Jordan, the Al-Aqsa Intifada and America's "War on Terror"

Middle East Policy

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 90-111

  Greenwood, Scott ^a  

^a CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0141682295     PISSN: 10611924     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1475-4967.00119     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. An excellent study of this period is Mary C. Wilson's King Abdullah, Britain, and the Making of Jordan (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987).
2. Laurie Brand, "The Effects of the Peace Process on Political Liberalization in Jordan," Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 28, Winter 1999; Abla Amawi, "The 1993 Elections in Jordan," Arab Studies Quarterly, Vol. 16, Summer 1994; Lawrence Tal, "Dealing with Radical Islam: The Case of Jordan," Survival, Vol. 37, Autumn 1995; and Glenn E. Robinson, "Defensive Democratization in Jordan," International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 30, 1998.
3. Laurie Brand, "The Effects of the Peace Process on Political Liberalization in Jordan," Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 28, Winter 1999; Abla Amawi, "The 1993 Elections in Jordan," Arab Studies Quarterly, Vol. 16, Summer 1994; Lawrence Tal, "Dealing with Radical Islam: The Case of Jordan," Survival, Vol. 37, Autumn 1995; and Glenn E. Robinson, "Defensive Democratization in Jordan," International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 30, 1998.
4. Laurie Brand, "The Effects of the Peace Process on Political Liberalization in Jordan," Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 28, Winter 1999; Abla Amawi, "The 1993 Elections in Jordan," Arab Studies Quarterly, Vol. 16, Summer 1994; Lawrence Tal, "Dealing with Radical Islam: The Case of Jordan," Survival, Vol. 37, Autumn 1995; and Glenn E. Robinson, "Defensive Democratization in Jordan," International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 30, 1998.
5. Laurie Brand, "The Effects of the Peace Process on Political Liberalization in Jordan," Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 28, Winter 1999; Abla Amawi, "The 1993 Elections in Jordan," Arab Studies Quarterly, Vol. 16, Summer 1994; Lawrence Tal, "Dealing with Radical Islam: The Case of Jordan," Survival, Vol. 37, Autumn 1995; and Glenn E. Robinson, "Defensive Democratization in Jordan," International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 30, 1998.
6. Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report: Jordan, November 2000, p. 14-15, and February 2001, p. 13.
7. "Intifada Jitters," Middle East International, December 22, 2000.
8. EIU, Country Report: Jordan, February 2001, p. 14; and "Naming and Shaming," Middle East International, February 9, 2001.
9. EIU, Country Report: Jordan, February 2001, p. 14; and "Naming and Shaming," Middle East International, February 9, 2001.
10. EIU, Country Report: Jordan, June 2001, p. 16.
11. Ibid; and "Violent Crack-Down," Middle East International, May 18, 2001.
12. Ibid; and "Violent Crack-Down," Middle East International, May 18, 2001.
13. "In the Doldrums," Middle East International August 31, 2001.
14. EIU, Country Report: Jordan, September 2001; and "Electoral Law Disappoints," Middle East International, My 27, 2001.
15. EIU, Country Report: Jordan, September 2001; and "Electoral Law Disappoints," Middle East International, July 27, 2001.
16. "Jordan Lends a Hand," Middle East International, September 28, 2001.
17. EIU, Country Report: Jordan, December 2001, p. 13.
18. "Taking No Chances," Middle East International, October 12, 2001; and "Tightening the Screws," Middle East International, October 26, 2001.
19. "Taking No Chances," Middle East International, October 12, 2001; and "Tightening the Screws," Middle East International, October 26, 2001.
20. EIU, Country Report: Jordan, December 2001, p. 15.
21. "Taking No Chances."
22. "Troops to Mazar," Middle East International, December 21, 2001.
23. Laurie Brand, "Economic and Political Liberalization in a Rentier Economy: The Case of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan," Privatization and Economic Liberalization in the Middle East, eds. Iliya Hank and Denis J. Sullivan (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1992) ; and Rex Brynen, "Economic Crisis and Post-Rentier Democratization in the Arab World: The Case of Jordan," Canadian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 25, March 1992.
24. Laurie Brand, "Economic and Political Liberalization in a Rentier Economy: The Case of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan," Privatization and Economic Liberalization in the Middle East, eds. Iliya Hank and Denis J. Sullivan (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1992) ; and Rex Brynen, "Economic Crisis and Post-Rentier Democratization in the Arab World: The Case of Jordan," Canadian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 25, March 1992.
25. For a more thorough examination of the regime survival strategy pursued during this period, please see Scott Greenwood, "Jordan's 'New Liberal Bargain': The Political Economy of Regime Security," Middle East Journal, Vol. 57, No. 2, Spring 2003.
26. In the case of Jordan, "rentier income" refers to direct sources of national income such as bilateral and multilateral aid as well as indirect sources such as workers' remittances.
27. "The King Wants a Plan," Middle East International, November 9, 2001.
