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Glossary Allele-sharing test: a measure of the fraction or total number of alleles shared (identical by state) between two individuals is used to test membership in a relationship category. Avuncular: any of the four relationship categories involving uncles or aunts with nephews or nieces. Dyad: a pair of individuals. Gametic (linkage) equilibrium: random association between alleles at different loci in a population. Identity by descent (IBD): the situation in which two alleles are descended from a common ancestral allele within some reference population (Box 1). Likelihood: the likelihood that a parameter has a particular value equals the probability of the observed data given that value is true. For example
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