"Modernity and economic development": The "new" American messianism

Middle East Policy

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 56-78

  Richards, Alan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0141480868     PISSN: 10611924     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1475-4967.00117     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Barry Schweid, "U.S. Says No Meddling in Iran," Guardian (London), June 16, 2003.
2. See, e.g., Bernard Lewis, What Went Wrong? (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001); and Anatol Lieven, "Consequences of the New Imperialism," London Review of Books, Vol. 25, No. 9, May 8, 2003, pp. 17-20.
3. See, e.g., Bernard Lewis, What Went Wrong? (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001); and Anatol Lieven, "Consequences of the New Imperialism," London Review of Books, Vol. 25, No. 9, May 8, 2003, pp. 17-20.
4. See also many of the writings of Isaiah Berlin, e.g., "The Pursuit of the Ideal," and "The Decline of Utopian Ideas in the West," as republished in Henry Hardy, ed., The Crooked Timber of Humanity: Chapters in the History of Ideas (New York: Vintage Books, 1992).
5. See especially his Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1990).
6. and Return to Reason (Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 2001).
7. "Cuius regio eius religio."
8. Return to Reason, p. 157.
9. See, e.g., Martin van Creveld, The Transformation of War (New York: Free Press, 1991).
10. As reported by Peter W. Wilson and Douglas F. Graham, Saudi Arabia: The Coming Storm (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1994), p. 25.
11. With the important caveat that "ideology" means here only "ideas with which I don't agree." Cf Richard Rorty, Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
12. The HDI is an index which weights equally measures of longevity (life expectancy at birth), knowledge (adult literacy and mean years of schooling) and income (measured in PPP per capita).
13. I have written such things myself, most recently, "The Political Economy of Economic Reform in the Middle East: The Challenge to Governance," Security Trends in the Middle East and Their Implications for the United States, eds, Nora Bensahel and Daniel Byman, RAND, 2002.
14. Unless otherwise stated, economic numbers used in this paper are taken from the World Bank.
15. Partha Dasgupta, "Valuing Objects and Evaluating Policies in Imperfect Economies." Economic Journal, Vol. 111, May 2001, pp. C1-C29.
16. This section draws on Hans Lofgren and Alan Richards, "Food Security, Poverty, and Economic Policy in the Middle East and North Africa," International Food Policy Research Institute, Trade and Macroeconomics Division Paper No. 111, February, 2003 http://www.ifpri.org/divs/tmd/dp/papers/tmdp111.pdf.
17. William van Eeghen, "Poverty in the Middle East and North Africa," Washington, DC, World Bank, 1995.
18. In 1992, the U.S. poverty line was S14,335 for a family of four. Sheldon H. Danziger and Daniel H. Weinberg "The Historical Record: Trends in Family Income, Inequality, and Poverty," Confronting Poverty: Prescriptions for Change, eds. Sheldon H. Danziger, Gary D. Sandefur, and Daniel H. Weinberg (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994), p. 18-50.
19. Zafiris Tzannatos, "Social Protection in the Middle East and North Africa: A Review," Paper presented at the Mediterranean Development Forum, March, 2000, p. 5; Willem van Eeghen and Kouassi Soman, "Poverty in the Middle East and North Africa," Voices from Marrakech: Towards Competitive and Caring Societies in the Middle East and North Africa, eds. Ishac Diwan and Karen Sirker, Selections from the Mediterranean Development Forum: Knowledge and Skills for Development in the Information Age, Marrakech, Morocco, May 12-17, 1997 (http://www.worldbank.org/mdf/mdf1/); and George F.Kossaifi, "Poverty in the Arab World: Toward a Critical Approach," Paper presented at the Mediterranean Development Forum, Marrakech, Morocco, September 3-6, 1998, p.5.
