Last writing: Script obsolescence in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Mesoamerica

Comparative Studies in Society and History

Volumn 45, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 430-479

  Houston, Stephen ^a   Baines, John ^b   Cooper, Jerrold ^c  

^a BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^c JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE; CULTURAL TRADITION; MATERIAL CULTURE;

CENTRAL AMERICA; EGYPT; MIDDLE EAST;

EID: 0141673337     PISSN: 00104175     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0010417503000227     Document Type: Article

References (206)

1. Andersen, R. W. 1982. "Determining the Linguistic Attributes of Language Attrition." In R. D. Lambert and B. F. Freed, eds., The Loss of Language Skills. Rowley: Newbury House, 83-118.
2. Andrews, E. W., IV, and E. W. Andrews, V. 1980. Excavations at Dzibilchaltun, Yucatan, Mexico. Middle American Research Institute, Publication 48. New Orleans: Tulane University.
3. Bagnall, R. 1993. Egypt in Late Antiquity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
4. Baines, J. 1983. "Literacy and Ancient Egyptian Society." Man 18:572-99.
5. Baines, J. 1989. "Communication and Display: The Integration of Early Egyptian Art and Writing." Antiquity 63:471-82.
6. Baines, J. 2003 (in press). "The Earliest Egyptian Writing: Development, Context, Purpose." In S. D. Houston, ed., The First Writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7. Baines, J., K. Donker van Heel, and H.-W. Fischer-Elfert 1998. "Abnormal Hieratic in Oxford: Two New Papyri." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 84:234-36.
8. Ball, J. W., and J. M. Ladd. 1992. "Ceramics." In C. C. Coggins, ed., Artifacts from the Cenote of Sacrifice, Chichen Itza, Yucatan. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, vol. 10, no. 3. Cambridge, Mass.
9. Basso, K. H., and N. Anderson 1975. A Western Apache Writing System. Lisse: Peter de Ridder Press.
10. Bazemore, G. B. 1994. "Syllabary and Alphabet in Cyprus: Evidence for the Role of Script in Ancient Society." American Journal of Archaeology 98:290.
11. Beinlich, H. 1991. Das Buch vom Fayum: zum religiösen Eigenverständnis einer ägyptischen Landschaft. Ägyptologische Abhandlungen 51.2 vols. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
12. Bennett, E. L. 1991. "The End of the Mycenaean Script: The Case of the Missing Heirs." In D. Musti, A. Sacconi, L. Rocchetti, M. Rocchi, E. Scafa, L. Sportiello, and M. E. Giannotta, eds., La transizione dal Miceneo all'alto archaismo: dal palazzo alla città. Atti del convegno internazionale. Roma, 14-19 marzo 1988. Rome: Istituto per gli Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 563-70.
13. Black J. A. 1997. "Hellenistic Cuneiform Writing from Assyria: The Tablet from Tell Fisna." Al-Rāfidān 18:229-38.
14. Boone, E. H. 2000. Stories in Red and Black: Pictorial Histories of the Aztecs and Mixtecs. Austin: University of Texas Press.
15. Bricker, V. R. 1989. "The Last Gasp of Maya Hieroglyphic Writing in the Books of Chilam Balam of Chumayel and Chan Kan.In W. F. Hanks and D. S. Rice, eds., Word and Image in Maya Culture: Explorations in Language, Writing, and Representation. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 39-50.
16. Campbell, G. 1997. Handbook of Scripts and Alphabets. London: Routledge.
17. Campbell, L., and M. C. Muntzel. 1989. "The Structural Consequences of Language Death." In N. C. Dorian, ed., Investigating Obsolescence: Studies in Language Contraction and Death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 181-96.
18. Cardona, G. 1981. Antropologia della scrittura. Turin: Loescher.
19. Chadwick, J. 1976. The Mycenaean World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
20. Civil, M. 1984. "Bilingualism in Logographically Written Languages: Sumerian in Ebla." In L. Cagni, ed., Il bilinguismo a Ebla. Naples: Dipartimento di Studi Asiatici, Istituto Universitario Orientale, 75-97.
21. Clackson, S. J. 2000. Coptic and Greek Texts Relating to the Hermopolite Monastery of Apa Apollo. Griffith Institute Monographs. Oxford: Griffith Institute.
