Elevated plasma homocysteine as risk factor for peripheral arterial disease - What is the evidence?

Seminars in Vascular Surgery

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 215-222

  Taylor Jr , Lloyd M ^a  

^a OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HOMOCYSTEINE; PLACEBO;

AMINO ACID METABOLISM; ARTERY DISEASE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY; HOMOCYSTINURIA; HUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RELIABILITY; REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; RISK FACTOR;

EID: 0141743563     PISSN: 08957967     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0895-7967(03)00027-9     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. McDermott MM, Feinglass J, Slavensky R, Pearce WH: The ankle-brachial index as a predictor of survival in patients with peripheral vascular disease. J Gen Int Med 9:445-449, 1994
2. Mudd SH, Skovby F, Levy HL, et al: The natural history of homocystinuria due to cystathionine B-synthase deficiency. Am J Hum Genet 37:1-31, 1985
3. Mudd SH, Finkelstein JD, Irrevere F, Laster L: Homocystinuria: An enzymatic defect. Science 143:1443-1445, 1964
4. McCully KS: Vascular pathology of homocystinuria: Implications for the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Am J Pathol 56:111-128, 1969
5. Mudd SH, Uhlendorf BW, Freeman JM, et al: Homocystinuria associated with decreased methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 46:905-912, 1972
6. Harker LA, Slichter SF, Scott CR, Ross R: Homocystinemia: Vascular injury and arterial thrombosis. N Engl J Med 291:537-543, 1974
7. McCully KS, Olszewski AJ, Vezeridis MP: Homocysteine and lipid metabolism in atherogenesis: Effect of the homocysteine thiolactonyl derivatives, thioretinaco and thioretinamide. Atherosclerosis 83:197-206, 1990
8. Rodgers GM, Conn MT: Homocysteine, an atherogenic stimulus, reduces protein C activation by arterial and venous endothelial cells. Blood 75:895-901, 1990
9. Hayashi T, Honda G, Suzuki K: An atherogenic stimulus homocysteine inhibits cofactor activity of thrombomodulin and enhances thrombomodulin expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Blood 79:2930-2936, 1992
10. Harpel PC, Chang VT, Borth W: Homocysteine and other sulfhydryl compounds enhance the binding of lipoprotein (a) to fibrin: A potential biochemical link between thrombosis, atherogenesis, and sulfhydryl compound metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:10193-10197, 1992
11. Das SK, White AC, Fanburg BL. Modulation of transforming growth factor-B1 antiproliferative effects on endothelial cells by cysteine, cystine, and N-acetylcysteine. J Clin Invest 90:1649-1656, 1992
12. Wang J, Dudman MPB, Wilcken DEL: Effects of homocysteine and related compounds on prostacyclin production by cultured human vascular endothelial cells. Thromb Haemost 70:1047-1052, 1993
13. Fryer RH, Wilson BD, Gubler DB, et al: Homocysteine, a risk factor for premature vascular disease and thrombosis, induces tissue factor activity in endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb 13:1327-1333, 1993
14. Lentz SR, Sadler JE: Homocysteine inhibits von Willebrand factor processing and secretion by preventing transport from the endoplasmic reticulum. Blood 81:683-689, 1993
15. Lubec B, Labudova O, Hoeger H, et al: Homocysteine increases cyclin-dependent kinase in aortic rat tissue. Circulation 94:2620-2625, 1996
16. Tsai J, Wang H, Perrella MA, et al: Induction of cyclin A gene expression by homocysteine in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest 97:146-153, 1996
17. Williamson WK, Cipolla MJ, Nehler MR, Taylor LM Jr, Porter JM: The effect of elevated homocysteine on resistance artery function. Surg Forum 48:403-405, 1997
18. Wilcken DEL, Wilcken B: The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease: A possible role for methionine metabolism. J Clin Invest 57:1079-1082, 1976
19. Harker LA, Ross R, Slichter SF, Scott CR: Homocysteine-induced atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 16:731-741, 1976