20. Zafiris Tzannatos, "Social Protection in the Middle East and North Africa: A Review," Paper presented at the Mediterranean Development Forum, March, 2000, p. 5; Willem van Eeghen and Kouassi Soman, "Poverty in the Middle East and North Africa," Voices from Marrakech: Towards Competitive and Caring Societies in the Middle East and North Africa, eds. Ishac Diwan and Karen Sirker, Selections from the Mediterranean Development Forum: Knowledge and Skills for Development in the Information Age, Marrakech, Morocco, May 12-17, 1997 (http://www.worldbank.org/mdf/mdf1/); and George F.Kossaifi, "Poverty in the Arab World: Toward a Critical Approach," Paper presented at the Mediterranean Development Forum, Marrakech, Morocco, September 3-6, 1998, p.5.
21. Zafiris Tzannatos, "Social Protection in the Middle East and North Africa: A Review," Paper presented at the Mediterranean Development Forum, March, 2000, p. 5; Willem van Eeghen and Kouassi Soman, "Poverty in the Middle East and North Africa," Voices from Marrakech: Towards Competitive and Caring Societies in the Middle East and North Africa, eds. Ishac Diwan and Karen Sirker, Selections from the Mediterranean Development Forum: Knowledge and Skills for Development in the Information Age, Marrakech, Morocco, May 12-17, 1997 (http://www.worldbank.org/mdf/mdf1/); and George F.Kossaifi, "Poverty in the Arab World: Toward a Critical Approach," Paper presented at the Mediterranean Development Forum, Marrakech, Morocco, September 3-6, 1998, p.5.
22. e.g., van Eeghan, "Poverty in the Middle East and North Africa," p. 19.
23. On the basis of household survey data for 47 countries, Ravallion ("Growth, Inequality, and Poverty: Looking Beyond Averages," Mimeo, Washington DC, World Bank, 2000, p. 9) computes a growth elasticity of poverty of-2.5: for every 1 percent increase in mean household income, the proportion of the population living on less than $1 per day (at 1993 PPP) declines by 2.5 percent.
24. Egypt: Ford Foundation, "Poverty Report," Cairo, 1998 (www.fordfound.org/global/cairo/features.cfm); Yemen: Mohamed EI-Maitamy, "Poverty and the Labor Market in Yemen." ERF Forum, Vol. 8, No. 2, October 2001 (www.erf.org.eg/nletter/oct01_11.asp); Max Rodenbeck, "An Emerging Agenda for Development in the Middle East and North Africa," IDRC, 2000 (www.idrc.ca/books/focus/930/12rodenb.html); and Jordan: Radwan Shaban, Dina Abu-Ghaida and Abdel-Salam Al-Naimat, "Poverty Alleviation in Jordan in the 1990s: Lessons for the Future." ERF Forum, Vol. 8, No. 2, October 2001 (www.erf.eg/nletter/oct01_4,asp).
25. Egypt: Ford Foundation, "Poverty Report," Cairo, 1998 (www.fordfound.org/global/cairo/features.cfm); Yemen: Mohamed EI-Maitamy, "Poverty and the Labor Market in Yemen." ERF Forum, Vol. 8, No. 2, October 2001 (www.erf.org.eg/nletter/oct01_11.asp); Max Rodenbeck, "An Emerging Agenda for Development in the Middle East and North Africa," IDRC, 2000 (www.idrc.ca/books/focus/930/12rodenb.html); and Jordan: Radwan Shaban, Dina Abu-Ghaida and Abdel-Salam Al-Naimat, "Poverty Alleviation in Jordan in the 1990s: Lessons for the Future." ERF Forum, Vol. 8, No. 2, October 2001 (www.erf.eg/nletter/oct01_4,asp).
26. Egypt: Ford Foundation, "Poverty Report," Cairo, 1998 (www.fordfound.org/global/cairo/features.cfm); Yemen: Mohamed EI-Maitamy, "Poverty and the Labor Market in Yemen." ERF Forum, Vol. 8, No. 2, October 2001 (www.erf.org.eg/nletter/oct01_11.asp); Max Rodenbeck, "An Emerging Agenda for Development in the Middle East and North Africa," IDRC, 2000 (www.idrc.ca/books/focus/930/12rodenb.html); and Jordan: Radwan Shaban, Dina Abu-Ghaida and Abdel-Salam Al-Naimat, "Poverty Alleviation in Jordan in the 1990s: Lessons for the Future." ERF Forum, Vol. 8, No. 2, October 2001 (www.erf.eg/nletter/oct01_4,asp).
