Unresolved issues in anticoagulant therapy

Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis

Volumn 1, Issue 7, 2003, Pages 1464-1470

  Schulman, S ^a  

^a KAROLINSKA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Atrial fibrillation; Myocardial infarction; Valve prosthesis; Venous thromboembolism

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULANT AGENT;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; FEMALE; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART INFARCTION; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS; HUMAN; MALE; PREGNANCY; RECURRENT DISEASE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; VEIN THROMBOSIS;

ANTICOAGULANTS; ATRIAL FIBRILLATION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CLINICAL TRIALS; FEMALE; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS; HUMANS; MALE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; PREGNANCY; RECURRENCE; RISK FACTORS; VENOUS THROMBOSIS;

EID: 0141498170     PISSN: 15387933     EISSN: 15387836     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1538-7836.2003.00269.x     Document Type: Review

References (69)

1. Simonneau G, Sors H, Charbonnier B, Page Y, Laaban JP, Azarian R, Laurent M, Hirsch JL, Ferrari E, Bosson JL, Mottier D, Beau B. A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin with unfractionated heparin for acute pulmonary embolism. The THESEE Study Group. Tinzaparine ou Heparine Standard: Evaluations dans l'Embolie Pulmonaire. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 663-9.
2. Jerjes-Sanchez C, Ramírez-Rivera A, de Lourdes García M, Arriaga-Nava R, Valencia S, Rosado-Buzzo A, Pierzo JA, Rosas E. Streptokinase and heparin versus heparin alone in massive pulmonary embolism: a randomized controlled trial. J Thromb Thrombolysis 1995; 2: 227-9.
3. Goldhaber SZ, Visani L, De Rosa M. Acute pulmonary embolism: Clinical outcomes in the International Cooperative Pulmonary Embolism Registry (ICOPER). Lancet 1999; 353: 1386-9.
4. Kasper W, Konstantinides S, Geibel A, Olschewski M, Heinrich F, Grosser KD, Rauber K, Iversen S, Redecker M, Kienast J. Management strategies and determinants of outcome in acute major pulmonary embolism: results of a multicenter registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 30: 1165-71.
5. Konstantinides S, Geibel A, Heusel G, Heinrich F, Kasper W for the Management Strategies and Prognosis of Pulmonary Embolism-3 Trial Investigators. Heparin plus alteplase compared with heparin alone in patients with submassive pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 1143-50.
6. Meissner AJ, Misiak A, Ziemski JM, Scharf R, Rudowski W, Huszcza S, Kucharski W, Wislavski S. Hazards of thrombolytic therapy in deep vein thrombosis. Br J Surg 1987; 74: 991-3.
7. Schulman S, Lockner D, Granqvist S, Bratt G, Paul C, Nyman D. A comparative randomized trial of low-dose versus high-dose streptokinase in deep vein thrombosis of the thigh. Thromb Haemost 1984; 51: 261-5.
8. Heinrich F, Heinrich U. North Baden venous lysis trial (NBVL): multicentre prospective randomized phlebographically controlled trial on the effect of ultra-high versus conventional doses of streptokinase in fresh leg-pelvis venous thromboses. Vasc Med 1998; 3: 87-94.
9. Kanter DS, Mikkola KM, Patel SR, Parker JA, Goldhaber SZ. Thrombolytic therapy for pulmonary embolism. Frequency of intracranial hemorrhage and associated risk factors. Chest 1997; 111: 1241-5.
10. Wilson SJ, Wilbur K, Burton E, Anderson DR. Effect of patient weight on the anticoagulant response to adjusted therapeutic dosage of lowmolecular-weight heparin for the treatment of venous thromboembolism. Haemostasis 2001; 31: 42-8.
11. Hainer JW, Barrett JS, Assaid CA, Fossler MJ, Cox DS, Leathers T, Leese PT. Dosing in heavy-weight/obese patients with the LMWH, tinzaparin: a pharmacodynamic study. Thromb Haemost 2002; 87: 817-23.
12. Yee JY, Duffull SB. The effect of body weight on dalteparin pharmacokinetics. A preliminary study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 56: 293-7.
13. Heizmann M, Baerlocher GM, Steinmann F, Horber FF, Wuillemin WA. Anti-Xa activity in obese patients after double standard dose of nadroparin for prophylaxis. Thromb Res 2002; 106: 179-81.
