Introduction to the history, demographics, and health effects of law enforcement work

Clinics in Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Volumn 3, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 369-384

  Hessl, Stephen M ^a,b  

^a DENVER HEALTH AND HOSPITAL AUTHORITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL ABUSE; ARTICLE; BACKACHE; BALLISTICS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CRIMINOLOGY; DEMOGRAPHY; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; JOB PERFORMANCE; LAW; LAW ENFORCEMENT; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; MULTICHANNEL RECORDER; MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASE; OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH; OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY; POLICE; PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT; SUICIDE; TECHNOLOGY; TELECOMMUNICATION; TRAFFIC SAFETY; TRAINING; UNITED STATES; VIOLENCE;

EID: 0141515380     PISSN: 15260046     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1526-0046(03)00097-9     Document Type: Review

References (53)

1. Bopp WJ, Schultz DO. A short history of American law enforcement. Springfield (IL): Charles C. Thomas Publishers; 1972.
2. Gammage Z. Police training in the United States. Springfield (IL): Charles C. Thomas Publishers; 1963. p. 64-72.
3. Hickman MJ, Reaves BA. Local police departments 2000. NCJ Publication 196002. Washington (DC): US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2003.
4. Rolph CH. Police. Encyclopedia Britannica 1973;18:152-3.
5. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Origins (1908-1910). Available at: http//www.fbi.gov/libref/historic/history/origins.htm. Accessed February 27, 2003.
6. Federal Bureau of Investigation. World War II period (late 1930's-1945). Available at: http://www.fbi.gov/libref/historic/history/worldwar.html. Accessed February 27, 2003.
7. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Aftermath of Watergate (1970's). Available at: http://www.fbi.gov/libref/historic/history/watergate.html. Accessed February 27, 2003.
8. Federal Bureau of Investigation. The rise of a wired world (1993-2001). Available at: http://www.fbi.gov/libref/historic/history/wiredworld.html. Accessed February 27, 2003.
9. US Department of Homeland Security. DHS organization. Available at: http://www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/theme_home1.jsp. Accessed March 16, 2003.
10. Federal Bureau of Investigation. About us. Available at: http://www.fbi.gov/aboutus/html. Accessed on February 27, 2003.
11. US Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives. ATF snapshot. Available at: http://www.atf.treas.gov/about/snap2001.html. Accessed on March 10, 2003.
12. US Department of Justice, Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services. Fact sheet. Available at: http://www.immigration.gov/graphics/publicaffairs/factshects/hire.html. Accessed on March 10, 2003.
13. City and County of Denver, Civil Service Commission. Job description - police officer. Denver (CO): City and County of Denver, Civil Service Commission; 1999. p. 1-8.
14. Violanti JM, Aron F. Ranking police stressors. Psychol Rep 1994;75:824-6.
15. American Federation of State. County and municipal employees (AFSCME). In: August J, editor. Health and safety for corrections employees. Washington, DC: American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees; 1992. p. 1-49.
16. Clarke C, Zak MJ. Fatalities to law enforcement officers and firefighters, 1992-97. Publication CF AR CWC. Washington (DC): US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics; 1999. p. 1-10.
17. Guralnick L. Mortality by occupation and cause of death among men 20-64 years of age: 1950. In: DHEW Vital Statistics Special Reports. Bethesda (MD): US Department of Health and Human Services, Government Printing Office; 1963. p. 1-17.
18. Labovitz S, Hagedorn R. An analysis of suicide rates among occupational categories. Social Inquiry 1971;41:67-72.
19. Nelson Z, Smith WE. The law enforcement profession: an incidence of high suicide. Omega 1970;1:293-9.
20. Richard W, Fell R. Human factors in police job stress. In: Kroes W, Hurell JJ, editors. Job stress and the police officer. DHEW Publication 76-187. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Government Printing Office; 1976. p. 25-38.
21. Violanti JM, Vena JE, Petralia S. Mortality of a police cohort 1950-1990. Am J Ind Med 1998; 33:366-73.
22. Vena JE, Violanti JM, Marshall JR, Fiedler R. Mortality of a municipal worker cohort. III. Police officers. Am J Ind Med 1986;10:383-97.
23. Demers PA, Heyer NJ, Rosenstock L. Mortality among firefighters from three northwestern United States cities. Br J Ind Med 1992;49:664-70.