27. Egypt: Ford Foundation, "Poverty Report," Cairo, 1998 (www.fordfound.org/global/cairo/features.cfm); Yemen: Mohamed EI-Maitamy, "Poverty and the Labor Market in Yemen." ERF Forum, Vol. 8, No. 2, October 2001 (www.erf.org.eg/nletter/oct01_11.asp); Max Rodenbeck, "An Emerging Agenda for Development in the Middle East and North Africa," IDRC, 2000 (www.idrc.ca/books/focus/930/12rodenb.html); and Jordan: Radwan Shaban, Dina Abu-Ghaida and Abdel-Salam Al-Naimat, "Poverty Alleviation in Jordan in the 1990s: Lessons for the Future." ERF Forum, Vol. 8, No. 2, October 2001 (www.erf.eg/nletter/oct01_4,asp).
28. As argued by A.G. Ali and Ibrahim A. Elbadawi "Poverty and the Labor Market in the Arab World: The Role of Inequality and Growth," January 2000. Paper prepared for the Third Mediterranean Development Forum, Cairo, March, 2000.
29. See Lofgren and Richards, "Food Security, Poverty, and Economic Policy in the Middle East and North Africa," Figure 1.
30. For details, ibid., esp. Figure 5.
31. This section draws heavily on my paper for RAND, cited earlier.
32. His writings are voluminous. On policy, see Globalization and Its Discontents. An accessible theoretical exposition appears in his 1990 Wicksell Lectures for the Stockholm School of Economics, published as Whither Socialism? (Cambridge and London: MIT Press, 1994).
33. His writings are voluminous. On policy, see Globalization and Its Discontents. An accessible theoretical exposition appears in his 1990 Wicksell Lectures for the Stockholm School of Economics, published as Whither Socialism? (Cambridge and London: MIT Press, 1994).
34. For more detail on the region here, see my article, "The Global Financial Crisis and the Middle East," Middle East Policy, Vol. 6, No. 3, February 1999, pp. 62-71.
35. Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (New York and London: Oxford University Press, 1999).
36. Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development, Arab Human Development Report 2002, Geneva, UNDP, 2002, pp. 27.
37. I have made such arguments so often before that I simply cannot stand doing it once again. See the RAND paper cited earlier for a lengthy discussion of these points.
38. This section draws on my "On Transition from Authoritarian Rule and the Democratic Potential of Arab Regimes," Newsletter of the Economic Research Forum for the Arab Countries, Iran, and Turkey, Vol. 9, No. 2, Summer 2002, Cairo, The World Bank.
39. Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late 20th Century (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).
40. Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
41. Mick Moore, "Political Underdevelopment," Paper presented at the 10th Anniversary Conference of the Development Studies Institute, London School of Economics, New Institutional Theory, Institutional Reform and Poverty Reduction, London, September 7-8, 2000, http://www.ids.ac.uk/idS/govern/pdfs/PolUnderdevel(refs).pdf.
42. e.g., Kirin Aziz Chaudhry, The Price of Wealth: Economies and Institutions in the Arab World (Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1999).
43. "Democracy Without Democrats? The potential for political liberalization in the Middle East," Democracy without Democrats? The Renewal of Politics in the Muslim World, ed. Ghassan Salame (London: I.B. Tauris, 1999), p. 45.
44. #1: Norway through #173: Sierra Leone.
45. Life expectancy at birth.
46. Adult literacy (adult: 15 years and older).
47. Enrollment ratio, primary, secondary and tertiary school enrollments as percentage of age cohort.
48. Middle income countries.