Qualitative and quantitative differences in normal vaginal flora of conventionally reared mice, rats, hamsters, rabbits, and dogs

Comparative Medicine

Volumn 53, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 404-412

  Noguchi, Kazuhiro ^a   Tsukumi, Kiyoshi ^a   Urano, Toru ^a  

^a KUMAMOTO UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANESTRUS; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL COUNT; BACTEROIDES; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIESTRUS; ESTRUS; ESTRUS CYCLE; EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL; GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIUM; HAMSTER; INTESTINE FLORA; MOUSE; MUCUS SECRETION; NONHUMAN; QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; RABBIT; RAT; SPECIES COMPARISON; STREPTOCOCCUS; VAGINA FLORA;

ANIMALS; ANIMALS, LABORATORY; BACTEROIDACEAE; CRICETINAE; DOGS; ESTRUS; FEMALE; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA; MICE; RABBITS; RATS; SPECIES SPECIFICITY; STREPTOCOCCUS; VAGINA;

EID: 0141478813     PISSN: 15320820     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Allen, E. 1922. The oestrous cycle in the mouse. Am. J. Anat. 30:297-348.
2. Baba, E., H. Hata, T. Fukata, and A. Arakawa. 1983. Vaginal and uterine microflora of adult dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 44:606-609.
3. Baker, H. J., J. R. Lindsey, and S. H. Weisbroth. 1979. Reproduction and breeding, p. 154-168. In E.J. Baker (ed.),The laboratory rat, vol. 1. biology and diseases. Academic Press, New York.
4. Balish, E., D. Cleven, J. Brown, and C. E. Yale. 1977. Nose, throat, and fecal flora of beagle dogs housed in "locked" or "open" environments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 34:207-221.
5. Bara,M. R.,M. R. McGowan, D. O'Boyle, and R. D. Cameron. 1993. A study of the microbial flora of the anterior vagina of normal sows during different stages of the reproductive cycle. Aust. Vet. J. 70:256-259.
6. Barberini, F., S. Correr, F. De Santis, and P. M. Motta. 1991. The epithelium of the rabbit vagina: a microtopographical study by light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Arch. Histol. Cytol. 54:365-378.
7. Bartlett, J. G. and B. F. Polk. 1984. Bacterial flora of the vagina: quantitative study. Rev. Infect. Dis. 6:S67-S72.
8. Bell, E. T., J. B. Bailey, and D. W. Christie. 1973. Studies on vaginal cytology during the canine oestrous cycle. Res. Vet. Sci. 14:173-179.
9. Boncyk, L. H. and S. S. Kalter. 1972. Aerobic bacterial flora of chimpanzees - a four-year study. J. Med. Primatol. 1:333-343.
10. Centola, G. M. 1978. Surface features of exfoliated vaginal epithelial cells during the oestrous cycle of the rat examined by scanning electron microscopy. J. Anat. 127:553-561.
11. Clemetson, L. L. and A. C. S. Ward. 1990. Bacterial flora of the vagina and uterus of healthy cats. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 196:902-906.
12. Corbeil, L. B., A. Chatterjee, L. Foresman, and J. A. Westfall. 1985. Ultrastructure of cyclic changes in the murine uterus, cervix and vagina. Tiss. Cell. 17:53-68.
13. Cox, F. 1982. Prevention of group B streptococcal colonization with topically applied lipoteichoic acid in a maternal-newborn mouse model. Pediatr. Res. 16:816-819.
14. Doyle, L., C. L. Young, S. S. Jang, and S. L. Hillier. 1991. Normal vaginal aerobic and anaerobic bacterial flora of the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta). J. Med. Primatol. 20:409-413.
15. Fawcett, D. W. 1994. Female reproductive system, p. 816-860. In D. W. Fawcett and E. Raviola (ed.), A textbook of histology. Chapman and Hall, One Penn Plaza Press, New York.
16. Fidel, P. L., Jr., J. L. Cutright, L. Tait, and J. D. Sobel. 1996. A murine model of Candida glabrata vaginitis. J. Infect. Dis. 173:425-431.
17. Fujisawa, T., Y. Benno, and T. Mitsuoka. 1992. Effect of menstrual cycle and different age on vaginal microflora of healthy women. Bifidobacteria. Microflora. 11:33-38.
18. Hagen, C. A., A. M. Shefner, and R. Ehrlich. 1965. Intestinal microflora of normal hamsters. Lab. Anim. Care. 15:185-193.
19. Hammann, R., A. Kronibus, N. Lang, and H. Werner. 1987. Quantitative studies on the vaginal flora of asymptomatic women and patients with vaginitis and vaginosis. Zbl. Bakt. Hyg. A 265:451-461.
20. Herthelius, M., S. L. Gorbach, R. Mollby, C. E. Nord, L. Pettersson, and J. Winberg. 1989. Elimination of vaginal colonization with Escherichia coli by administration of indigenous flora. Infect. Immun. 57:2447-2451.
21. Herthelius-Elman, M., R. Mollby, C. E. Nord, and J. Wibberg. 1992. The effect of amoxycillin on vaginal colonization resistance and normal vaginal flora in monkeys. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 29:329-340.
22. Hinrichs, K., M. R. Cummings, P. L. Sertich, and R. M. Kenney. 1988. Clinical significance of aerobic bacterial flora of the uterus, vagina, vestibule, and clitoral fossa of clinically normal mares. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 193:72-75.
23. Holderegger, C. 1980. Ultrastructural study of the mucification of the stratified epithelium of the mouse vagina. Cell. Tiss. Res. 213:475-482.