14. Collignon F, Frydman A, Caplain H, Ozoux ML, Le Roux Y, Bouthier J, Thebault JJ. Comparison of the pharmacokinetic profiles of three low molecular mass heparins -dalteparin, enoxaparin and nadroparin -administered subcutaneously in healthy volunteers (doses for prevention of thromboembolism). Thromb Haemost 1995; 73: 630-40.
15. Pautas E, Gouin I, Bellot O, Andreux JP, Siguret V. Safety profile of tinzaparin administered once daily at a standard curative dose in two hundred very elderly patients. Drug Saf 2002; 25: 725-33.
16. Hainer JW, Sherrard DJ, Swan SK, Barrett JS, Assaid CA, Fossler MJ, Cox DS, Williams RM, Pittenger AL, Stephenson CA, Hua TA. Intravenous and subcutaneous weight-based dosing of the low molecular weight heparin tinzaparin (Innohep) in end-stage renal disease patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 40: 531-8.
17. Brophy DF, Wazny LD, Gehr TW, Comstock TJ, Venitz J. The pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous enoxaparin in end-stage renal disease. Pharmacotherapy 2001; 21: 169-74.
18. Greaves M. Limitations of the laboratory monitoring of heparin therapy. Thromb Haemost 2002; 87: 163-4.
19. van den Belt AGM, Prins MH, Lensing AWA, Castro AA, Clark OAC, Atallah AN, Burihan E. Fixed dose subcutaneous low molecular weight heparins versus adjusted dose unfractionated heparin for venous thromboembolism (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Oxford: Update Software, 2002.
20. Hull RD, Raskob GE, Pineo GF, Green D, Trowbridge AA, Elliott CG, Lerner RG, Hall J, Sparling T, Brettell HR et al. Subcutaneous lowmolecular-weight heparin compared with continuous intravenous heparin in the treatment of proximal-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 975-82.
21. Van Ryn-McKenna J, Cai L, Ofosu FA, Hirsh J, Buchanan MR. Neutralization of enoxaparine-induced bleeding by protamine sulfate. Thromb Haemost 1990; 63: 271-4.
22. Schulman S. Optimal duration of oral anticoagulant therapy in venous thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost 1997; 78: 693-8.
23. Research Committee of the British Thoracic Society. Optimum duration of anticoagulation for deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Lancet 1992; 340: 873-6.
24. Schulman S, Rhedin A-S, Lindmarker P, Carlsson A, Lärfars G, Nicol P, Loogna E, Svensson E, Ljungberg B, Walter H, Viering S, Nordlander S, Leijd B, Jönsson K-Å, Hjorth M, Linder O, Boberg J and the DURAC Trial Study Group. A comparison of six weeks with six months of oral anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 1661-5.
25. Kearon C, Gent M, Hirsh J, Weitz J, Kovacs MJ, Anderson DR, Turpie AG, Green D, Ginsberg JS, Wells P, MacKinnon B, Julian JA. A comparison of three months of anticoagulation with extended anticoagulation for a first episode of idiopathic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 901-6.
26. Agnelli G, Prandoni P, Santamaria MG, Bagatella P, Iorio A, Bazzan M, Moia M, Guazzaloca G, Bertoldi A, Tomasi C, Scannapieco G, Ageno Wand the Warfarin Optimal Duration Italian Trial Investigators. Three months versus one year of oral anticoagulant therapy for idiopathic deep venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 165-9.
27. Pinedé L, Ninet J, Duhaut P, Chabaut S, Demolombe-Rague S, Durieu I, Nony P, Sanson C, Boissel J-P for the Investigators of the 'Durée Optimale du Traitement Anti Vitamines K' (DOTAVK) Study. Comparison of 3 and 6 months of oral anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of proximal deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism and comparison of 6 and 12 weeks of therapy after isolated calf deep vein thrombosis. Circulation 2001; 103: 2453-60.
28. Pinède L, Duhaut P, Cucherat M, Ninet J, Pasquier J, Boissel JP. Comparison of long versus short duration of anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. J Intern Med 2000; 247: 553-62.
29. Hutten BA, Prins MH. Duration of treatment with vitamink antagonists in symptomatic venous thromboembolism (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Oxford: Update Software, 2002.
30. Schulman S, Granqvist S, Holmström M, Carlsson A, Lindmarker P, Nicol P, Eklund S-G, Nordlander S, Lärfars G, Leijd B, Linder O, Loogna E and the Duration of Anticoagulation Trial Study Group. The duration of oral anticoagulant therapy after a second episode of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 393-8.
