Vitamin requirements for term infants: Considerations for infant formulae

Nutrition Research Reviews

Volumn 10, Issue , 1997, Pages 1-33

  Powers, Hilary J ^a  

^a SHEFFIELD CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0141599959     PISSN: 09544224     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1079/NRR19970003     Document Type: Article

References (203)

1. Ahmed, I., Atiq, M., Iqbal, J., Khurshid, M. & Whittaker, P. (1995). Vitamin D deficiency rickets in breast-fed infants presenting with hypocalcaemic seizures. Acta Paediatrica 84, 941-942.
2. Ala-Houhala, M., Koskinen, T., Parvainen, M. T. & Visakorpi, J. K. (1988). 25-hydroxyvitamin D and vitamin D in human milk: effects of supplementation and season. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48, 1057-1060.
3. Amédée-Manesmee, O., Anderson, D. & Olson, J. A. (1984). Relation of the relative dose response to liver concentrations of vitamin A in generally well-nourished surgical patients. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 39, 898-902.
4. American Academy of Pediatrics (1985). Composition of human milk; normative data. Appendix. In Pediatric Nutrition Handbook, 2nd edn, pp. 363-368. Elk Grove Village, III: American Academy of Pediatrics.
5. Anderson, D. M. & Pittard, W. B. (1985). Vitamin E and C concentrations in human milk with maternal megadosing: a case report. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 85, 715-717.
6. Antony, A. C., Utley, C. S., Marcell, P. D. & Kolhouse, J. F. (1982). Folate-binding proteins in milk may facilitate folate absorption. Nutrition Reviews 40, 90-92.
7. Aranda, J. V., Chemtob, S., Laudignon, N. & Sasyniuk, B. I. (1986). Furosemide and vitamin E. Two problem drugs in neonatology. Pediatric Clinics of North America 33, 583-602.
8. Bachrach, S., Fisher, J. & Parks, J. S. (1979). An outbreak of vitamin D deficiency rickets in a susceptible population. Pediatrics 64, 871-877.
9. Barak, M., Herschkowitz, S. & Montag, J. (1986). Soft tissue calcification: a complication of vitamin E injection. Pediatrics 77, 382-385.
10. Bates, C. J., Liu, D.-S., Fuller, N. J. & Lucas, A. (1985). Susceptibility of riboflavin and vitamin A in breast milk to photodegradation and its implications for the use of banked breast milk in infant feeding. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 74, 40-44.
11. Bates, C. J. & Prentice, A. (1994). Breast milk as a source of vitamins, essential minerals and trace elements. Pharmacology and Therapeutics 62, 193-220.
12. Bates, C. J. & Prentice, A. (1996). In Drugs and Human Lactation, 2nd edn, pp. 533-607 [P. N. Bennett and the WHO Working Group, editors]. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
13. Bates, C. J., Prentice, A M., Paul, A. A., Prentice, A., Sutchffe, B. A. & Whitehead, R. G. (1982). Riboflavin status in infants born in rural Gambia, and the effects of a weaning food supplement. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 76, 253-258.
14. Bates, C. J., Prentice, A. M., Prentice, A., Lamb, W. H. & Whitehead, R. G. (1983). The effect of vitamin C supplementation on lactating women in Keneba, a West African rural community. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 53, 68-76.
15. Bell, E. F. (1989). Upper limit of vitamin E in infant formulas. Journal of Nutrition 19, 1829-1831.
16. Belton, N. R. (1986). Rickets - not only the 'English Disease'. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica Suppl. no. 323, 68-75.
17. Bendich, A. & Langseth, L. (1989). Safety of vitamin A. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 149, 358-371.
18. 6 and infantile convulsions: a first approximation of requirements of pyridoxine in infants. Pediatrics 20, 33-44.
19. Bieri, J. G. & Evarts, R. P. (1973). Tocopherols and fatty acids in American diets. The recommended allowance for vitamin E. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 62, 147-151.
20. Bloch, C. A., Rothberg, A. D. & Bradlow, B. A. (1984). Mother-infant prothrombin precursor status at birth. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 3, 101-103.
21. Boersma, E. R., Offringa, P. J., Muskiet, F. A. J., Chase, W. M. & Simmons, I. J. (1991). Vitamin E, lipid fractions and fatty acid composition of colostrum, transitional milk and mature milk: an international comparative study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53, 1197-1204.
22. Borschel, M. W., Kirksey, A. & Hannemann, R. E. (1986). Effects of vitamin B6 intake on nutriture and growth of young infants. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 43, 7-15.
23. Büller, H., Peters, M., Burger, B., Nagelkerke, N., Ten-Cate, J. W., Breederveld, C. & Heymans, H. (1986). Vitamin K status beyond the neonatal period. A prospective study in normal breast-fed and formula-fed infants. European Journal of Pediatrics 145, 496-499.
24. Butte, N. F. & Galloway, D. H. (1981). Evaluation of lactational performance of Navajo women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 34, 2210-2215.
25. Butte, N. F., Garza, C., Smith, E. O. & Nichols, B. L. (1984). Human milk intake and growth in exclusively breast-fed infants. Journal of Pediatrics 104, 187-195.
