The Cross-National Diffusion of Movement Ideas

The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Volumn 528, Issue 1, 1993, Pages 56-74

  McAdam, Doug ^a   Rucht, Dieter ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

^b research group Public Sphere and Social Movements ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0141547043     PISSN: 00027162     EISSN: 15523349     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0002716293528001005     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Anna Gyorgy et al., No Nukes: Everyone's Guide to Nuclear Power (Boston: South End Press, 1979), p. 396.
2. This chain of events from Gandhi's acts of civil disobedience to those of the Clamshell Alliance could be easily extended in both chronological directions, but also broadened into a more complex web that covers other areas and conflicts: For example, the influence of Gandhi on the U.S. civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s and from there to the California farm workers movement as well as to activities of the nuclear freeze movement in the United States; the support of the Larsac activists for antinuclearists in Plogoff, Brittany, in the late 1970s; the blockade of housewives in Port Tenant, England, that opposed the construction of a polluting industrial plant in 1972, which, besides the Larsac conflict, was the second source of inspiration for the Kaiseraugst activists.
3. Everett M. Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations (London: Collier Macmillan, 1983).
4. Some of the general similarities in the protest experiences in each nation have already been highlighted in preceding articles in the present volume; see Jeffrey M. Berry, “Citizen Groups and the Changing Nature of Interest Group Politics in America”; Carol Hager, “Citizen Movements and Technological Policymaking in Germany,” this issue of The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science.
5. Elihu Katz, “Diffusion (Interpersonal Influence),” in International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, ed. David L. Shils (London: Macmillan and Free Press, 1968), 4: 78-85.
6. See, for example, Everett M. Rogers with John Dudley Eveland, “Diffusion of Innovation Perspectives on National R&D Assessment: Communication and Innovation in Organization,” in Technological Innovation: A Critical Review of Current Knowledge, ed. Patrick Kelly and Melvin Kranzberg (San Francisco: San Francisco Press, 1981), p. 271.
7. David Strang and John W. Meyer, “Institutional Conditions for Diffusion” (Paper delivered at the Workshop on New Institutional Theory, Ithaca, NY, Nov. 1991).
8. Gabriel Tarde, The Laws of Imitation, trans. Elsie Clews Parsons (New York: Holt, 1903).
9. Ralph Turner and Lewis Killian, Collective Behavior, 3rd ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1986).
10. James Rosenau, Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990); Sidney Tarrow, Democracy and Disorder (New York: Oxford University Press, Clarendon Press, 1989); Charles Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1978).
11. Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982); Maurice Pinard, The Rise of a Third Party: A Study in Crisis Politics (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1971).
12. Those stressing the role of preexisting organizations or associational networks in movement emergence include Jo Freeman, “The Origins of the Women's Liberation Movement,” American Journal of Sociology, 78: 792-811 (1973); Bert Klandermans, “Linking the ‘Old’ and ‘New’: Movement Networks in the Netherlands,” in Challenging the Political Order: New Social Movements in Western Democracies, ed. Russell J. Dalton and Manfred Kuechler (Oxford: Polity Press, 1990), pp. 122-136; Hanspeter Kriesi, “Local Mobilization for the People's Petition of the Dutch Peace Movement,” in From Structure to Action: Comparing Social Movement Research Across Cultures, ed. Bert Klandermans, Hanspeter Kriesi, and Sidney Tarrow (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1988); McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency; Aldon Morris, The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement (New York: Free Press, 1984); Louis A. Zurcher and R. George Kirkpatrick, Citizens for Decency: Antipornography Crusades as Status Defense (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1976).
13. For a rich account of the role of such ties in the initial spread of collective action, see Martin Oppenheimer, The Sit-in Movement of 1960 (Brooklyn, NY: Carlson, 1989). For a case where the absence of such ties appears to have doomed the movement from the outset, see Maurice Jackson et al., “The Failure of an Incipient Social Movement,” Pacific Sociological Review, 31: 35-40 (1960).
14. Mayer N. Zald and Roberta Ash, “Social Movement Organizations: Growth, Decay, and Change,” Social Forces, 44: 327-341 (1966); John D. McCarthy and Mayer N. Zald, The Trend of Social Movements in America: Professionalization and Resource Mobilization (Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press, 1973); John D. McCarthy and Mayer N. Zald, “Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory,” American Journal of Sociology, 82: 1212-1241 (1977).
15. Tarrow, Democracy and Disorder.
16. Donatella della Porta and Dieter Rucht, “Left-Libertarian Movements in Context: A Comparison of Italy and West Germany, 1965-1990” (Discussion paper FS III, 91-103, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin, 1991).
17. Sara Evans, Personal Politics (New York: Vintage Books, 1980).
18. Doug McAdam, Freedom Summer (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988).
19. Jürgen Gerhards and Dieter Rucht, “Mesomobilization: Organizing and Framing in Two Protest Campaigns in West Germany,” American Journal of Sociology (in press).
20. See, for example, Debra Friedman and Doug McAdam, “Identity Incentives and Activism: Networks, Choices and the Life of a Social Movement,” in Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, ed. Aldon Morris and Carol Mueller (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992); Alberto Melucci, “The Symbolic Challenge of Contemporary Movements,” Social Research, 52: 789-815 (1985); idem, Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society (London: Century Hutchinson, 1989); Verta Taylor and Nancy Whittier, “Collective Identity in Social Movements,” in Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, ed. Morris and Mueller.
21. Wini Breines, Community and Organization in the New Left, 1962-1968 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1989); Richard Flacks, Making History: The Radical Tradition in American Life (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988); Ronald Fraser et al., 1968: A Student Generation in Revolt (New York: Pantheon, 1988); Todd Gitlin, The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage (New York: Bantam Books, 1987); Maurice Isserman, If I Had a Hammer: The Death of the Old Left and the Birth of the New Left (New York: Basic Books, 1987); James Miller, “Democracy Is in the Streets”: From Port Huron to the Siege of Chicago (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987).
22. Hans Manfred Bock, Geschichte des ‘linken Radikalismus’ in Deutschland (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1976); Peter Mosler, Was wir wollten, was wir wurden: Zeugnisse der Studentenrevolte (Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1988).
23. Kirkpatrick Sale, SDS (New York: Random House, 1973), pp. 15, 122-123.
24. McAdam, Freedom Summer; idem, “The Biographical Consequences of Activism,” American Sociological Review, 54: 744-760 (1989).
25. McAdam, Freedom Summer, pp. 162-171.
26. Passed in 1965, the Emergency Acts granted state authorities enormous discretion in the handling of internal conflicts.
27. Interview with Michael Vester, 28 June 1992.
28. Interview with Karl-Dietrich Wolff, 3 July 1992.
29. Wilhelm Bittdorf, “Träume im Kopf, Sturm auf den Straßten,” Der Spiegel, 4 Apr. 1988, p. 101.
30. Todd Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching: The Making and the Unmaking of the New Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980).
31. Michael Vester, “Die Strategie der direkten Aktion,” Neue Kritik, 30: 12-20 (1965).
32. Günter Amendt, “Die Studentenrevolte in Berkeley,” Neue Kritik, 28: 5-7 (1965).
33. Michael Vester, “Schone neue Welt?” Neue Kritik, 15: 3-8 (1963).