22. Clarysse, W., G. van der Veken, and S. P. Vleeming 1983. The Eponymous Priests of Ptolematic Egypt: Chronological Lists of the Priests of Alexandria and Ptolemais with a Study of the Demotic Transcriptions of Their Names. Papyrologica Lugduno-Batava 24. Leiden: Brill.
23. Clement of Alexandria 1981. Les Stromates: Stromate V. Sources Chrétiennes 278, 279. 2 vols. Paris: Editions do Cerf.
24. Coe, M. D. 1973. The Maya Scribe and His World. New York: Grolier Club.
25. Coe, M. D. 1999. Breaking the Maya Code. Rev. ed. London: Thames and Hudson.
26. Coe, M. D. and J. Kerr. 1998. The Art of the Maya Scribe. New York: Harry Abrams.
27. Collombert, P. 2000. "Religion égyptienne et culture grecque: l'exemple de ΔtoσΚoυριδης." Chronique d'Egypte 75:47-61.
28. Coningham, R.A.F., F R. Allchin, C. M. Batt, and D. Lucy. 1996. "Passage to India? Anuradhapura and the Early Use of the Brahmi Script." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 6: 73-97.
29. Cooper, J. 1996. "Sumerian and Akkadian." In P. T. Daniels and W. Bright, ed., The World's Writing Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 37-57.
30. Cooper, J. 1999. "Sumerian and Semitic Writing in Most Ancient Syro-Mesopotamia." In K. Van Lerberghe and G. Voet, eds., Languages and Cultures in Contact. Proceedings of the 42nd Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale. Leuven: Peeters, 61-77.
31. Cooper, J. 2003 (in press). "Babylonian Beginnings: The Origin of the Cuneiform Writing System in Comparative Perspective." In S. D. Houston, ed., The First Writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
32. Cribiore, R. 1996. Writing, Teachers, and Students in Graeco-Roman Egypt. American Studies in Papyrology 36. Atlanta, Ga.: Scholars' Press.
33. Crystal, D. 2000. Language Death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
34. Dalby, D. 1968. "The Indigenous Scripts of West Africa and Surinam: Their Inspiration and Design." African Language Studies 9:156-97.
35. Dalley, S., ed. 1998. The Legacy of Mesopotamia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
36. Daniels. P. T. 1990. "Fundamentals of Grammatology." Journal of the American Oriental Society 110, 3: 727-31.
37. Daniels, P. and W. Bright. 1996. The World's Writing Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
38. Davies, W. V. 1987. Reading the Past: Egyptian Hieroglyphs. London: British Museum Press.
39. Depauw, Mark 1997. A Companion to Demotic Studies. Papyrologica Bruxellensia 28. Brussels: Fondation Egyptologique Reine Elisabeth.
40. Derchain, P. 1987. Le dernier obélisque. Brussels: Fondation Egyptologique Reine Elisabeth.
41. Dibble, C. E. 1971. "Writing in Central Mexico." In G. F. Ekholm and I. Bernal, eds., Handbook of Middle American Indians, Volume 10: Archaeology of Northern Mesoamerican, Part One. Austin: University of Texas Press, 322-32.
42. Dixon, R.M.W. 1997. The Rise and Fall of Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
43. Dorian, N. C. 1981. Language Death: The Life Cycle of a Scottish Gaelic Dialect. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
44. Dorian, N. 1998. "Western Language Ideologies and Small-language Prospects." In L. A. Grenoble and L. J. Whaley, eds., Endangered Languages: Language Loss and Community Response. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3-21.
45. Doty, L. T. 1977. Cuneiform Archives from Hellenistic Uruk. Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University.
46. Dreyer, G., U. Hartung, and F. Pumpenmeier 1998. Umm el-Qaab I: Das prädynastische Königsgrab U-j und seine frühen Schriftzeugnisse. Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Abteilung Kairo, Archäologische Veröffentlichungen 86. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern.
47. Dümichen, J. 1877. Baugeschichte des Denderatempels und Beschreibung der einzelnen Theile des Bauwerkes nach den an seinen Mauern befindlichen Inschriften. Strasbourg: K. J. Trübner.
48. Dunning, N. P. 1992. Lords of the Hills: Ancient Maya Settlement in the Puuc Region, Yucatán, Mexico. Madison, Wis.: Prehistory Press.
49. Eckholm, E. 2000. "A Dying Culture, as Seen through Aging Eyes." The New York Times, Wed. 5 Jan.
50. Edwards, J. 1992. "Sociopolitical Aspects of Language Maintenance and Loss: Towards a Typology of Minority Language Situations." In W. Fase, K. Jaspaert, and S. Kroon, eds., Maintenance and Loss of Minority Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 37-54.