26. Byerley, L. O. & Kirksey, A. (1985). Effects of different levels of vitamin C intake on the vitamin C concentration in human milk and the vitamin C intakes of breast-fed infants. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 41, 665-671.
27. Canfield, L. M. & Hopkinson, J. M. (1989). State of the art vitamin K in human milk. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 8, 430-441.
28. Canfield, L. M., Hopkinson, J. M., Lima, A. F., Silva, B. & Garza, C. (1991). Vitamin K in colostrum and mature human milk over the lactation period - a cross-sectional study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53, 730-735.
29. Chanda, R., Owen, E. C. & Cramond, B. (1951). The composition of human milk with special reference to the relation between phosphorus partition and phosphatase and to the partition of certain vitamins. British Journal of Nutrition 5, 228-242.
30. Chang, Y. T., Germain-Lee, E. L., Doran, T. F., Migeon, C. J., Levine, M. A. & Berkovitz G. D. (1992). Hypocalcemia in non-white breast fed infants: vitamin deficiency revisited. Clinical Pediatrics 31, 695-698.
31. Chappell, J. E., Francis, T. & Clandinin, M. T. (1985). Vitamin A and E content of human milk at early stages of lactation. Early Human Development 11, 157-167.
32. Chappell, J. E., Francis, T. & Clandinin, M. T. (1986). Simultaneous high performance liquid chromatography analysis of retinol esters and tocopherol isomers in human milk. Nutrition Research 6, 849-852.
33. Committee on Dietary Allowances, Food and Nutrition Board (1980). Recommended Dietary Allowances, 9th edn. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.
34. Committee on Fetus and Newborn (1985). Vitamin E and the prevention of retinopathy of prematurity. Pediatrics 76, 315-316.
35. Conly, J. M., Stein, K., Worobetz, L. & Rutledge-Harding, S. (1994). The contribution of vitamin K2 (menaquinones) produced by the intestinal flora, to human nutritional requirements for vitamin K. American Journal of Gastroenterology 89, 915-923.
36. Cooperman, J. M., Dweck, H. S., Newman, L. J., Garbarino, C. & Lopez, R. (1982). The folate in human milk. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 36, 576-580.
37. Cooperman, J. M. & Lopez, R. (1991). Pteroylglutamates in human milk. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54, 760-761.
38. Corrigan, J. J. & Kryc, J. J. (1980), Factor II (prothrombin) levels in cord blood: correlation of anticoagulant activity with immunoreactive protein. Journal of Pediatrics 97, 979-985.
39. Coryell, M. N., Harris, M. E., Miller, S., Williams, H. H. & Macy, I. G. (1945). Human milk studies. 22. Nicotinic acid and biotin contents of colostrum and mature human milk. American Journal of Diseases of Children 70, 150-161.
40. DeBuse, P. J. (1992). Shoshin beri beri in an infant of a thiamine-deficient mother. Acta Paediatrica 81, 723-724.
41. Deodhar, A. D., Rajalakshmi, R. & Ramakrishnan, C. V. (1964). Studies on human lactation. 3. Effect of dietary vitamin supplementation on vitamin content of breast milk. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 53, 42-48.
42. Department of Health (1991). Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom. Report of the Panel on Dietary Reference Values of the Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy (Reports on Health and Social Subjects no. 41). London: HMSO.
43. Department of Health & Social Security (1977). The Composition of Mature Human Milk (Reports on Health and Social Subjects no. 12). London: HMSO.
44. Department of Health & Social Security (1981). Artificial Feeds for the Young Infant (Reports on Health and Social Subjects no. 18). London: HMSO.
45. Department of Health & Social Security (1988). Present Day Practice in Infant Feeding: Third Report (Reports on Health and Social Subjects no. 32). London: HMSO.
46. Dewey, K. G. & Lönnerdal, B. (1982). Nutrition, growth and fatness of breast fed infants from one to six months. Federation Proceedings 41, 352.
47. Dhivavibulya, K., Ouvrier, R., Johnston, I., Procopis, P. & Antony, J. (1991). Benign intracranial hypertension in childhood: a review of 23 patients. Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health 27, 304-307.
48. Dison, P. J., Lockitch, G., Halstead, A. C., Pendray, M. R., Macnab, A. & Wittman, B. K. (1993). Influence of maternal factors on cord and neonatal plasma micronutrient levels. American Journal of Perinatology 10, 30-35.
49. Edidin, D. V., Levitsky, L. L., Schey, W., Dumbovic, N. & Campos, A. (1980). Resurgence of nutritional rickets associated with breast feeding and special dietary practices. Pediatrics 65, 232-235.
50. Eitenmiller, R. R., Bryan, W. D., Khalsa, I. K., Feeley, R. M. & Barnhart, H. M. (1984). Folate content of human milk during early lactational stages. Nutrition Research 4, 391-397.
51. Ek, J. (1983). Plasma, red cell and breast milk folacin concentrations in lactating women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 38, 929-935.
52. Ek, J. & Magnus, E. M. (1979). Plasma and red blood cell folate in breast-fed infants. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 68, 239-243.