28. EIU, Country Report: Jordan, December 2001, p. 20.
29. Ibid., p. 21.
30. "The King Wants a Plan."
31. EIU, Country Report: Jordan, March 2002, p. 21.
32. Ibid., p. 19.
33. Ibid., p. 21.
34. I b i d.
35. Ibid., June 2002, p. 19.
36. Ibid., December 2001, p. 16.
37. Ibid., p. 17.
38. Ibid., March 2002, p. 16.
39. "Yearender: Steps Forward for Women," Jordan Times, December 31, 2002.
40. This amendment allows lenient sentences for men that murder female relatives allegedly caught in the act of fornication or adultery. "Questions of Honour," Middle East International, February 25, 2000, and "Backlash or Ploy?" March 10, 2000.
41. This amendment allows lenient sentences for men that murder female relatives allegedly caught in the act of fornication or adultery. "Questions of Honour," Middle East International, February 25, 2000, and "Backlash or Ploy?" March 10, 2000.
42. EIU, Country Report: Jordan, June 2002, p. 14.
43. Ibid., and "Severing Ties?" Middle East International, April 5, 2002.
44. Ibid., and "Severing Ties?" Middle East International, April 5, 2002.
45. "Quiet on the Streets," Middle East International, May 17, 2002.
46. EIU, Country Report: Jordan, June 2002, p. 15; and "Public Anger," Middle East International, April 19, 2002.
47. EIU, Country Report: Jordan, June 2002, p. 15; and "Public Anger," Middle East International, April 19, 2002.
48. "Public Anger."
49. "Shameful Verdict," Middle East International, May 31, 2002.
50. I b i d.
51. EIU, Country Report: Jordan, June 2002, p. 17.
52. "Shameful Verdict."
53. "Elusive Election," Middle East International, June 14, 2002.
54. I b i d.
55. This decision followed a July 2002 meeting between King Abdullah II and President Bush in which the latter made it clear to the king that United States was committed to disarming Saddam Hussein by force. According to several media reports, this meeting convinced Abdullah that war between the United States and Iraq was inevitable and that he must take the steps necessary to protect his regime and his kingdom. In an April 23, 2003, interview with Dan Rather of CBS news, King Abdullah confirmed that President Bush made his intentions towards Iraq "very clear." The full text of this interview can be accessed at: http:// www.jordanembassyus.org/hmka04232003.htm.
56. "Address by His Majesty King Abdullah II to the Nation, August 16, 2002, Amman, Jordan," accessed from: http://www.jordanembassyus.org/hmka08162002.htm.
57. "Polls Put Off Again," Middle East International, August 30, 2002.
58. "Address by His Majesty King Abdullah II to the Nation, August 16, 2002, Amman, Jordan."
59. "Jordan First Will Be Working Plan to Promote Loyalty - King," Jordan Times, October 30, 2002.
60. "King Directs Government to Implement Jordan First Recommendations As Soon As Possible," Jordan Times, December 19, 2002.
61. I b i d.
62. For example, just prior to the committee's recommendations being made public, Prime Minister Abu al-Ragheb met with the leaders of a centrist bloc of five parties that had threatened to dissolve by February 2003 due to the perception that the government's policies over the past year were intentionally marginalizing political parties. Following the meeting, the leaders of the bloc stated that they were rescinding their decision to disband in light of the prime minister's commitment to support political reforms that would make parties more relevant. For more on this issue, see "King, Government Keen on Developing Political Scene," Jordan Times, December 17, 2002.
63. "King Directs Government to Implement 'Jordan First' Recommendations As Soon As Possible," Jordan Times, December 19, 2002.
64. "Women's Parliamentary Quota Proving to be a Double-Edged Sword," Jordan Times, January 5, 2003.
65. "King Briefed on Government Plan to Translate 'Jordan First' Concept into Reality," Jordan Times, December 23, 2002.
66. In 2003, the government adopted a quota of six seats for women for the June 17 parliamentary elections. However rather than antagonize opponents of the quota by "taking away" 6 of the existing 104 seats, the government simply added 6 "at large" seats, thereby increasing the total membership of Lower House of parliament to 110 members.
67. "King Directs Government to Implement 'Jordan First' Recommendations As Soon As Possible."
68. I b i d.
69. "Jordan First, a New Course of Fostering Relations," The Star, November 21-27, 2002.
70. "Several Killed in Clash with Jordan Police," The New York Times, November 11, 2002; "Jordan Police Search for Radicals," The Washington Post, November 12, 2002; "Broad Manhunt in Jordan Isolates, and Angers, a Town," The New York Times, November 16, 2002; and "The Battle of Maan," Middle East International, November 22, 2002.
71. "Several Killed in Clash with Jordan Police," The New York Times, November 11, 2002; "Jordan Police Search for Radicals," The Washington Post, November 12, 2002; "Broad Manhunt in Jordan Isolates, and Angers, a Town," The New York Times, November 16, 2002; and "The Battle of Maan," Middle East International, November 22, 2002.