51. Eisenstadt, S. N. 1988. "Beyond Collapse." In N. Yoffee and G. L. Cowgill, eds., The Collapse of Ancient States and Civilizations. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 236-43.
52. Emmel, S. 1992. "Coptic." In D. N. Freedman, ed., The Anchor Bible Dictionary. New York: Doubleday, 4:180-88.
53. Englund, R. 1998. "Texts from the Late Uruk Period." In J. Bauer, R. Englund, and M. Krebernik, eds., Mesopotamien. Späturuk-Zeit und Frühdynastischer Zeit. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 160/1. Freiburg/Göttingen: Universitätsverlag/Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 15-233.
54. Englund, R. 2003 (in press). "The State of Decipherment of Proto-Elamite." In S. D. Houston, ed., The First Writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
55. Fischer, S. R. 1997. Rongorongo, the Easter Island Script: History, Traditions, Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
56. Frandsen, P. J., ed. 1991. Demotic Texts from the Collection. The Carlsberg Papyri I. CNI Publications 15. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
57. Frandsen, P. J., and K. Ryholt, eds. 2000. A Miscellany of Demotic Texts and Studies. The Carlsberg Papyri 3. CNI Publications 22. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
58. Frankfurter, D. T. 1998. Religion in Roman Egypt: Assimilation and Resistance. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
59. García Bernal, M. Cristina. 1978. Yucatán: Población y encomienda bajo los Austrias. Sevilla: Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos.
60. Garzon, S. R. McK. Brown, J. B. Richards, and Wuqu' Ajpub' (A. Simón) 1998. The Life of Our Language: Kaqchikel Maya Maintenance, Shift, and Revitalization. Austin: University of Texas Press.
61. Gaur, A. 1992. A History of Writing. New York: Cross River Press.
62. Gelb, I. J. 1963. A Study of Writing. 2d ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
63. Geller, M. 1997. "The Last Wedge." Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 87:43-95.
64. Geller, M. 2000. "The Survival of Babylonian Wissenschaft in Later Tradition." In S. Aro and R. Whiting, eds., The Heirs of Assyria. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, 1-7.
65. Gesche, P. 2000. Schulunterricht in Babylonien im ersten Jahrtausend v. Chr. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 275. Münster: Ugarit Verlag.
66. Goody, J., ed. 1968. Literacy in Traditional Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
67. Goody, J. and I. Watt. 1963. "The Consequences of Literacy." Comparative Studies in Society and History 5, 3:304-45.
68. Graff, D. H. 1997. "Dating a Section of the Madrid Codex: Astronomical and Iconographic Evidence." In V. R. Bricker and G. Vail, eds., Papers on the Madrid Codex. Middle American Research Institute Publication 64. New Orleans: Tulane University, 147-67.
69. Gragg, G. 1996. "Other Languages." In P. T. Daniels and W. Bright, eds., The World's Writing Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 58-71.
70. Graham, I. 1996. Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions, Volume 7, Part 1: Seibal. Cambridge, Mass.: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University.
71. Grenier, J.-C. 1983. "La stèle funéraire du dernier taureau Bouchis (Caire JE 31901 = Stèle Bucheum 20) Ermant 4 novembre 340." Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale du Caire 83:197-208.
72. Grenoble, L. A., and L. J. Whaley. 1998. "Toward a Typology of Language Endangerment." In L. A. Grenoble and L. J. Whaley, eds., Endangered Languages: Language Loss and Community Response. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 22-54.
73. Griffith, F. Ll. 1935. Catalogue of the Demotic Graffiti of the Dodecaschoenus. Service des Antiquités de l'Egypte: Les Temples Immergés de la Nubie. 2 vols. Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
74. Grillo, R. 1989. Dominant Languages: Language and Hierarchy in Britain and France. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
75. Gustavson, H., and S.-G. Hallonquist. 1994. Dalrunorna: en vidareutveckling av de medeltida runorna? In S. Benneth, J. Ferenius, H. Gustavson, and M. Åhlén, eds., Runmärkt från brev till klotter. Stockholm: Carlssons, 157-76.