53. Ek, J. & Magnus, E. (1982). Plasma and red cell folate values and folate requirements in formula-fed term infants. Journal of Pediatrics 100, 738-744.
54. Fairweather-Tait, S. J., Powers, H. J., Minski, M. J., Whitehead, J. & Downes, R. (1992). Riboflavin deficiency and iron absorption in adult Gambian men. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 36, 34-40.
55. Foged, N., Lillquist, K., Rolschau, J. & Blaabjerg, O. (1989). Effect of folic acid supplementation on small-for-gestational-age infants born at term. European Journal of Pediatrics 149, 65-67.
56. IZ- Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation (FAO Food and Nutrition Series no. 23). Rome: FAO.
57. Ford, J. E., Zechalko, A., Murphy, J. & Brooke, O. G. (1983). Comparison of the B vitamin composition of milk from mothers of preterm and term babies. Archives of Disease in Childhood 58, 367-372.
58. Fournier, B., Sann, L., Guillaumont, M. & Leclercq, M. (1987). Variations of phylloquinone concentration in human milk at various stages of lactation and in cow's milk at various seasons. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45, 551-558.
59. Fredrikzon, B., Hernell, O., Blackberg, L. & Olivecrona, T. (1978). Bile-salt stimulated lipase in human milk: evidence of activity in vivo and of a role in the digestion of milk retinol esters. Pediatric Research 12, 1048-1052.
60. Fritz, I., Said, H., Harris, C., Murrell, J. & Greene, H. L. (1987). A new sensitive assay for plasma riboflavin using high performance liquid chromatography. Journal of American College of Nutrition 6, 449.
61. Gambon, R. C., Lentze, M. J. & Rossi, E. (1986). Megaloblastic anaemia in one of monozygous twins breast fed by their vegetarian mother. European Journal of Pediatrics 145, 570-571.
62. 12 deficiency syndrome in infants. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 34, 174-178.
63. Garrow, D., Chisholm, M. & Radford, M. (1986). Vitamin K and Thrombotest values in full term infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood 61, 349-351.
64. Gaull, G. E., Jenson, R. G., Rassin, D. K. & Malloy, M. H. (1982). Human milk as food. Advances in Perinatal Medicine 2, 47-120.
65. Gebre-Medhin, M., Vahlquist, A., Hofvander, Y., Uppsäll, L. & Vahlquist, B. (1976). Breast milk composition in Ethiopian and Swedish mothers. I. Vitamin A and β-carotene. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 29, 441-451.
66. Gelardi, R. C. (1992). Vitamin D content of infant formula (letter). New England Journal of Medicine 327, 894.
67. George, D. E. & de Francesca, B. A. (1989). Human milk in comparison to cow milk. In Textbook of Gastroenterology and Nutrition in Infancy, 2nd edn, pp. 239-434 [E. Lebenthal, editor]. New York: Raven Press.
68. Golding, J., Greenwood, R., Birmingham, K. & Mott, M. (1992). Childhood cancer, intramuscular vitamin K, and pethidine given during labour. British Medical Journal 305, 341-346.
69. Greene, H. L. (1982). In Textbook of Gastroenterology and Nutrition in Infancy, vol. 1, Gastrointestinal Development and Perinatal Nutrition, pp. 585-593 [E Lebenthal, editor]. New York: Raven Press.
70. 2. Journal of Pediatrics 105, 61-64.
71. Greer, F. R., Marshall, S., Cherry, J. & Suttie, J. W. (1991). Vitamin K status of lactating mothers, human milk, and breast-feeding infants. Pediatrics 88, 751-756.
72. Greer, F. R., Marshall, S. P., Foley, A. L. & Suttie, J. W. (1997). Improving vitamin K status of breastfeeding infants with maternal vitamin K supplements. Pediatrics 99, 88-92.
73. Greer, F. R., Searcy, J. E., Levin, R. S., Steichen, J. J., Steichen-Asche, P. S. & Tsang, R. C. (1982). Bone mineral content and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in breast-fed infants with and without supplemental vitamin D: one year follow-up. Journal of Pediatrics 100, 919-922.
74. Greer, F. R. & Tsang, R. C. (1983). Vitamin D in human milk: is there enough? Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2, S217-S281.
75. 6 status of rats. Journal of Nutrition 110, 995-1005.
76. Gromisch, D. S., Lopez, R., Cole, H. S. & Cooperman, J. M. (1977). Light (phototherapy)-induced riboflavin deficiency in the neonate. Journal of Pediatrics 90, 118-122.
77. Guilarte, T. R. (1993). Vitamin B6 and cognitive development: recent research findings from human and animal studies. Nutrition Reviews 51, 193-199.
78. György, P., Cogan, G. & Rose, C. S. (1952). Availability of vitamin E in the newborn infant. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 81, 536-538.
79. Haddad, J. G. (1983). Survey of competition assays for the vitamin D metabolites. In Assay of Calcium Regulating Hormones, pp. 49-63 [D. D. Bikle, editor]. New York: Springer Verlag.
