Biodegradation of RDX and HMX Mixtures: Batch Screening Experiments and Sequencing Batch Reactors

Environmental Engineering Science

Volumn 19, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 237-250

  Morley, Matthew C ^a   Shammas, Samer N ^b   Speitel Jr , Gerald E ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA LINCOLN   (United States)

^b Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County   (United States)

^c The University of Texas at Austin   (United States)

Author keywords

Biodegradation; High explosives; HMX; Mineralization; RDX; Sequencing batch reactor

Indexed keywords

BIODEGRADATION; BIOREACTORS; CARBON; ETHANOL; METABOLISM; MIXTURES; NITROGEN; OXIDATION; OXYGEN; REDUCTION; SCREENING;

SEQUENCING BATCH REACTORS (SBR);

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING;

CYCLONITE; EXPLOSIVE; GLUCOSE; GLYCEROL; OCTAHYDRO 1,3,5,7 TETRANITRO 1,3,5,7 TETRAZOCINE; SUCCINIC ACID; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTICLE; BACTERIUM CULTURE; BATCH REACTOR; BIODEGRADATION; DRUG MIXTURE; INDUSTRIAL WASTE; MICROBIAL GROWTH; MINERALIZATION; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; SAMPLING; SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT; WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT; WATER CONTAMINATION;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS);

EID: 0141681702     PISSN: 10928758     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/109287502760271553     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. ADRIAN, N.R., and SUTHERLAND, K. (1998). RDX Biodegradation by a Methanogenic Enrichment Culture Obtained from an Explosives Manufacturing Wastewater Treatment Plant. Champaign, IL: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, USACERL Technical Report TR 99/15.
2. APHA. (1992). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and Water Environment Federation.
3. ASTM. (1993). Standard practice for oxidation-reduction potential of water. In Annual Book of ASTM Standards, vol. 11.01. West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials.
4. BINKS, P.R., NICKLIN, S., and BRUCE, N.C. (1995). Degradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia PB1. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61(4), 1318.
5. BOOPATHY, R., GURGAS, M., ULLIAN, J., and MANNING, J. (1998). Metabolism of explosive compounds by sulfate-reducing bacteria. Curr. Microbiol. 37, 127.
6. BRENNER, A., RONEN, Z., HAREL, Y., and ABELIOVICH, A. (2000). Use of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine as a nitrogen source in biological treatment of munitions wastes. Water Environ. Res. 72(4), 469.
7. COLEMAN, N.V., NELSON, D.R., and DUXBURY, T. (1988). Aerobic biodegradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) as a nitrogen source by a Rhodococcus sp., strain DN22. Soil Biol. Biochem. 30(8/9), 1159.
8. CRIDDLE, C.S. (1993). The kinetics of cometabolism. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 41, 1048.
9. FERNANDO, T., and AUST, S.D. (1991). Biodegradation of munition waste, TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), and RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. ACS Symp. Series 468, 214-232.
10. FREEDMAN, D.L., and SUTHERLAND, K.W. (1988). Biodegradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) under nitrate-reducing conditions. Water Sci. Technol. 38(7), 33.
11. HARKINS, V.R., MOLLHAGEN, T., HEINTZ, C., and RAINWATER, K. (1999). Aerobic biodegradation of high explosives, phase I-HMX. Bioremediat. J. 3(4), 285.
12. HAWARI, J., BEAUDET, S., HALASZ, A., THIBOUTOT, S., and AMPLEMAN, G. (2000a). Microbial degradation of explosives: Biotransformation versus mineralization. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 54, 605.
13. HAWARI, J., HALASZ, A., BEAUDET, S., PAQUET, L., AMPLEMAN, G., and THIBOUTOT, S. (2001). Biotransformation routes of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine by municipal anaerobic sludge. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 70.
14. HAWARI, J., HALASZ, A., SHEREMATA, T., BEAUDET, S., GROOM, C., PAQUET, L., RHOFIR, C., AMPLEMAN, G., and THIBOUTOT, S. (2000b). Characterization of metabolites during biodegradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) with municipal anaerobic sludge. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66(6), 2652.
15. HENKE, J.L., and SPEITEL, G.E., JR. (1997). Performance Evaluation of Granular Activated Carbon System at Pantex: Rapid Small Scale Column Tests to Simulate Removal of High Explosives from Contaminated Groundwater. Amarillo, TX: Amarillo National Resource Center for Plutonium, Report ANRCP-ENV-TWD-97-16.
16. JANKOWSKI, M.D. (1997). Biodegradation of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX). M.S. Thesis, Texas A&M University, Dept. of Civil Engineering, College Station, TX.
17. KITTS, C.L., CUNNINGHAM, D.P., and UNKEFER, P.J. (1994). Isolation of three hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine-degrading species of the family. Enterobacteriaceae from nitramine explosive-contaminated soil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60(12), 4608.
18. MCCORMICK, N.G., CORNELL, J.H., and KAPLAN, A.M. (1981). Biodegradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 42(5), 817.
19. METCALF & EDDY. (1991). Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal, and Reuse, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
20. MORLEY, M.C., and SPEITEL, G.E., JR. (2001). Methods for enhancing the desorption of high explosives from activated carbon. In Proceedings, WEFTEC 2001. Alexandria, VA: Water Environment Federation.
21. PALMER, W.G., SMALL, M.J., DACRE, J.C., and EATON, J.C. (1996). Toxicology and environmental hazards. In P.L. Marinkas, Ed., Organic Energetic Compounds. Commack, NY: Nova Science Publishers, p. 289.
22. QU, M., and BHATTACHARYA, S.K. (1997). Toxicity and biodegradation of formaldehyde in anaerobic methanogenic culture. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 55(5), 727.
23. REGAN, K.M., and CRAWFORD, R.L. (1994). Characterization of Clostridium bifermentans and its biotransformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) 1,3,5-triazo-1,3,5-trinitrocyclohexane (RDX). Biotechnol. Lett. 16(10), 1081.
24. ROSENBLATT, D.H., BURROWS, E.P., MITCHELL, W.R., and PALMER, D.L. (1991). Organic explosives and related compounds. In O. Hutzinger, Ed., The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Volume 3G: Anthropogenic Compounds. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, p. 195.
25. SHEN, C.F., HAWARI, J., AMPLEMAN, G., THIBOUTOT, S., and GUIOT, S.R. (2000). Enhanced biodegradation and fate of hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) in anaerobic soil slurry bioprocess. Bioremediat. J. 4(1), 27-39.
26. SHEREMATA, T.W., and HAWARI, J. (2000). Biodegradation of RDX by the white rote fungus Phanerochaete chrysosoporium to carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 3384.
27. SPEITEL, G.E., ENGELS, T.L., and MCKINNEY, D.C. (2001). Biodegradation of RDX in unsaturated soil. Bioremediat. J. 5(1), 1-11.
28. USEPA. (1994). Nitroaromatics and Nitroamines by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), SW-846, Method 8330. Revision 4. Washington, DC: USEPA.
29. WILKIE, J.A. (1994). Biological degradation of RDX. M.S. Thesis, University of California at Los Angeles, Dept. of Civil Engineering.
30. YINON, J. (1990). Toxicity and Metabolism of Explosives. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc.
31. YOUNG, D.M., KITTS, C.L., UNKEFER, P.J., and OGDEN, K.L. (1997a). Biological breakdown of RDX in slurry reactors proceeds with multiple kinetically distinguishable paths. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 56, 258.
32. YOUNG, D.M., UNKEFER, P.J., and OGDEN, K.L. (1997b). Biotransformation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) by a prospective consortium and its most effective isolate Serratia marcescens. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 53(5), 515.