76. Halverson, J. 1992. "Goody and the Implosion of the Literacy Thesis." Man 27:301-17.
77. Harris, W. V. 1989. Ancient Literacy. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
78. Haugen, E. 1971. "The Ecology of Language." The Linguistic Reporter 13, supplement 25:19-25.
79. Havelock, E. 1982. The Literate Revolution in Greece and its Cultural Consequences. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
80. Hawkins, J. D. 1995. "Karkamish and Karatepe: Neo-Hittite city-states in North Syria." In J. M. Sasson, J. Baines, G. M. Beckman, and K. S. Rubinsohn, eds., Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. New York: Scribners, II: 1295-307.
81. Hill, R. M., II. 1991. "The Social Uses of Writing among the Colonial Cakchiquel Maya: Nativism, Resistance, and Innovation," In D. H. Thomas, ed., Columbian Consequences: Volume 3. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 283-99.
82. Houston, S. D. 1989. Reading the Past: Maya Glyphs. London: British Museum.
83. Houston, S. D. 1994a. "Literacy among the Pre-Columbian Maya: A Comparative Perspective." In E. H. Boone and W. D. Mignolo, eds., Writing without Words: Alternative Literacies in Mesoamerica and the Andes. Durham: Duke University Press, 27-49.
84. Houston, S. D. 1994b. Mesoamerican Writing. In R. E. Asher and J.M.Y. Simpson, eds., The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Volume 5. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 2449-51.
85. Houston, S. D. 2000. "Into the Minds of Ancients: Advances in Glyph Studies." Journal of World Prehistory 14:121-201.
86. Houston, S. D. 2003b (in press). "First Writing in Mesoamerica: The Maya and their Precusors." In S. D. Houston, ed., The First Writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
87. Houston, S. D., O. Chinchilla Mazariegos, and D. Stuart, eds. 2001. The Decipherment of Ancient Maya Writing. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
88. Houston, S. D. ed. 2003a (in preparation). The First Writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
89. Houston, S. D., Robertson J., and D. Stuart. 2000. "The Language of Classic Maya Inscriptions." Current Anthropology 41, 3:321-56.
90. Houston, S. D., and D. Stuart. 1998. "The Ancient Maya Self: Personhood and Portraiture in the Classic Period." RES 33:73-101.
91. Hunger, H. 1968. Babylonische und assyrische Kolophone. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 2. Kevelaer/Neukirchen-Vluyn: Butzon & Bercker/Neukirchener Verlag.
92. Hunger, H, and D. Pingree. 1999. Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden: Brill.
93. Inomata, T., and L. Stiver. 1998. "Floor Assemblages from Burned Structures at Aguateca, Guatemala: A Study of Classic Maya Households." Journal of Field Archaeology 25:431-52.
94. Jackson, A. 1979. Na-khi Religion: An Analytical Appraisal of the Na-khi Ritual Texts. The Hague: Mouton.
95. Karttunen, F. 1982. "Nahuatl Literacy." In G. A. Collier, R. I. Rosaldo, and J. D. Wirth, eds., The Inca and Aztec States, 1400-1800: Anthropology and History. New York: Academic Press, 395-417.
96. Karttunen, F. 1994. Between Worlds: Interpreters, Guides, and Survivors. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
97. Kaufman, T., and J. Justeson. 2001. Epi-Olmec Hieroglyphic Writing and Texts. Workbook prepared for Texas 2001 Maya Weekend, University of Texas, Austin.
98. Keppie, L. 1991. Understanding Roman Inscriptions. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
99. Kirch, P. V. 2000. On the Road of the Winds: An Archaeological History of the Pacific Islands Before European Contact. Berkeley: University of California Press.
100. Kuhrt, A., and S. Sherwin-White. 1987. Hellenism in the East. Berkeley: University of California Press.
101. Kurylowicz, J. 1966. "La nature des procès dits 'Analogiques.'" In E. P. Hamp, F. W. Householder, and R. Austerlitz, eds., Readings in Linguistics II. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 158-74.
102. Larsen, M. T. 1988. "Introduction: Literacy and Social Complexity." In J. Gledhill, B. Bender, and M. T. Larsen, eds., State and Society: The Emergence and Development of Social Hierarchy and Political Centralization. London: Unwin Hyman, 173-91.
103. Layton, B. 2000. A Coptic Grammar, with Chrestomathy and Glossary-Sahidic Dialect. Porta Linguarum Orientalium 20. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
104. Leclant, J., A. Heyler, C. Berger-El Naggar, C. Carrier, and C. Rilly. 2000. Répertoire d'épigraphie méroïtique: corpus des inscriptions publiées. 3 vols. Paris: de Boccard.