20. Haldovec J: Experimental homocystinemia, endothelial lesions and thrombosis. Blood Vessels 16:202-205, 1979
21. Haldovec J: Methionine, pyridoxine and endothelial lesions in rats. Blood Vessels 17:104-109, 1980
22. Wilcken DEL, Gupta VJ: Cysteine-homocysteine mixed disulfide: Differing plasma concentrations in normal men and women. Clin Sci (Lond) 57:211-215, 1979
23. Kang SS, Wong PWK, Becker N: Protein-bound homocyst(e)ine in normal subjects and in patients with homocystinuria. Pediatr Res 13:1141-1143, 1979
24. Refsum H, Helland S, Ueland PM: Radioenzymic determination of homocysteine in plasma and urine. Clin Chem 31:624-628, 1985
25. Wilcken DEL, Wilcken B: The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease: A possible role for methionine metabolism. J Clin Invest 57:1079-1082, 1976
26. Boers GHJ, Smals AGH, Trijbels FJM, et al: Heterozygosity for homocystinuria in premature peripheral and cerebral occlusive arterial disease. N Engl J Med 313:709-715, 1985
27. Kang SS, Wong PWK, Cook HY, et al: Protein-bound homocyst(e)ine: A possible risk factor for coronary artery disease. J Clin Invest 77:1482-1486, 1986
28. Wu LL, Wu J, Hunt SC, et al: Plasma homocyst(e)ine as a risk factor for early familial coronary artery disease. Clin Chem 40:552-561, 1994
29. Hopkins PN, Wu LL, Wu J, et al: Higher plasma homocyst(e)ine and increased susceptibility to adverse effects of low folate in early familial coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 15:1314-1320, 1995
30. Robinson K, Mayer EL, Miller DP, et al: Hyperhomocysteinemia and low pyridoxal phosphate: Common and independent reversible risk factors for coronary artery disease. Circulation 92:2825-2830, 1995
31. Malinow MR, Ducimetiere P, Luc G, et al: Plasma homocyst(e)ine and graded risk for myocardial infarction: Findings in two populations at contrasting risk for coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis 126:27-34, 1996
32. Coull BM, Malinow MR, Beamer N, et al: Elevated plasma homocyst(e)ine concentration as a possible independent risk factor for stroke. Stroke 21:572-576, 1990
33. Brattstrom L, Lindgren A, Israelsson B, et al: Hyperhomocysteinaemia in stroke. Prevalence, cause, and relationships to type of stroke and stroke risk factors. Eur J Clin Invest 22:214-221, 1992
34. Selhub J, Jacques PF, Bostom AG, et al: Association between plasma homocysteine concentrations and extracranial carotid-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med 332:286-291, 1995
35. Riggs KM, Spiro A III, Tucker K, Rush D: Relations of vitamin B-12, vitamin B-6, folate, and homocysteine to cognitive performance in the normative aging study. Am J Clin Nutr 63:306-314, 1996
36. Malinow MR, Kang SS, Taylor LM Jr, et al: Prevalence of hyperhomocyst(e)inemia in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Circulation 79:1180-1188, 1989
37. Molgaard J, Malinow MAR, Lassvik C, et al: Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia: An independent risk factor for intermittent claudication. J Int Med 231:273-279, 1992
38. Aronson DC, Onkenhout W, Raben AMTJ, et al: Impaired homocysteine metabolism: A risk factor in young adults with atherosclerotic arterial occlusive disease of the leg. Br J Surg 81:1114-1118, 1994
39. Currie JC, Wilson YG, Scott J, et al: Homocysteine: An independent risk factor for failure of vascular intervention. Br J Surg 83:1238-1241, 1996
40. Israelsson B, Brattstrom LE, Hultberg BL: Homocysteine and myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis 71:233, 1988
41. Taylor LM Jr, DeFrang RD, Harris EJ, Porter JM: The association of elevated plasma homocyst(e)ine with progression of symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg 13:128-136, 1991
42. Genest JJ Jr, McNamara JR, Upson B, et al: Prevalence of familial hyperhomocyst(e)inemia in men with premature coronary disease. Arterioscler Thromb 11:1129-1136, 1991
43. Frosst P, Blom HJ, Milos R, et al: A candidate genetic risk factor for vascular disease: A common mutation in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. Nat Genet 10:111-113, 1995