80. Hågå, P., Ek, J. & Kran, S. (1982). Plasma tocopherol levels and vitamin E/p lipoprotein relationships during pregnancy and in cord blood. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 36, 1200-1204.
81. Halsted, C. H., Reisenauer, A. M., Shane, B. & Tamura. T. (1978). Availability of monoglutamyl and polyglutamyl folates in normal subjects and in patients with coeliac sprue. Gut 19, 886-891.
82. Hanawa, Y., Maki, M., Murata, B., Matsuyama, E., Yamomoto, Y., Nagao, T., Yamada, K., Ikeda, I., Terao, T., Mikami, S., Shiraki, K., Komazawa, M., Shirahata, A., Tsuji, Y., Motohara, K. & Tsukimoto, I. (1988). The second nation-wide survey in Japan of vitamin K deficiency in infancy. European Journal of Pediatrics 147, 472-477.
83. Haroon, Y., Shearer, M. J., Rahim, S., Gunn, W. G., McEnery, G. & Barkhan, P. (1982). The content of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) in human milk, cows' milk and infant formula foods determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Nutrition 112, 1105-1117.
84. Harzer, G., Haug, M. & Bindels, J. G. (1986). Biochemistry of maternal milk in early lactation. Human Nutrition: Applied Nutrition 40A, Supplement 1, 11-18.
85. Haug, M., Laubach, C., Burke, M. & Harzer, G. (1987). Vitamin E in human milk from mothers of preterm and term infants. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 6, 605-609.
86. Higginbottom, M. C., Sweetman, L. & Nyhan, W. L. (1978). A syndrome of methylmalonic aciduria, homocysteinuria, megaloblastic anemia and neurological abnormalities in a vitamin B12 deficient breast-fed infant of a strict vegetarian. New England Journal of Medicine 299, 317-323.
87. Hirano, M., Honma, K., Daimatsu, T., Hayakawa, K., Oizumi, J., Zaima, K. & Kanke, Y. (1992). Longitudinal variations of biotin content in human milk - research note. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 62, 281-282.
88. Hoey, H., Linnell, J. C., Oberholzer, V. G. & Laurance, B. M. (1982). Vitamin B12 deficiency in a breast-fed infant of a mother with pernicious anaemia. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 75, 656-658.
89. Hoff, N., Haddard, J., Teitelbaum, S., McAlister, W. & Hillman, L. S. (1979). Serum concentrations of 25(OH) D in rickets of extremely premature infants. Journal of Pediatrics 94, 460-466.
90. Hoffbrand, A. V. (1970). Folate deficiency in premature infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood 45, 441-444.
91. Hogenbirk, K., Peters, M., Bouman, P., Sturk, A. & Buller, H. A. (1993). The effect of formula versus breast feeding and exogenous vitamin K1 supplementation on circulating levels of vitamin K1 and vitamin K-dependent clotting factors in newborns. European Journal of Pediatrics 152, 72-74.
92. Holick, M. F., Shao, Q., Liu, W. W. & Chen, T. C. (1992). The vitamin D content of fortified milk and infant formula. New England Journal of Medicine 326, 1178-1181.
93. Hollis, B. W. (1983). Improved quantitation of vitamin D2, vitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in human milk. Analytical Biochemistry 131, 211-219.
94. Hollis, B. W., Ala-Houhala, M., Koskinen, T , Parvainen, M. T. & Visakorpi, J. K. (1988). 25-hydroxy vitamin D and vitamin D in human milk: effects of supplementation and season. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48, 1057-1060.
95. Hollis, B. W., Pittard, W. B. & Reinhardt, T. A. (1986). Relationships among vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and vitamin D binding protein concentrations in the plasma and milk of human subjects. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 62, 41-44.
96. Holt, L. E. (1956). The adolescence of nutrition. Archives of Disease in Childhood 31, 427-438.
97. Holt, L. E., Nemir, R. L., Snyderman, S. E., Albanese, A. A., Ketron, K. C., Guy, L. P. & Carretero, R. (1949). The thiamine requirement of the normal infant. Journal of Nutrition 37, 53-66.
98. Hoogenboezem, T., Degenhart, H. J., Keizer-Schrama, S. M. P. F.de M., Bouillon, R., Grose, W. F.A., Hackeng, W. H. L. & Visser, H. K.A. (1988). Vitamin D metabolism in breast fed infants and their mothers. Pediatric Research 25, 623-628.
99. Horwitt, M. K., Harvey, C. C., Dahn, C. C. & Scary, M. T. (1972). Relationship between tocopherol and serum lipid levels for determination of nutritional adequacy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 203, 233-236.
100. Hovi, L., Hekali, R. & Siimes, M. A. (1979). Evidence of riboflavin depletion in breast-fed newborns and its further acceleration during treatment of hyperbilirubinaemia by phototherapy. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 68, 567-570.
101. Hussein, L., El-Nokaly, F. & Hamdy, B. (1985). Patterns of glycosaminoglycans excretion in the urine of Egyptians differing in their vitamin A status. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 55, 133-137.
102. Irwin, M. I. & Hutchins, B. K. (1976). A conspectus of research on vitamin C requirements of man. Journal of Nutrition 106, 821-879.