105. Lévi-Strauss, C. 1955. Tristes tropiques. Paris: Librairie Plon.
106. Lewis, N. 1993. "The Demise of the Demotic Document: When and Why?" Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 79:276-81.
107. Liverani, M. 1998. Uruk, la prima città. Rome: Laterza. (English translation, by Z. Bahrani and M. Van De Mieroop, Uruk, the First City. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, in press)
108. Lovell, W. George. 1991. "Disease and Depopulation in Early Colonial Guatemala." In N. D. Cook and W. G. Lovell, eds., "Secret Judgments of God": Old World Disease in Colonial Spanish America. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 49-83.
109. MacGinnis, J. 1995. Letter Orders from Sippar. Poznan: Bonami.
110. Marcus, J. 1992. Mesoamerican Writing Systems: Propaganda. Myth, and History in Four Ancient Civilizations. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
111. Martin, S., and N. Grube. 2000. Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya. London: Thames and Hudson.
112. Mathieu, B. 1996. "Modifications de texte dans la Pyramide d'Ounas." Bulletin tie l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale du Caire 96:289-311.
113. Maul, S. 1995. "La fin de la tradition cunéiforme et les 'Graeco-Babyloniaca."' Cahiers du Centre G. Glotz, 6:3-17.
114. Michalowski, P. 1994. "Writing and Literacy in Early States: A Mesopotamianist Perspective." In D. Keller-Cohen, ed., Literacy: Interdisciplinary Conversations. Cresskill, N.J.: Hampton Press, 49-70.
115. Michalowski, P. 2000. "The Life and Death of the Sumerian Language in Comparative Perspective." Acta Sumerologica 22. http://www-personal.umich.edu/~piotrm/DIGLOS~1.htm.
116. Millet, N. B. 1996. "The Meroitic Script." In P. T. Daniels and W. Bright, eds., The World's Writing Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 84-87.
117. Mithen, S. 1994. "From Domain Specific to Generalized Intelligence: A Cognitive Interpretation of the Middle/Upper Paleolithic Transition." In C. Renfrew and E. B. W. Zubrow, eds., The Ancient Mind: Elements of Cognitive Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 29-39.
118. Mobbs, M. C. 1981. "Two Languages or One? The Significance of the Language Names. 'Hindi' and 'Urdu.'" Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 2:203-11.
119. Monaghan, J. 1995. The Covenants with Earth and Rain: Exchange, Sacrifice, and Revelation in Mixtec Sociality. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
120. Monaghan, J., and B. Hamman. 1998. "Reading as Social Practice and Cultural Construction." Indiana Journal of Hispanic Literatures 13:131-40.
121. Moran, W. 1992. The Amarna Letters. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
122. Navarrete, C., T. A. Lee, Jr., and C. Silva R. 1993. Un catálogo de frontera: Esculturas, petroglifos y pinturas de la región media del Grijalva, Chiapas. México (DF): Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
123. Nicholson, H. B. 1973. "Phoneticism in Late Pre-Hispanic Central Mexican Writing System." In E. P. Benson, ed., Mesoamerican Writing Systems. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 1-46.
124. O'Connor, M. 1996. "Epigraphic Semitic Scripts." In P. T. Daniels and W. Bright, eds., The World's Writing Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 88-107.
125. Oelsner, J. 1978. "Kontinuität und Wandel in Gesellschaft und Kultur Babyloniens in hellenistischer Zeit." Klio 60:101-16.
126. Oelsner, J. 1986. Materialien zur babylonischen Gesellschaft and Kultur in hellenistischer Zeit. Budapest: Eötvös Lorand University.
127. Oelsner, J. 2002, "Sie ist gefallen, sie ist gefallen, Babylon die grosse Stadt." Vom Ende einer Kultur. Sitzungsberichte der Sächsichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philologisch-historische Klasse 138/1. Stuttgart and Leipzig: S. Hirzel.
128. Ong, W. 1982. Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word. London: Methuen.
129. Orlandi, T. 1991. "Literature, Coptic." In A. S. Atiya, ed., The Coptic Encyclopedia. New York and Toronto: Macmillan, 8:1450-60.
130. Osing, J. 1976. Der spätägyptische Papyrus BM 10808. Ägyptologische Abhandlungen 33. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
131. Osing, J. 1998. Hieratische Papyri aus Tebtunis I. The Carlsberg Papyri 2; CNI Publications 17. 2 vols. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
132. Osing, J., and G. Rosati 1998. Papiri geroglifici e ieratici da Tebtynis. Florence: Istituto papirologico G. Vitelli.
