eocnomy Spring 1994 (1:1), 13-19; Micheal Storper, "The Limits to Globalization: Technology Districts and International Trade," Economic Geography 1992, 60-92; Nigel Thrift, "Muddling Through: World Orders and Globalization," The Professional Geographer 1992 (44:1), 3-7; and Fred Riggs, "Globalization - An Inquiry About Meaning," PA Times October 1999, for a few examples.
10. See Thomas Schott, "Collaboration in the Invention of Technology: Globalization, Regions and Centers," Social Science Research 1994 (23), 23-56; Stephen D. Krasner, "International Political Economy: Abiding Discord" Review of International Political Eocnomy Spring 1994 (1:1), 13-19; Micheal Storper, "The Limits to Globalization: Technology Districts and International Trade," Economic Geography 1992, 60-92; Nigel Thrift, "Muddling Through: World Orders and Globalization," The Professional Geographer 1992 (44:1), 3-7; and Fred Riggs, "Globalization - An Inquiry About Meaning," PA Times October 1999, for a few examples.
11. See Thomas Schott, "Collaboration in the Invention of Technology: Globalization, Regions and Centers," Social Science Research 1994 (23), 23-56; Stephen D. Krasner, "International Political Economy: Abiding Discord" Review of International Political Eocnomy Spring 1994 (1:1), 13-19; Micheal Storper, "The Limits to Globalization: Technology Districts and International Trade," Economic Geography 1992, 60-92; Nigel Thrift, "Muddling Through: World Orders and Globalization," The Professional Geographer 1992 (44:1), 3-7; and Fred Riggs, "Globalization - An Inquiry About Meaning," PA Times October 1999, for a few examples.
12. R.G. Harris, "Globalization, Trade, and Income," Canadian Journal of Economics, November 1993 (26), 757.
13. A. MacEwan, "Globalization and Stagnation," Monthly Review April 1994 (45:11), 1.
14. Held, David and Anthony McGrew, "Globalization and the Liberal Democratic State," Government and Opposition Spring 1993 (28), 262.
15. S. Stoeker, "The Rise in Human Trafficking and the Role of Organized Crime," Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization. Heldref Publications, Winter 2000 (8:1), 137.
16. Licia Brussa, "Transnational AIDS/STD Prevention Among Migrant Prostitutes in Europe," Crossing Borders: Migration, Ethnicity and AIDS (United Kingdon: Taylor and Francis Publishers, 1996) pp. 193-94. Additionally, for a further discussion of the development and characteristics of global organized crime activities see, James H. Mittelman, The Globalization Syndrome: Transformation and Resistance (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2000).
17. Licia Brussa, "Transnational AIDS/STD Prevention Among Migrant Prostitutes in Europe," Crossing Borders: Migration, Ethnicity and AIDS (United Kingdon: Taylor and Francis Publishers, 1996) pp. 193-94. Additionally, for a further discussion of the development and characteristics of global organized crime activities see, James H. Mittelman, The Globalization Syndrome: Transformation and Resistance (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2000).
18. V. Pope, "Trafficking in Women: Procuring Russians for Sex Abroad - Even in America," U.S. News and World Report April 17, 1997, 38-44. See also Global Survival Network, Crime and Servitude: An Expose of the Traffic in Women for Prostitution from the Newly Independent States (Washington, D.C.: Global Survival Network, 1997).
19. V. Pope, "Trafficking in Women: Procuring Russians for Sex Abroad - Even in America," U.S. News and World Report April 17, 1997, 38-44. See also Global Survival Network, Crime and Servitude: An Expose of the Traffic in Women for Prostitution from the Newly Independent States (Washington, D.C.: Global Survival Network, 1997).
20. Europol, 2000. Fact Sheet 3 from the Europol web site describes the history of these developments: "The establishment of Europol was agreed to in the Maastricht Treaty on European Union of 7 February 1992. Based in the Hague, The Netherlands, Europol started limited operations on 3 January 1994 in the form of the Europol Drugs Unit with the fight against drugs and progressively added other important areas of criminality. The Europol Convention was ratified by all Member States and came into force on 1 October 1998. Following a number of legal acts related to the Convention, Europol took up its full activities on 1 July, 1999," Available from http://www.europol.eu.int and is currently available. Additionally, as Mittelman notes (p. 27), Europol itself is a state-centered reaction to globalization. The creation of transnational police forces such as Europol seek to manage globalization's negative impacts by providing the state a means of monitoring and reacting to illegal disruptions.