44. Ma J, Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH, et al: Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism, plasma folate, homocysteine, and risk of myocardial infarction in US physicians. Circulation 94:2410-2416, 1996
45. Schmitz C, Lindpaintner K, Verhoef P, et al: Genetic polymorphism of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and myocardial infarction. Circulation 94:1812-1814, 1996
46. Van Gockxmeer FM, Mamotte CDS, Vasikaran SD, Taylor RR: Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene and coronary artery disease. Circulation 95:21-23, 1997
47. DeLoughery TG, Evans A, Sadeghi A, et al. A common mutation in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase: Correlation with homocysteine metabolism and late onset vascular disease. Circulation 3074-3078, 1996
48. Selhub J, Miller JW: The pathogenesis of homocysteinemia: Interruption of the coordinate regulation by s-adenosylmethionine of the remethylation and transsulfuration of homocysteine. Atherosclerosis 81:50-60, 1990
49. Stampfer MJ, Malinow MR, Willett WC, et al: A prospective study of plasma homocyst(e)ine and risk of myocardial infarction in US physicians. JAMA 268:877-881, 1992
50. Alfthan G, Pekkanen J, Jauhiainen M, et al: Relation of serum homocysteine and lipoprotein (a) concentrations to atherosclerotic disease in a prospective Finnish population based study. Atherosclerosis 106:9-19, 1994
51. Arnesen E, Refsum H, Bonaa KH, et al: Serum total homocysteine and coronary heart disease. Int J Epidemiol 24:704-709, 1995
52. Perry IJ, Refsum H, Morris RW, et al: Prospective study of serum homocysteine concentration and risk of stroke in middle aged men. Lancet 346:1395-1398, 1995
53. Verhoef P, Hennekens CH, Malinow MR, et al: A prospective study of plasma homocyst(e)ine and risk of ischemic stroke. Stroke 25:1924-1930, 1994
54. Nygard O, Nordrehaug JE, Refsum H, et al: Plasma homocysteine levels and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 337:230-236, 1997
55. Taylor LM Jr, Moneta GL, Sexton G, et al: Prospective blinded study of the relationship between plasma homocysteine and progression of symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg 29:8-21, 1999
56. Olszewski AJ, Szostak WB, Bialkowska M, et al: Reduction of plasma lipid and homocysteine levels by pyridoxine, folate cobalamin, choline, riboflavin, and troxerutin in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 75:1-6, 1989
57. Wilcken DEL, Gupta VJ, Betts VK: Homocysteine in the plasma of renal transplant recipients: Effects of cofactors for methionine metabolism. Clin Sci (Lond) 61:743-749, 1981
58. Wilcken DEL, Dudmon NPB, Tyrell P, Robertson MR: Folic acid lowers elevated plasma homocysteine in chronic renal insufficiency: possible implications for prevention of vascular disease. Metabolism 37:697-701, 1998
59. Mudd HS: Vascular disease and homocysteine metabolism. N Engl J Med 313:751-753, 1985
60. Malinow MR: Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia. Circulation 81: 2004-2006, 1981
61. Vermeulen EGJ, Stehouwer CDA, Twisk JWR, et al: Effect of homocysteine-lowering treatment with folic acid plus vitamin B6 on progression of subclinical atherosclerosis: A prospective randomized, placebo controlled trial. Lancet 355: 517-522, 2000
62. Schnyder G, Roffi M, Pin R, et al: Decreased rate of coronary restenosis after lowering of plasma homocysteine levels. N Engl J Med 345:1593-600, 2001
63. Mills JL, Scott JM, Kirke PN, et al: Homocysteine and neural tube defects. J Nutr 126:756S-760S, 1996
64. Jacques PF, Selhub J, Bostom AG, et al: The effect of folic acid fortification on plasma folate and total homocysteine concentrations. N Engl J Med 340:1449-1454, 1999
65. Malinow MR, Sexton G, Averbuch M, et al: Homosyst(e)inemia in daily practice: Levels in coronary artery disease. Coron Art Dis 1:215-220, 1990
66. Araki A, Sako Y, Fukushima Y, et al: Plasma sulfhydryl-containing amino acids in patients with cerebral infarction and in hypertensive patients. Atherosclerosis 79:139-146, 1989