133. Parker, R. A. 1940. "A Late Demotic Gardening Agreement: Medinet Habu Ostracon 4038." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 26:84-113.
134. Parpola, A. 1994. Deciphering the Indus Script. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
135. Pinker, S. 2001. "Talk of Genetics and Vice Versa." Nature 413:465-66.
136. Pollock, S. 2001. "The Death of Sanskrit." Comparative Studies in Society and History 43:392-426.
137. Pope, M. 1999. The Story of Decipherment: From Egyptian Hieroglyphs to Maya Script. London: Thames and Hudson.
138. Postgate, N., T. Wang, and T. Wilkinson. 1995. "The Evidence for Early Ceremonial Writing: Utilitarian or Ceremonial?" Antiquity 69:459-80.
139. Potter, D. S. 1990. Prophecy and History in the Crisis of the Roman Empire: A Historical Commentary on the Thirteenth Sibylline Oracle. Oxford Classical Monographs. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
140. Prem, H. J. 1999. "The Canek Manuscript and Other Faked Documents." Ancient Mesoamerica 10, 2:297-311.
141. Quaegebeur, J. 1991. "Pre-Coptic" and "Pre-Old Coptic." In A. S. Atiya, ed., The Coptic Encyclopedia. New York and Toronto: Macmillan, VIII: 188-91.
142. Raven, M. J. 1991. The Tomb of Iurudef, a Memphite Official in the Reign of Ramesses II. Egypt Exploration Society, Excavation Memoir 57. Leiden and London: National Museum of Antiquities Leiden: Egypt Exploration Society.
143. Ray, J. D. 1994. "How Demotic Is Demotic?" Egitto e Vicino Oriente 17:251-64.
144. Reisner, G. 1896. Sumerisch-babylonische Hymnen nach Thontafeln griechischer Zeit. Berlin: W. Spemann.
145. Rempel, J., and N. Yoffee 1999. "The End of the Cycle? Assessing the Impact of Hellenization on Mesopotamian Civilization." In B. Böck, E. C. Cancik-Kirschbaum, and T. Richter, eds., Minuscula Mesopotamica: Festschrift für Johannes Renger. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 267. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 384-98.
146. Restall, M. 1997. "Heirs to the Hieroglyphs: Indigenous Writing in Colonial Mesoamerica." The Americas 54:239-67.
147. Riggs, C. 2002. "Facing the Dead: Recent Research on the Funerary Art of Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt." American Journal of Archaeology 106:85-101.
148. Riggs, C. 2003. "The Egyptian Funerary Tradition at Thebes in the Roman Period." In N. Strudwick and J. H. Taylor, eds., The Theban Necropolis: Past, Present and Future (International Colloquium. 27-28 July 2000). London: British Museum Press, (pp. n.a.).
149. Ritner, R. K. 1996. "Egyptian Writing." In P. T. Daniels and W. Bright, eds., The World's Writing Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 73-84.
150. Robertson, J. n.d. "The Breadth and Depth of Markedness." http://humanities.byu.edu/Linguistics/ling535/peirce/markedness_1.html
151. Robinson, A. 2001. Lost Languages: The Riddle of the World's Undeciphered Scripts. New York: McGraw-Hill.
152. Sachs, A. 1976. "The Latest Datable Cuneiform Tablets." In B. Eichler, J. W. Heimerdinger, and Å. Sjöberg, eds., Kramer Anniversary Volume. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 25. Kevelaer/Neukirchen-Vluyn: Butzon & Bercker/Neukirchner Verlag, 379-98.
153. Salvesen, A. 1998. "The Legacy of Babylon and Nineveh in Aramaic Sources." In S. Dalley, ed., The Legacy of Mesopotomia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 139-61.
154. Sampson, G. 1985. Writing Systems: A Linguistic Introduction. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
155. Sasse, H.-J. 1992. "Theory of Language Death." In M. Brenzinger, ed., Language Death: Factual and Theoretical Explorations with Special Reference to East Africa. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 7-30.
156. Satzinger, H. 1991. "Old Coptic." In A. S. Atiya, ed., The Coptic Encyclopedia. New York and Toronto: Macmillan, VIII: 169-75.
157. Sauneron, S. 1975. Le temple d'Esna, nos. 473-546. Esna VI: 1. Cairo: Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale.
