Chlorofluorocarbon constraints on North Atlantic ventilation

Journal of Physical Oceanography

Volumn 33, Issue 8, 2003, Pages 1798-1814

  Haine, Thomas W N ^a   Richards, Kelvin J ^b   Jia, Yanli ^b  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EARTH ATMOSPHERE; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; VENTILATION;

DEEP WATER MASSES;

CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS;

CFC; DEEP WATER VENTILATION; MIXED LAYER; OCEANIC GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL; WATER MASS;

(NORTH); ATLANTIC OCEAN;

EID: 0141538214     PISSN: 00223670     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<1798:CCONAV>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. Andrié, C., J. F. Ternon, M. J. Messias, L. Memery, and B. Bouriès, 1998: Chlorofluoromethane distributions in the deep equatorial Atlantic during January-March 1993. Deep-Sea Res., 45A, 903-929.
2. Asher, W., and R. Wanninkof, 1998: Transient tracers and air-sea gas transfer. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 15 939-15 958.
3. Bleck, R., C. Rooth, D. Hu, and L. T. Smith, 1992: Salinity-driven thermocline transients in a wind- and thermohaline-forced isopycnic coordinate model of the North Atlantic. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 1486- 1505.
4. Castle, R. D., and Coauthors, 1998: Chemical and hydrographic profiles and underway measurments from the North Atlantic during July and August of 1993. NOAA Tech, Rep. ERL AOML-32 (PB98-131865), NOAA/ERL/AOML, 82 pp.
5. Dickson, R. R., J. Lazier, J. Meincke, P. Rhines, and J. Swift, 1996: Long-term coordinated changes in the convective activity of the North Atlantic. Progress in Oceanography, Vol. 38, Pergamon, 241-295.
6. Doney, S. C., and J. L. Bullister, 1992: A chlorofluorocarbon section in the eastern North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res., 39A, 1857-1883.
7. Gray, S. L., and T. W. N. Haine, 2001: Constraining a North Atlantic Ocean general circulation model with chlorofluorocarbon observations. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 1157-1181.
8. Griffiths, G., and Coauthors, 1992: CTD oxygen, tracer and nutrient data from RRS Charles Darwin cruises 58/59 in the NE Atlantic as part of Vivaldi '91. IOSDL Tech. Rep. 296, 51 pp. [Available from Library, SOC, Empress Dock, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom.]
9. Haine, T. W. N., and S. L. Gray, 2001: Quantifying mesoscale variability in ocean transient tracer fields. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 13 861-13 878.
10. Haine, T. W. N., A. J. Watson, M. I. Liddicoat, and R. R. Dickson, 1998: The flow of Antarctic bottom water in the southwest Indian Ocean estimated using CFCs. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 27 637-27 653.
11. Kraus, E. B., and J. S. Turner, 1967: A one-dimensional model of the seasonal thermocline. II. The general theory and its consequences. Tellus, 19, 98-105.
12. Levitus, S., 1982: Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean. NOAA Prof. Paper 13, 173 pp. and 17 microfiche.
13. Marsh, R., 2000: Recent variability of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation inferred from surface heat and freshwater fluxes. J. Climate, 13, 3239-3260.
14. Marshall, J. C., A. J. G. Nurser, and R. G. Williams, 1993: Inferring the subduction rate and period over the North Atlantic, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 1315-1329.
15. McCartney, M. S., and L. D. Talley, 1982: The subpolar mode water of the North Atlantic. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 1169-1188.
16. Nurser, A. J. G., R. Marsh, and R. G. Williams, 1999: Diagnosing water mass formation from air-sea fluxes and surface mixing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 1468-1487.
17. Pickart, R. S., and W. M. Smethie, 1993: How does the deep boundary current cross the Gulf Stream? J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 2602-2616.
18. Pickart, R. S., W. M. Smethie, J. R. N. Lazier, E. P. Jones, and W. J. Jenkins, 1996: Eddies of newly formed upper Labrador Sea water. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 20 711-20 726.
19. Qiu, B., and R. X. Huang, 1995: Ventilation of the North Atlantic and North Pacific: Subduction versus obduction. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 2374-2390.
20. Rhein, M., and Coauthors, 2002: Labrador Sea Water: Pathways, CFC-inventory and formation rates. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 648-665.
21. Smethie, W. M., 1993: Tracing the thermohaline circulation in the western North Atlantic using chlorofluorocarbons. Progress in Oceanography, Vol. 31, Pergamon, 51-99.
22. Smethie, W. M., and R. A. Fine, 2001: Rates of North Atlantic Deep Water formation calculated from chlorofluorocarbon inventories. Deep-Sea Res., 48, 189-215.
23. Walker, S. J., R. F. Weiss, and P. K. Salemeh, 2000: Reconstructed histories of the annual mean atmospheric mole fractions for the halocarbons CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, and carbon tetrachloride. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 14 285-14 296.
24. Wanninkof, R., 1992: Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7373-7382.
25. Warner, M. J., and R. F. Weiss, 1985: Solubilities of chlorofluorocarbons 11 and 12 in water and sea water. Deep-Sea Res., 32A, 1485-1497.
26. Weiss, R. F., J. L. Bullister, F. A. van Woy, M. J. Warner, P. K. Salemeh, and R. H. Gammon, 1991: Transient tracers in the ocean, tropical Atlantic study: Chlorofluorocarbon measurements. Tech. Rep. 91-1, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, CA, 159 pp.
27. Worthington, L. V., 1959: The 18° Water in the Sargasso Sea. Deep-Sea Res., 5, 297-305.
28. Wunsch, C., 1996: The Ocean Circulation Inverse Problem. 1st ed. Cambridge University Press, 442 pp.