31. Schulman S and the Duration of Anticoagulation Study Group. The effect of the duration of anticoagulation and other risk factors on the recurrence of venous thromboembolism. Wien med Wschr 1999; 149: 66-9.
32. Schulman S, Lockner D, Juhlin-Dannfelt A. The duration of oral anticoagulation after deep vein thrombosis. Acta Med Scand 1985; 217: 547-52.
33. Lane DA, Mannucci PM, Bauer KA, Bertina RM, Bochkov NP, Boulyjenkov V, Chandy M, Dahlbäck B, Ginter EK, Miletich JP, Rosendaal FR, Seligsohn U. Inherited thrombophilia, Part 2. Thromb Haemost 1996; 76: 824-34.
34. Prandoni P, Lensing AWA, Cogo A, Cuppini S, Villalta S, Carta M, Cattelan AM, Polistena P, Bernardi E, Prins MH. The long-term clinical course of acute deep venous thrombosis. Ann Intern Med 1996; 125: 1-7.
35. Anonymous. Comparison of thrombotic risk between 85 homozygotes and 481 heterozygotes carriers of the factor V Leiden mutation: retrospective analysis from the Procare Study. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2000; 11: 511-8.
36. Schulman S, Svenungsson E, Granqvist S and the Duration of Anticoagulation Trial Study Group. The predictive value of anticardiolipin antibodies in patients with venous thromboembolism. Am J Med 1998; 104: 332-8.
37. Palareti G, Legnani C, Cosmi B, Guazzaloca G, Pancani C, Coccheri S. Risk of venous thromboembolism recurrence. high negative predictive value of D-dimer performed after oral anticoagulation is stopped. Thromb Haemost 2002; 87: 7-12.
38. Prandoni P, Lensing AWA, Prins MH, Simioni P, Bagatella P, Tormene D, Frulla M, Mosena L, Marchiori A, Girolami A. Residual vein thrombosis as a predictive factor of recurrent venous thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost 2001; 86: 851.
39. Piovella F, Crippa L, Barone M, D'Angelo SV, Serafini S, Galli L, Beltrametti C, D'Angelo A. Normalisation rate of compression ultrasonography in symptomatic vs post-surgical acute deep vein thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 2001; 86: 43.
40. Levine MN, Hirsh J, Gent M, Turpie AG, Weitz J, Ginsburg J, Geerts W, LeClerc J, Neemeh J, Powers P, Piovella F. Optimal duration of oral anticoagulant therapy: a randomized trial comparing four weeks with three months of warfarin in patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 1995; 74: 606-11.
41. Hull R, Hirsh J, Jay R, Carter C, England C, Gent M, Turpie AGG, McLoughlin D, Dodd P, Thoomas M, Raskob G, Ockelford P. Different intensities of oral anticoagulant therapy in the treatment of proximalvein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1982; 307: 1676-81.
42. Klein KL, Berdeaux DH, Milhollen JD, Hilden JT, Obernuefemann NJ, Koch MA, LoCicero RJ, Brehm WT. Equal effectiveness of very-lowintensity anticoagulation and standard low-intensity anticoagulation: a pilot study. South Med J 1995; 88: 1136-9.
43. Ridker PM, Goldhaber SZ, Danielson E, Rosenberg Y, Eby CS, Deitcher SR, Cushman M, Moll S, Kessler CM, Elliott CG, Paulson R, Wong T, Bauer KA, Schwartz BA, Miletich JP, Bounameaux H, Glynn RJ. PREVENT Investigators. Long-term, low-intensity warfarin therapy for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1425-34.
44. Svensson P, Södermark A, Schulman S. Experiences of a low-intensity anticoagulation regimen for extended secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism. Haematol J 2002; 3: 311-4.
45. Kearon C, Ginsberg JS, Kovacs M, Anderson DR, Wells P, Julian J, MacKinnon B, Wetz JI, Crowther MA, Dolan S, Turpie AGG, Geerts WH, Solymoss S, van Ngyuen P, Demers C, Kahn S, Kassis J, Rodger M, Hambleton J, Gent M for the ELATE Investigators. Low-intensity (INR 1. 5-1. 9) versus conventional-intensity (INR 2. 0-3. 0) anticoagulation for extended treatment of unprovoked VTE. A randomized doubleblind trial. Blood 2002; 100 (Suppl.): Abstract 562.
46. Persist Investigators. A novel long-acting synthetic factor Xa inhibitor (idraparinux sodium) to replace warfarin for secondary prevention in deep vein thrombosis. A phase II evaluation. Blood 2002; 100 (Suppl.): Abstract 301.
47. Eriksson H, Wåhlander K, Lundström T, Billing Clason S, Schulman S of the THRIVE III Investigators. Extended secondary prevention with the oral direct thrombin inhibitor Ximelagatran for 18 months after 6 months of anticoagulation in patients with venous thromboembolism: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Blood 2002; 100 (Suppl.): Abstract 297.