158. Sauneron, S. 1982. L'écriture figurative dans les textes d'Esna. Esna VIII. Cairo: Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale.
159. Scharff, A. 1927. "Ein Denkstein der römischen Kaiserzeit aus Achmim." Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 62:86-107.
160. Schmidt, P., M. de la Garza, and E. Nalda, eds. 1998. Maya. New York: Rizzoli.
161. Schmitt, A. 1963. Die Bamum-Schrift. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
162. Sherwin-White, S. 1987. "Seleucid Babylonia: A Case Study for the Installation and Development of Greek Rule." In A. Kuhrt and S. Sherwin-White, eds., Hellenism in the East. Berkeley: University of California Press, 32-56.
163. Sims-Williams, P. 1993. "Some Problems in Deciphering the Early Irish Ogam Alphabet." Transactions of the Philological Society 91: 133-80.
164. Smith, H. S., and W. J. Tait 1984. Saqqara Demotic Papyri I. Texts from Excavations 7. London: Egypt Exploration Society.
165. Smith, R. E. 1975. The Pottery of Mayapan. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, vol. 66. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University.
166. Salomon, R. 1998. Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
167. Spek, R. van der. 1987. "The Babylonian City." In A. Kuhrt and S. Sherwin-White, eds., Hellenism in the East. Berkeley: University of California Press, 57-74.
168. Spek, R., 1998. "Cuneiform Documents on Parthian History: The Rahimesu Archive." In J. Wiesehöfer, ed., Das Partherreich und seine Zeugnisse. Historia Einzelschriften 122. Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 205-58.
169. Sternberg-el Hotabi, H. 1994. "Der Untergang der Hieroglyphenschrift: Schriftverfall und Schrifttod im Ägypten der griechisch-römischen Zeit." Chronique d'Egypte 69: 218-48.
170. Sternberg-el Hotabi, H. 1999. Untersuchungen zur Überlieferungsgeschichte der Horusstelen: Ein Beitrag zur Religionsgeschichte Ägyptens im 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr. Ägyptologische Abhandlungen 62. 2 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
171. Stone, A. 1995. Images from the Underworld: Naj Tunich and the Tradition of Maya Cave Painting. Austin: University of Texas Press.
172. Streck, M. 1995. Zahl and Zeit. Grammatik der Numeralia und des Verbalsystems im spätbabylonischen. Groningen: Styx.
173. Streck, M. 2001. "Keilschrift and Alphabet." In D. Borchers et al., eds., Hieroglyphen, Alphabete, Schriftreformen. Lingua Aegyptia, Studia Monographica 3. Göttingen: Seminar für Agyptologie und Koptologie. 77-97.
174. Strecker, M., and J. Artieda. 1978. "La relación de algunas costumbres (1582) de Gaspar Antonio Chi." Estudios de Historia Novohispana 6:89-107.
175. Street, B. V. 1993. "Introduction: the new literacy studies." In B. Street, ed., Cross-cultural Approaches to Literacy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1-21.
176. Sturm, C. 1996. "Old Writing and New Messages: The Role of Hieroglyphic Literacy in Maya Cultural activism." In E. F. Fischer and R. McK. Brown, eds., Mayan Cultural Activism in Guatemala. Austin: University of Texas Press, 114-30.
177. Tadmor, H. 1991. "On the Role of Aramaic in the Assyrian Empire." In M. Mori, H. Ogawa, and M. Yoshikawa, eds., Near Eastern Studies Dedicated to H.I.H. Takahito Mikasa. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 419-26.
178. Tainter, J. A. 1988. The Collapse of Complex Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
179. Tardits, C. 1980. Le royaume Bamoum. Paris: Armand Colin.
180. Tait, J. 1994. "Some Notes on Demotic Scribal Training in the Roman Period." In A. Bülow-Jacobsen, ed., Proceedings of the 20th International Congress of Papyrologists, Copenhagen, 23-29 August, 1992. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 188-92.
181. Tait, J. 2001. "Exuberance and Accessibility: Notes on Written Demotic and the Egyptian Scribal Tradition." In T. Gagos and R. S. Bagnall, eds., Essays and Texts in Honor of J. David Thomas. American Studies in Papyrology 42. Ann Arbor, Mich.: American Society of Papyrologists, 31-39.