103. 12 deficiency in Indian infants. A clinical syndrome. Lancet ii, 903-907.
104. Jansson, L., Åkesson, B. & Holmberg, L. (1981). Vitamin E and fatty acid composition of human milk. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 34, 8-13.
105. Jathar, V. S., Kamath, S. A., Parikh, M. N., Rege, D. V. & Satoskar, R. S. (1970). Maternal milk and serum vitamin B12, folic acid, and protein levels in Indian subjects. Archives of Disease in Childhood 45, 236-241.
106. Jeans, P. C. & Stearns, G. (1938). The effect of vitamin D on linear growth in infancy. 2. The effects of intakes above 1800 USP units daily. Journal of Pediatrics 13, 730-740.
107. Johnston, L., Vaughan, L. & Fox, H. M. (1981). Pantothenic acid content of human milk. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 34, 2205-2209.
108. Kang-Yoon, S. A., Kirksey, A., Giacola, G. & West, K. (1992). Vitamin B6 status of breast-fed neonates: influence of pyridoxine supplementation on mothers and neonates. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56, 548-558.
109. Karp, W. B. & Robertson, A. F. (1986). Vitamin E in neonatology. Advances in Pediatrics 33, 127-147.
110. Karra. M. V., Udipi, S. A., Kirksey, A. & Roepke, J. L. B. (1986). Changes in specific nutrients in breast milk during extended lactation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 43, 495-503.
111. Keenan, W. J., Jewett, T. & Glueck, H. I. (1971). Role of feeding and vitamin K in hypoprothrombinemia of the newborn. American Journal of Diseases of Children 121, 271-277.
112. Kim, Y., English, C., Reich, P., Gerber, L. E. & Simpson, K. L. (1990). Vitamin A and carotenoids in human milk. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 38, 1930-1933.
113. Kirksey, A. & Udipi, S. A. (1985). Vitamin B6 in pregnancy and lactation. In Vitamin B6: Its Role in Health and Disease, pp. 57-77 [R. D. Reynolds and J. E. Leklem, editors]. New York: Alan R. Liss.
114. Klebanoff, M. A., Read, J. S., Mills, J. L. & Shiono, P. H. (1993). The risk of childhood cancer after neonatal exposure to vitamin K. New England Journal of Medicine 329, 905-908.
115. Kon, S. K. & Mawson, E. H. (1950). The vitamin A and carotenoid content of milk. In Human Milk: Wartime Studies of Certain Vitamins and Other Constituents, pp. 32-69 (Medical Research Council Special Report Series no. 269). London: HMSO.
116. Koo, W. W. K., Sherman, R., Succop, P., Ho, M., Buckley, D. & Tsang, R. C. (1989). Serum vitamin D metabolites in very low birth weight infants with and without rickets and fractures. Journal of Pediatrics 114, 1017-1022.
117. Kruse, K. & Kracht, U. (1986). Evaluation of serum osteocalcin as an index of altered bone metabolism. European Journal of Pediatrics 145, 27-33.
118. Kuhne, T., Bubi, R. & Baumgartner, R. (1991). Maternal vegan diet causing a serious infantile neurological disorder due to vitamin B12 deficiency. European Journal of Pediatrics 150, 205-208.
119. Kunz, C., Niesen, M., Lilienfeld-Toal, H. v. & Burmeister, W. (1984). Vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D in cow's milk, infant formulas and breast milk during different stages of lactation. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 54, 141-148.
120. Lammi-Keefe, C. J., Jensen, R. G., Clark, R. M. & Ferris, A. M. (1985). Alpha tocopherol, total lipid and linoleic acid contents of human milk at 2, 6, 12, and 16 weeks. In Composition and Physiological Properties of Human Milk, pp. 241-245 [J. Schaub, editor]. New York: Elsevier Science Publishers.
121. Lane, P. A., Hathaway, W. E., Githens, J. H., Krugman, R. D. & Rosenberg, D. A. (1983). Fatal intracranial hemorrhage in a normal infant secondary to vitamin K deficiency. Pediatrics 72, 562-564.
122. Lemons, J. A. & Maisels, M. J. (1985). Vitamin E - how much is too much? Pediatrics 76, 625-627.
123. Lönnerdal, B. (1986). Effects of maternal dietary intake on human milk composition. Journal of Nutrition 116, 499-513.
124. Lönnerdal, B., Forsum, E. & Hambraeus, L. (1976). A longitudinal study of the protein, nitrogen, and lactose contents of human milk from Swedish well-nourished mothers. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 29, 1127-1133.
125. 12 in pregnancy, the placenta, and the newborn. American Journal of Diseases of Children 102, 753-754.
126. McCullough, A. L., Kirksey, A., Wachs, T. D., McCabe, G. P., Bassily, N. S., Bishry, Z., Galal, O. M., Harrison, G. G. & Jerome, N. W. (1990). Vitamin B6 status of Egyptian mothers: relation to infant behaviour and maternal-infant interactions. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51, 1067-1074.
127. McLaughlin, M., Fairney, A., Lester, E., Raggatt, P. R., Brown, D. J. & Wills, M. R. (1974). Seasonal variations in serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in healthy people. Lancet i, 536-537.