72. "Several Killed in Clash with Jordan Police," The New York Times, November 11, 2002; "Jordan Police Search for Radicals," The Washington Post, November 12, 2002; "Broad Manhunt in Jordan Isolates, and Angers, a Town," The New York Times, November 16, 2002; and "The Battle of Maan," Middle East International, November 22, 2002.
73. "Several Killed in Clash with Jordan Police," The New York Times, November 11, 2002; "Jordan Police Search for Radicals," The Washington Post, November 12, 2002; "Broad Manhunt in Jordan Isolates, and Angers, a Town," The New York Times, November 16, 2002; and "The Battle of Maan," Middle East International, November 22, 2002.
74. "Three Dead in Clashes in Jordan's Maan City," The Washington Post, November 10, 2002.
75. "Jordanian Troops Battle Do-or-Die Islamists," The Washington Post, November 12, 2002.
76. "Majali: 50 Suspects Detained in Maan," Jordan Times, November 13, 2002.
77. "Maan Declared Arms-Free Zone," Jordan Times, November 14, 2002.
78. "Police Arrest Suspects in Major Clampdown on Criminal Activity in Maan," Jordan Times, November 11, 2002.
79. While the November 2002 operation was certainly not the first time that the military was used to bring about public order in Maan - riots in 1989 and 1996 led the government to call out the military to restore order - this was the first time since the 1970 Civil War that the government used the military to apprehend an organized group of militants. Moreover, government efforts in 1970 were directed at radical Palestinian militias publicly calling for the overthrow of the Hashemite monarchy. In contrast, the December 2002 operation used military force to arrest a small group of alleged outlaws engaged in, according to official statements, non-political activities.
80. "Broad Manhunt in Jordan Isolates, and Angers, a Town," The New York Times, November 16, 2002.
81. "Police Raids Anger Jordan Citizens," The Washington Post, November 15, 2002.
82. "Two Dead in Clashes in Jordan's Maan City," The Washington Post, November 10, 2002; and "Jordanian Troops Battle Do-or-Die Islamists."
83. "Two Dead in Clashes in Jordan's Maan City," The Washington Post, November 10, 2002; and "Jordanian Troops Battle Do-or-Die Islamists."
84. "Jordan Police Search for Radicals," The Washington Post, November 12, 2002; and "Jordan Continues 'Radical' Crackdown," The Washington Post, November 12, 2002.
85. "Jordan Police Search for Radicals," The Washington Post, November 12, 2002; and "Jordan Continues 'Radical' Crackdown," The Washington Post, November 12, 2002.
86. "The King's Quest," Middle East International, November 8, 2002.
87. "Blow to the Syndicates," Middle East International, December 20, 2002.
88. I b i d.
89. I b i d.
90. "Government Moves Against the PAs: Anti-Israel Committees Deemed Illegal," The Star, December 5-11, 2002.
91. "Blow to the Syndicates."
92. "Strong Home Front Guarantees Ability to Overcome Challenges," Jordan Times, January 26, 2003.
93. "Parties Prioritizing Own Interests an Obstacle to National Security," Jordan Times, January 26, 2003.
94. "On the Eve of War," Middle East International, March 21, 2003.
95. "PM: 'Few Hundred' U.S. Troops to Man Patriot Batteries," Jordan Times, February 25, 2003.
96. "Amendment to Press and Publications Law Nullifies Article 41, " Jordan Times, March 19, 2003.
97. "Speech by His Majesty King Abdullah II to the Jordanian People, March 21, 2003, Amman, Jordan," text accessed from: http://www.jordanembassyus.org/hmka03212003.htm.
98. "Opposites Attract on Petition to Declare War on Iraq Illegal, " Jordan Times, April 1, 2003.
99. "Official Translation of the Transcript of HM King Abdullah's Interview with Petra News Agency, April 2, 2003, Amman, Jordan," text accessed from: http://www.jordanembassyus.org/hmka04022003.htm.
100. "Regional Situation Requires Solid National Front - PM," Jordan Times, April 3, 2003.
101. "Pledges of Allegiance to King Fill Dailies, as 2nd Petition is Submitted," Jordan Times, April 4-5, 2003.
102. "$700m U.S. Aid Deal Signed," Jordan Times, May 14, 2003.
103. "King Meets Tribal Chiefs in South," Jordan Times, May 16-17, 2003.
104. "King Announces Establishment of Fund for Economic, Social Development of the Badia," Jordan Times, June 2, 2003.
105. "Ideologies and Tribalism Divide Voters Between Rural, Urban Districts," The Star, June 12-18, 2003.
106. "King's Allies Triumph in Jordan Elections," The Washington Post, June 18, 2003.
107. "58.87% of Eligible Voters Take Part," Jordan Times, June 18, 2003.
108. The American aid figure for 2003 includes S950 million in economic aid and $ 198 million in military aid.