182. Taube, K. A. 1988. "A Prehispanic Maya Katun Wheel." Journal of Anthropological Research 44, 2: 183-203.
183. Taube, K. A. 1989. Itzam Cab Ain: Caimans, Cosmology, and Calendrics in Postclassic Yucatán. Research Reports on Ancient Maya Writing 26. Washington. D.C.: Center for Maya Research.
184. Taube, K. A. 2000. The Writing System of Ancient Teotihuacan. Ancient America 1. Washington D.C.: Center for Ancient American Studies.
185. Taube, K. A., and B. L. Bade. 1991. An Appearance of Xiuhtecuhtli in the Dresden Venus Pages. Research Reports on Ancient Maya Writing 35. Washington, D.C.: Center for Maya Research.
186. Traunecker, C. 1991. "Observations sur le décor des temples égyptiens." In F. Dunand, J.-M. Spieser, and J. Wirth, eds., L'image et la production du sacré. Paris: Méridiens Klincksieck, 77-101.
187. Trigger, B. G. 1998. "Writing Systems: A Case Study in Cultural Evolution." Norwegian Archaeological Review, 31, 1:39-62.
188. Turvey, M. T., L. B. Feldman, and G. Lukatela. 1984. "The Serbo-Croatian Orthography Constrains the Reader to a Phonologically Analytic Strategy." In L. Henderson, ed., Orthographies and Reading. London: Erlbaum, 81-89.
189. Underhill, R. 1976. Turkish Grammar. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
190. Verhoeven. U. 1999. "Von hieratischen Literaturwerken in der Spätzeit." In J. Assmann and E. Blumenthal, eds., Literatur and Politik im pharaonischen und ptolemäischen Ägypten: Vorträge der Tagung zum Gedenken an Georges Posener 5.-10. September 1996 in Leipzig. Bibliothèque d'Etude 127. Cairo: Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale, 255-65.
191. Vittmann, G. 1998. Der demotische Papyrus Rylands 9. Ägypten und Altes Testament 38, 2 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
192. Vleeming, S. P. 1981. "La phase initiale du démotique ancien." Chronique d'Egypte 56:31-48.
193. Vleeming, S. P. 1994 "Some Notes on Demotic Scribal Training in the Ptolemaic Period." In A. Bülow-Jacobsen, ed., Proceedings of the 20th International Congress of Papyrologists, Copenhagen, 23-29 August, 1992. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 185-87.
194. Vleeming, S. P., and J. W. Wesselius 1985. Studies in Papyrus Amherst 63: Essays on the Aramaic Texts in Aramaic/Demotic Papyrus Amherst 63 I. Amsterdam: Juda Palache Instituut.
195. Volk, K. 1999. "Imkerei im alten Mesopotamien." In H. Klengel and J. Renger, eds., Landwirtschaft im Alten Orient. Proceedings of the 41st Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale. Berlin: D. Reimer, 279-90.
196. Watt, R. G. 1994. "The Deseret Alphabet." In A. K. Powell, ed., Utah History Encyclopedia. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 139-40.
197. Webster, D. 2002. The Fall of the Ancient Maya: Solving the Mystery of the Maya Collapse. London: Thames and Hudson.
198. Wiesehöfer, J. 2001. Ancient Persia. London: I. B. Tauris.
199. Widmer, G. In press. "Une invocation à la déesse (Tablette démotique Louvre E 10382)." In F. Hoffmann and H.-J. Thissen, eds., Festschrift volume [title n.a.]. Würzburg.
200. Wilfong, T. G. 2002. Women of Jeme: Life in a Coptic Town in Late Antique Egypt. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press.
201. Williams, H. 2001. "The Romans and the Runes: Uses of Writing in Germania." In S. Nyström, ed., Runor och AB.C.: Elva föreläsningar från en symposium I Stockholm våren 1995. Stockholm: Stockholms Medeltidsmuseum, 177-92.
202. Winter, E. 1980. "Philae." In W. Helck and W. Westendorf, eds., Lexikon der Ägyptologie. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, IV: 1022-27.
203. Wolf, E. R. 1955. "Types of Latin American Peasantry: A Preliminary Discussion." American Anthropologist 57:452-71.
204. Wolf, E. R. 1987. "The Vicissitudes of the Closed Corporate Peasant Community." American Ethnologist 13:325-29.
205. Yadeun, J. 1993. Toniná. Mexico: El Equilibrista.
206. Yoffee, N., and G. L. Cowgill, eds. 1988. The Collapse of Ancient States and Civilizations. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.