128. McNinch, A. W., Orme, R.L'E. & Tripp, J. H. (1983). Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn returns. Lancet i, 1089-1090.
129. Macy, I. G. (1949). Composition of human colostrum and milk. American Journal of Diseases of Children 78, 589-603.
130. Mahoney, C. P., Margohs, M. T., Knauss, T. A. & Labbe, R. F. (1980). Chronic vitamin A intoxication in infants fed chicken liver. Pediatrics 650, 893-896.
131. Mamunes, P., Prince, P. E., Thornton, N. H., Hunt, P. A. & Hitchcock, E. S. (1976). Intellectual defects after transient tyrosinemia in the term neonate. Pediatrics 57, 675-680.
132. Markestad, T., Hesse, V., Siebenhuner, M., Jahreis, G., Aksnes, L., Plenert, W. & Aarskog, D. (1987). Intermittent high dose vitamin D prophylaxis during infancy: effect on vitamin D metabolites, calcium and phosphorus. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 46, 652-658.
133. Markestad, T., Kolmannskog, S., Arntzen, E., Toftegaard, L., Haneberg, B. & Aksnes, L. (1984). Serum concentrations of vitamin D metabolites in exclusively breast-fed infants at 70° north. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 73, 29-32.
134. Martone, W. J., Williams, W. W., Mortensen, M. L., Gaynes, R. P., White, J. W., Lorch, V., Murphy, M. D., Sinha, S. N., Frank, D. J., Kosmetatos, N., Bodenstein, C. J. & Roberts, R. J. (1986). Illness with fatalities in premature infants: association with an intravenous vitamin E preparation, E-Ferol. Pediatrics 78, 591-600.
135. Menkes, J. H., Welcher, D. W., Levi, H. S., Dallas, J. & Gretsky, N. E. (1972). Relationship of elevated blood tyrosine to the ultimate intellectual performance of premature infants. Pediatrics 49, 218-224.
136. Mino, M. & Nishino, H. (1973). Fetal and maternal relationships in serum vitamin E levels. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 19, 475-482.
137. Miyake, M., Miki, M., Yasuda, H., Ogihara, T. & Mino, M. (1991), Vitamin E and the peroxidizability of erythrocyte membranes in neonates. Free Radical Research Communications 15, 41-50.
138. Mock, D. M., Mock, N. I. & Dankle, J. A. (1992). Secretory patterns of biotin in human milk. Journal of Nutrition 122, 546-552.
139. Moffatt, P. A., Lammi-Keefe, C. J., Ferris, A. M. & Jensen, R. G. (1987). Alpha and gamma tocopherols in pooled human milk after storage. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 6, 225-227.
140. Molony, C. J. & Parmelee, A. H. (1954). Convulsions in young infants as a result of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) deficiency. Journal of the American Medical Association 154, 405-406.
141. Moore, M. C., Greene, H. L., Phillips, B., Franck, L., Shulman, R. J., Murrell, J. E. & Ament, M. E. (1986). Evaluation of a pediatric multiple vitamin preparation for total parenteral nutrition in infants and children. 1. Blood levels of water-soluble vitamins. Pediatrics 77, 530-538.
142. Moran, J. R., Vaughan, R., Stroop, S., Coy, S., Johnston, H. & Greene, H. L. (1983). Concentrations and total daily output of micronutrients in breast milk of mothers delivering preterm: a longitudinal study. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2, 629-634.
143. Morrison, A. B. & Campbell, J. A. (1960). Vitamin absorption studies. 1. Factors influencing the excretion of oral test doses of thiamine and riboflavin by human subjects. Journal of Nutrition 72, 435-440.
144. Moser-Veillon, P. B. & Reynolds, R. D. (1990) A longitudinal study of pyridoxine and zinc supplementation of lactating women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 52, 135-141.
145. Motohara, K., Matsukura, M., Matsuda, I., Iribe, K., Ikeda, T., Kondo, Y., Yonekubo, A., Yamamoto, Y. & Tsuchiya, F. (1984). Severe vitamin K deficiency in breast fed infants. Journal of Pediatrics 105, 943-945.
146. Munks, B., Robinson, A., Williams, H. H. & Macy, I. G. (1945). Human milk studies. 25. Ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid in colostrum and mature human milk. American Journal of Diseases of Children 70, 176-181.
147. Muntean, W., Petek, W., Rosanelli, K. & Mutz, I. D. (1979). Immunologic studies of prothrombin in newborns. Pediatric Research 13, 1262-1265.
148. Nail, P. A., Thomas, M. R. & Eakin, R. (1980). The effect of thiamin and riboflavin supplementation on the level of those vitamins in human breast milk and urine. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 33, 198-204.
149. Neal, P. R., Erickson, P., Baenziger, J. C., Olson, J. & Lemons, J. A. (1986). Serum vitamin E levels in the very low birthweight infant during oral supplementation. Pediatrics 77, 636-640.
150. O'Connor, D. L., Tamura, T. & Picciano, M. F. (1991). Pteroylglutamates in human milk. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53, 930-934.