24. Ivanoff A. The New York City police suicide project evaluation of film and training. In: The New York City Police Suicide Training Project. New York: New York Police Foundation; 1994. p. 3-9.
25. Violanti JM, Vena JE, Marshall JR. Suicides, homicides, and accidental death: a comparative risk assessment of police officers and municipal workers. Am J Ind Med 1996;30:99-104.
26. Violanti JM. Validity of police suicide rates [abstract]. Epidemiology 1995;6:S129.
27. Dubrow R, Burnett CA, Gute DM, Brockert JE. Ischemic heart disease and acute myocardial infarction mortality among police officers. J Occup Med 1988;30:650-4.
28. Milham Jr S. Occupational mortality in Washington State 1950-1979. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 83-116. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Government Printing Office; 1983.
29. Sardinas A, Miller JW, Hansen H. Ischemic heart disease mortality of firemen and policemen. Am J Public Health 1986;76:1140-1.
30. Calvert GM, Merling JW, Burnett CA. Ischemic heart disease mortality and occupation among 16- to 60-year-old males. J Occup Environ Med 1999;41:960-6.
31. Feuer E, Rosenman K. Mortality in police and firefighters in New Jersey. Am J Ind Med 1986; 9:517-27.
32. Forastiere F, Perucci CA, Di Pietro A. Mortality among urban policemen in Rome. Am J Ind Med 1994;26:785-98.
33. Ekelund LG, Hakell WL, Johnson JL, Whaley FS, Criqui MH, Sheps DS. Physical fitness as a predictor of cardiovascular fitness in asymptomatic American men: the Lipid Research Clinics Mortality Follow-up Study. N Engl J Med 1988;319:1379-84.
34. Ely DL, Mostardi RA. The effects of recent life events stress, life assets and temperament patterns on cardiovascular risk factors for Akron city police officers. J Human Stress 1986;12: 77-91.
35. Franke WD, Anderson DF. Relationship between physical activity and risk factors for cardiovascular disease among law enforcement officers. J Occup Med 1994;36:1127-32.
36. Franke WD, Cox DF, Schulte DP, Anderson DF. Coronary heart disease risk factors in employees of Iowa's department of public safety compared to a cohort of general population. Am J Ind Med 1997;31:733-7.
37. Peters RK, Cady LD, Bischoff DP, Bernstein L, Pike MC. Physical fitness and subsequent myocardial infarction in healthy workers. JAMA 1983;249:3052-6.
38. Pollock ML, Gettman LR, Ullman Meyer B. Analysis of physical fitness and coronary heart disease risk of Dallas area police officers. J Occup Med 1978;20:392-8.
39. Pyorala M, Mietinen H, Laakso M, Pyorala K. Hyperinsulinemia predicts coronary heart disease risk in healthy middle-aged men: the 22 year follow-up results of the Helsinki policemen study. Circulation 1998;8:398-404.
40. Richmond RL, Wodak A, Kehoe L, Healther N. How healthy are police? A survey of life-style factors. Addiction 1998;93:1729-37.
41. Stamford BA, Weltman A, Moffatt RJ, Fulco C. Status of police officers with regard to selected cardio-respiratory and body compositional fitness variables. Med Sci Sports 1978;10:294-7.
42. Williams MA, Petrallis MA, Baechle TR, Ryschon KL, Campain JJ, et al. Frequency of physical activity exercise capacity and atherosclerotic heart disease risk factors in male police officers. J Occup Med 1987;29:596-600.
43. Piercecchi M, Leonetti G, Pelissier AL. Evaluation of biological stress markers in police officers. Med Law 1999;18:125-44.
44. Wood SD, Kreitner R, Friedman GA, Edwards M, Sova MA. Cost effective wellness screening: a case study of 4534 law enforcement officers. J Police Sci 1998; 10:273-8.
45. Kroes WH. Society's victim: In: The police. Springfield (IL): Charles C. Thomas Publisher; 1986. p. 143-5.
46. Russek LG, King SH, Russek SJ, Russek HI. The Harvard mastery of stress study 35 year follow-up: prognostic significance of patterns of psychological arousal and adaptation. Psychosom Med 1990;52:271-85.
47. Finn P, Tomz JE. Developing a law enforcement stress program for officers and their families. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice; 1997.
48. Hills H, Norvell N. An examination of hardiness and neuroticism as potential moderators of stress outcomes. Behav Med 1991;17:31-8.
49. Franke WD, Ramey SL, Shelley II MC. Relationship between cardiovascular disease morbidity risk factors and stress in a law enforcement cohort. J Occup Med 2002;44:1182-9.
50. Kourinka I, Cote MM, Baril R, et al. Participation in workplace design with reference to low back pain: a case for the improvement of the police patrol car. Ergonomics 1994;37:1131-6.
51. Finkelstein MM. Back pain in parenthood. Occup Environ Med 1995;52:51-3.
52. Sullivan CSB, Shimizu KT. Epidemiological studies of work-related injuries among law enforcement personnel. J Soc Occup Med 1988;38:33-40.
53. Burton AK, Tillotson KM, Symonds TL, Burke C, Mathewson T. Occupational risk factors for the first-onset and subsequent course of low back trouble. Spine 1996;21:2612-20.