21. Europol, "Public Summary on Trafficking in Women," Europol, 1998.
22. Ibid, Europol.
23. Ibid, Europol.
24. Europol, "Report on the Activities of the Europol Drugs Unit/ Europol 1998," 1998. Europol web site: http://www.europol.eu.int; and, Europol, "Green Light to Europol for Cooperation with Non-EU States and Bodies in Fighting International Organized Crime!" Press Release 02/00.
25. Europol, "Report on the Activities of the Europol Drugs Unit/ Europol 1998," 1998. Europol web site: http://www.europol.eu.int; and, Europol, "Green Light to Europol for Cooperation with Non-EU States and Bodies in Fighting International Organized Crime!" Press Release 02/00.
26. European Union, "Action Programmes," Available from Internet at http://www.europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/al/1vb/133015.htm
27. European Union, "The Daphne Programme," Available from Internet at http:europa.eu.int/comm./justice_home/project/daphne/en/index.htm
28. Michelle Kuo, "Asia's Dirty Secret: Prostitution and Sex Trafficking in Southeast Asia," Harvard International Review Summer 2000 (XXII:2), 42-45.
29. See Alice Leuchtag, "Merchants of Flesh: International Prostitution and the War on Women's Rights" The Humanist March/April 1995 (55); and, Lisa Law, "The Traffic in Women," Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 1999 (30:2), 409-410.
30. See Alice Leuchtag, "Merchants of Flesh: International Prostitution and the War on Women's Rights" The Humanist March/April 1995 (55); and, Lisa Law, "The Traffic in Women," Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 1999 (30:2), 409-410.
31. See Imhoff, John J. and Stephen P. Cutler "Helping Police Around the World," Law & Order March 1999; and, Mike Muth, "Your Best Resource for International Investigations," Sheriff, March/April, 2000, for background as to the history and activities of Interpol.
32. See Imhoff, John J. and Stephen P. Cutler "Helping Police Around the World," Law & Order March 1999; and, Mike Muth, "Your Best Resource for International Investigations," Sheriff, March/April, 2000, for background as to the history and activities of Interpol.
33. Interpol web cite: www.Interpol.int
34. Francis Elliot, "MI6 Ordered to Track Down the Snakeheads," The Scotsman June 25, 2000.
35. Imhoff, John J. and Stephen P. Cutler. "Extending Law Enforcement's Reach Around the World" FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin December 1998.
36. Europol, 2000, Fact Sheet 3. Available from Internet, http://www.europol.eu.int
37. United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention, Update: Trafficking in Human Beings January 2000, pp. 8-9.
38. A March 2000 contact with the UNICRI indicated that while Europol had been in contact with the UN regarding the program, and their participation was envisioned in the future, no formal agreements had been established in this area.
39. European Network for HIV/STD Prevention in Prostitution, 2000. Available from Internet: http://www.med.ic.ac.uk/df/dfhm/europap/tampep/index.htm
40. European Network for HIV/STD Prevention in Prostitution, 2000. Available from Internet: http://www.med.ic.ac.uk/df/dfhm/europap/tampep/index.htm
41. European Network for HIV/STD Prevention in Prostitution, 2000. Available from Internet: http://www.med.ic.ac.uk/df/dfhm/europap/europap/index.htm
42. European Network for HIV/STD Prevention in Prostitution, 2000. Available from Internet: http://www.med.ic.ac.uk/df/dfhm/europap/europap/index.htm
43. Bill Joy, "Why the Future Doesn't Need Us," Wired April 2000. Available from Wired's web cite: www.wired.com. This topic is taken further in; Bill Joy, "Act Now to Keep New Technologies out of Destructive Hands, " New Perspectives Quarterly Summer 2000 (17:3), 12-14.
44. Bill Joy, "Why the Future Doesn't Need Us," Wired April 2000. Available from Wired's web cite: www.wired.com. This topic is taken further in; Bill Joy, "Act Now to Keep New Technologies out of Destructive Hands, " New Perspectives Quarterly Summer 2000 (17:3), 12-14.
45. Attali, Jacques, and Francis Fukuyama, "The Beginning of a New History," New Perspectives Quarterly Summer 2000 (17:3), 6-7.