151. Olson, J. A. (1987a). Recommended dietary intakes (RDI) of vitamin K in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45, 687-692.
152. Olson, J. A. (1987b). Recommended dietary intakes (RDI) of vitamin A in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45, 704-716.
153. Paul, A. A. & Southgate, D. A. T. (1987). McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods, 4th edn. London: HMSO.
154. Picciano, M. F., Calkins, E. J., Garrick, J. R. & Deering, R. H. (1981). Milk and mineral intake of breast-fed infants. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 70, 189-194.
155. Pietschnig, B., Haschke, F., Vanura, H., Shearer, M., Veitl, V., Kellner, S. & Schuster, E. (1993). Vitamin K in breast milk: no influence of maternal dietary intake. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 47, 209-215.
156. Pittard, W. B., Geddes, K. M., Hulsey, T. C. & Hollis, B. W. (1991). How much vitamin D for neonates? American Journal of Diseases of Children 145, 1147-1149.
157. Powers, H. J. (1995). Riboflavin-iron interactions with particular emphasis on the gastrointestinal tract. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 54, 509-517.
158. Powers, H. J., Gibson, A T., Bates, C. J., Primhak, R. A. & Beresford, J. K. (1994). Does vitamin C intake influence the rate of tyrosine catabolism in premature babies? Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 38, 166-173.
159. Powers, H. J., Loban, A. L., Silvers, K. M. & Gibson, A. T. (1995). Vitamin C at concentrations observed in premature babies inhibits the ferroxidase activity of caeruloplasmin. Free Radical Research 22, 57-65.
160. Powers, H. J., Weaver, L. T., Austin, S. & Beresford, J. K. (1993). A proposed intestinal mechanism for the effect of riboflavin deficiency on iron loss in the rat. British Journal of Nutrition 69, 553-561.
161. Powers, H. J., Weaver, L. T., Austin, S., Wright, A. J. A. & Fairweather-Tait, S. J. (1991). Riboflavin deficiency in the rat: effects on iron utilization and loss. British Journal of Nutrition 65, 487-496.
162. Pratt, J. P., Hamil, B. M., Moyer, E. Z., Raucher, M., Roderuck, C., Coryell, M. N., Miller, S., Williams, H. H. & Macy, I. G. (1951). Metabolism of women during the reproductive cycle. 18. The effect of multi vitamin supplements on the secretion of B vitamins in human milk Journal of Nutrition 44, 141-157.
163. Prentice, A. M., Roberts, S. B., Prentice, A., Paul, A. A., Watkinson, M., Watkinson, A. A. & Whitehead, R. G. (1983). Dietary supplementation of lactating Gambian Women. I. Effect on breast milk volume and quality. Human Nutrition: Clinical Nutrition 37C, 53-64.
164. Rajalakshmi, R., Deodhar, A. D. & Ramakrishnan, C. V. (1965). Vitamin C secretion during lactation. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 54, 375-382.
165. Reeve, L. A., Chesney, R. W. & DeLuca, H. F. (1982). Vitamin D of human milk: identification of biologically active forms. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 36, 122-126.
166. Roberts, C. C., Chan, G. M., Folland, D., Raybum, C. & Jackson, R. (1981). Adequate bone mineralization in breast fed infants. Journal of Pediatrics 99, 192-196.
167. Roderuck, C. E., Coryell, M. N., Williams, H. H. & Macy, I. G. (1945). Human milk studies. 24. Free and total riboflavin contents of colostrum and mature human milk. American Journal of Diseases of Children 70, 171-175
168. Roepke, J. L. B. & Kirksey, A. (1979). Vitamin B6 nutriture during pregnancy and lactation. 2. The effect of long term use of oral contraceptives.
169. Salmenperä, L., Perheentupa, J. & Siimes, M. A. (1986). Folate nutrition is optimal in exclusively breast-fed infants but inadequate in some of their mothers and formula-fed infants. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 5, 283-289.
170. 12 in milk. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 34, 1717-1724.
171. Schanler, R. (1989). Water soluble vitamins. In Textbook of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition in Infancy, pp. [E. Lebenthal, editor]. New York: Raven Press Ltd.
172. Schanler, R. J. & Nichols, B. L. (1985). The water soluble vitamins C, B1, B2, B6, and niacin. In Vitamin and Mineral Requirements in Preterm Infants, pp. 39-62 [R. C. Tsang, editor]. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.
173. Schubiger, G., Tonz, O., Gruter, J., & Shearer, M. J. (1993). Vitamin K1 concentration in breast-fed neonates after oral or intramuscular administration of a single dose of a new mixed-micellar preparation of phylloquinone. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 16, 435-439.
174. Schwarz, K. B. (1989). Requirements and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins during infancy In Textbook of Gastroenterology and Nutrition in Infancy, 2nd edn, pp. 347-366 [E. Lebenthal, editor]. New York: Raven Press Ltd.
175. Shenai, J. P., Kennedy, K. A., Chytil, F. & Stahlman, M. T. (1987). Clinical trial of vitamin A supplementation in infants susceptible to bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Journal of Pediatrics 111, 269-277.