48. Meyer G, Marjanovic Z, Valcke J, Lorcerie B, Gruel Y, Solal-Celigny P, Le Maignan C, Extra JM, Cottu P, Farge D. Comparison of lowmolecular-weight heparin and warfarin for the secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer: a randomized controlled study. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 1729-35.
49. Ascani A, Iorio A, Agnelli G. Withdrawal of warfarin after deep vein thrombosis: effects of a low fixed dose on rebound thrombin generation. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1999; 10: 291-5.
50. Palareti G, Legnani C, Guazzaloca G, Frascaro M, Grauso F, De Rosa F, Fortunato G, Coccheri S. Activation of blood coagulation after abrupt or stepwise withdrawal of oral anticoagulants -a prospective study. Thromb Haemost 1994; 72: 222-6.
51. Tardy B, Tardy-Poncet B, Laporte-Simitsidis S, Mismetti P, Decousus H, Guyotat D, Bertrand JC. Evolution of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis parameters after abrupt versus gradual withdrawal of acenocoumarol in patients with venous thromboembolism: a double-blind randomized study. Br J Haematol 1997; 96: 174-8.
52. Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154: 1449-57.
53. Hart RG, Benavente O, McBride R, Pierce LA. Antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1999; 131: 492-501.
54. Albers GW, Dalen JE, Laupacis A, Manning WJ, Petersen P, Singer DE. Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Chest 2001; 119 (Suppl.): 194S-206S.
55. Weigner MJ, Caulfield TA, Danias PG, Silverman DI, Manning WJ. Risk for clinical thromboembolism associated with conversion to sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation lasting less than 48 hours. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126: 615-20.
56. Moinuddeen K, Quin J, Shaw R, Dewar M, Tellides G, Kopf G, Elefteriades J. Anticoagulation is unnecessary after biological aortic valve replacement. Circulation 1998; 98 (Suppl.): II95-9.
57. Babin-Ebell J, Schmidt W, Eigel P, Elert O. Aortic bioprosthesis without early anticoagulation -risk of thromboembolism. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995; 43: 212-4.
58. Mok CK, Boey J, Wang R, Chan TK, Cheung KL, Lee PK, Chow J, Ng RP, Tse TF. Warfarin versus dipyridamole-aspirin and pentoxifylline-aspirin for the prevention of prosthetic heart valve thromboembolism: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Circulation 1985; 72: 1059-63.
59. Anand SS, Yusuf S. Oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. JAMA 1999; 282: 2058-67.
60. Hurlen M, Abdelnoor M, Smith P, Erikssen J, Arnesen H. Warfarin, aspirin, or both after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 969-74.
61. Pettilä V, Kaaja R, Leinonen P, Ekblad U, Kataja M, Ikkala E. Thromboprophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin (dalteparin) in pregnancy. Thromb Res 1999; 96: 275-82.
62. Pettilä V, Leinonen P, Markkola A, Hiilesmaa V, Kaaja R. Postpartum bone mineral density in women treated for thromboprophylaxis with unfractionated heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin. Thromb Haemost 2002; 87: 182-6.
63. Ginsberg JS, Greer I, Hirsh J. Use of antithrombotic agents during pregnancy. Chest 2001; 119 (Suppl.): 122S-131S.
64. Jie K-SG, Gijsbers BLMG, Knapen MHJ, Hamulák K, Frank HL, Vermeer C. Effects of vitamin K and oral anticoagulants on urinary calcium excretion. Br J Haematol 1993; 83: 100.
65. Sato Y, Honda Y, Kunoh H, Oizumi K. Long-term oral anticoagulation reduces bone mass in patients with previous hemispheric infarction and nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. Stroke 1997; 28: 2390.
66. Philip WJ, Martin JC, Richardson JM, Reid DM, Webster J, Douglas AS. Decreased axial and peripheral bone density in patients taking longterm warfarin. Q J Med 1995; 88: 635.
67. Monreal M, Olive A, Lafoz E, del Rio L. Heparins, coumarin, and bone density. Lancet 1991; 338: 706.
68. Lafforgue P, Daver L, Monties JR, Chagnaud C, de Boissezon MC, Acquaviva PC. Bone mineral density in patients given oral vitamin K antagonists. Rev Rhum Engl Ed 1997; 64: 249.
69. Jamal SA, Browner WS, Bauer DC, Cummings SR. Warfarin use and risk for osteoporosis in elderly women. Study of the Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Ann Intern Med 1998; 128: 829.