176. Silvers, K. M. (1996). The importance of circulating antioxidants to outcome in premature infants. PhD thesis. University of Sheffield.
177. Silvers, K. M., Gibson, A. T. & Powers, H. J. (1994). High plasma vitamin C concentrations at birth associated with low antioxidant status and poor outcome in premature infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood 71, F40-F44.
178. Silvers, K. M., Powers, H. J. & Gibson, A. T. (1993). Is the antioxidant activity of premature baby plasma modulated by plasma ascorbic acid concentrations? Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 52, 313A.
179. Sisson, T. R. C. (1987). Photodegradation of riboflavin in neonates. Federation Proceedings 46, 1883-1885.
180. Smith, A. M., Picciano, M. F. & Deering, R. H. (1983). Folate supplementation during lactation: maternal folate status, human milk folate content, and their relationship to infant folate status. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2, 622-628.
181. 12 and folic acid supplementation on the breast milk and maternal nutritional status of low socioeconomic lactating women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 34, 1338-1346.
182. Song, W. O., Chan, G. M., Wyse, B. W. & Hansen, R. G. (1984). Effect of pantothenic acid status on the content of the vitamin in human milk. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 40, 317-324.
183. Specker, B. L., Black, A., Allen, L. & Morrow, F. (1990). Vitamin B-12: low milk concentrations are related to low serum concentrations in vegetarian women and to methylmalonic aciduria in their infants. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 52, 1073-1076.
184. Styslinger, L. & Kirksey, A. (1985). Effects of different levels of vitamin B6 supplementation on vitamin B6 concentrations in human milk and vitamin B6 intakes of breast-fed infants. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 41, 21-31.
185. Takeuchi, A., Okano, T., Tsugawa, N., Katayama, M., Mimura, Y., Kobayashi, T., Kodama, S. & Hatsuo, T. (1988). Determination of vitamin D and its metabolites in human and cow's milk. Journal of Micronutrient Analysis 4, 193-208.
186. Tamura, T., Yoshimura, Y. & Arakawa, T. (1980). Human milk folate and folate status in lactating mothers and their infants. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 33, 193-197.
187. 12 supplementation on the breast milk and maternal status of well-nourished women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 32, 1679-1685.
188. Thomas, M. R., Pearsons, M. H., Demkowicz, M., Chan, I. M. & Lewis, C. G. (1981). Vitamin A and vitamin E concentration of the milk from mothers of pre-term infants and milk of mothers of full term infants. Acta Vitaminologica et Enzimologica 3, 135-144.
189. 12, folic acid, riboflavin, and thiamin on the breast milk and maternal status of well-nourished women at 6 months post partum. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 33, 2151-2156.
190. Trugo, N. M. F. & Sardinha, F. (1994). Cobalamin and cobalamin-binding capacity in human milk. Nutrition Research 14, 23-33.
191. Udipi, S. A., Kirksey, A. & Roepke, J. L. B. (1987). Diurnal variations in folacin levels in human milk: use of a single sample to represent folacin concentration in milk during a 24-h period. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45, 770-779.
192. van Zoeren-Grobben, D., Schrijver, J., van den Berg, H. & Berger, H. M. (1987). Human milk vitamin content after pasteurisation, storage, or tube-feeding. Archives of Disease in Childhood 62, 161-165.
193. Venkatachalam, P. S., Belavady, B. & Gopalan, C. (1962). Studies on vitamin A nutritional status of mothers and infants in poor communities of India. Journal of Pediatrics 61, 262-268.
194. Vieth, R. (1990). The mechanisms of vitamin D toxicity. Bone and Mineral 11, 267-272.
195. Villard, L. & Bates, C. J. (1987). Effect of vitamin A supplementation on plasma and breast milk vitamin A levels in poorly nourished Gambian women. Human Nutrition: Clinical Nutrition 41C, 47-58.
196. 1 supplements given to the mother. Pediatric Research 22, 513-517.
197. Wallgren, A. (1945). Breast milk consumption of healthy full-term infants. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 32, 778-790.
198. Watney, P. J. M., Chance, G. W., Scott, P. & Thompson, J. M. (1971). Maternal factors in neonatal hypocalcaemia: a study in three ethnic groups. British Medical Journal ii, 432-436.
199. Whitehead, R. G. & Paul, A. A. (1981). Infant growth and human milk requirements. Lancet ii, 161-163.
200. Williams, E. A., Powers, H. J. & Rumsey, R. D. E. (1995). Morphological changes in the rat small intestine in response to riboflavin depletion. Pediatrics 73, 141-146.
201. Williams, E. A., Rumsey, R. D. E. & Powers, H. J. (1996). Cytokinetic and structural responses of the rat small intestine to riboflavin depletion. British Journal of Nutrition 75, 315-326.
202. Wyatt, D. T., Noetzel, M. J. & Hillman, R. E. (1987). Infantile beriberi presenting as subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy. Journal of Pediatrics 110, 888-891.
203. Yates, C. A., Evans, G. E. & Powers, H. J. (1997). Very early changes in gut morphology in response to riboflavin depletion. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society (in press).