24. Itoh, K., T. Mitsuoka, K. Sudo, and K. Suzuki. 1983. Comparison of fecal flora of mice based upon different strains and different housing conditions. Z. Versuchstierkd. 25:135-146.
25. Jacques, M., M. E. Olson, A. M. Crichlow, A. D. Osborne, and J. W. Costerton. 1986. The normal microflora of the female rabbit's genital tract. Can. J. Vet. Res. 50:272-274.
26. Johnson, S. R., C. R. Petzold, and R. P. Galask. 1985. Qualitative and quantitative changes of the vaginal microbial flora during the menstrual cycle. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. Microbiol. 9:1-5.
27. Johnson, A. P., M. Tuffrey, and D. Taylor-Robinson. 1989. Resistance of mice to genital infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J. Med. Microbiol. 30:33-36.
28. King, B. F. 1983. Ultrastructure of the nonhuman primate vaginal mucosa: epithelial changes during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. J. Ultrastr. Res. 82:1-18.
29. Kita, M., H. Kobayashi, T. Ino, and K. Nakata. 1979. Vaginal smear cycle in 4-day Chinese hamsters, Cricetulus griseus. Exp. Anim. 28:11-16.
30. Larsen, B. and R. P. Galask. 1980. Vaginal microbial flora: practical and theoretic relevance. Obstet. Gynecol. 55:100-113.
31. Larsen, B., A. J. Markovetz, and R. P. Galask. 1976. Quantitative alterations in the genital microflora of female rats in relation to the estrous cycle. J. Infect. Dis. 134:486-489.
32. Larsen, B., A. J. Markovetz, and R. P. Galask. 1976. The bacterial flora of the female rat genital tract. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 151:571-574.
33. Larsen, B., A. J. Markovetz, and R. P. Galask. 1977. Relationship of vaginal cytology to alteration of the vaginal microflora of rats during the estrous cycle. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33:556-562.
34. Mackowiak, P. A. 1982. The normal microbial flora. N. Engl. J. Med. 307:83-93.
35. Mardh, P.A., E. Holst, and B. R. Moller. 1984. The grivet monkey as a model for study of vaginitis. Challenge with anaerobic curved rods and Gardnerella vaginalis. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. Suppl. 86:201-205.
36. Marshall, M. M., J. Glenn Songer, C. J. Chilelli, and J. C. Devos. 1983. Isolations of aerobic bacteria from wild desert big-horn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni and O. c. mexicana) in Arizona. J. Wildl. Dis. 19:98-100.
37. Meysick, K. C. and G. E. Garber. 1992. Interaction between Trichomonas vaginalis and vaginal flora in a mouse model. J. Parasitol. 78:157-160.
38. Mitsuoka, T., K. Ohno, Y. Benno, K. Suzuki, and K. Namba. 1976. The fecal flora of man IV. Communication: comparison of the newly developed method with the old conventional method for the analysis of intestinal flora. Zbl. Bakt. Hyg., I. Abt. Orig. A 234:219-233.
39. Mitsuoka, T., T. Sega, and S. Yamamoto. 1965. Eine verbesserte Methodik der qualitativen und quantitativen Analyse der Darmflora von Menschen und Tieren. Zbl. Bakt. Hyg., I. Abt. Orig. A 195:455-469.
40. Moorthy, A. R. 1982. Studies on the bacterial flora of the female genital tract of sheep. Bull. Anim. Health. Prod. Afr. 30:15-18.
41. Morishita, Y. and K. Miyaki. 1979. Effects of age and starvation on the gastrointestinal microflora and the heat resistance of fecal bacteria in rats. Microbiol. Immunol. 23:455-470.
42. Narushima, S., K. Itoh, T. Sankai, M. Takasaka, I. Otani, and Y. Yoshikawa. 1997. Changes in normal vaginal flora of African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) during the menstrual cycle. Exp. Anim. 46:47-52.
43. Newcombe, J. R. 1978. Comparison of the bacterial flora of three sites in the genital tract of the mare. Vet. Rec. 102:169-170.
44. Otero, C., L. Saavedra, C. Silva de Ruiz, O. Wilde, A. R. Holgado, and M. E. Nader-Macias. 2000. Vaginal bacterial microflora modifications during the growth of healthy cows. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 31:251-254.
45. Patton, D. L., G. G. Kidder, Y. C. Sweeney, L. K. Rabe, A. M. Clark, and S. L. Hiller. 1996. Effects of nonoxynol-9 on vaginal microflora and chlamydial infection in a monkey model. Sex. Transm. Dis. 23:461-464.
46. Prasad, C. B. 1966. Study of the microflora from the female genital tract of buffaloes. Indian. Vet. J. 43:1043-1051.
47. Redondo-Lopez, V., R. L. Cook, and J. D. Sobel. 1990. Emerging role of lactobacilli in the control and maintenance of the vaginal bacterial microflora. Rev. Infect. Dis. 12:856-872.
48. Sautter, R. L. and W. Brown. 1980. Sequential vaginal cultures from normal young women. J. Clin. Microbiol. 11:479-484.
49. Savage, D. C. 1972. Associations and physiological interactions of indigenous microorganisms and gastrointestinal epithelia. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 25:1372-1379.
50. Skangalis, M., C. E. Swenson, C. J. Mahoney, and W. M. O'Leary. 1979. The normal microbial flora of the baboon vagina. J. Med. Primatol. 8:289-297.
51. Van Duijkeren, E. 1992. Significance of the vaginal bacterial flora in the bitch: a review. Vet. Rec. 131:367-369.
52. Watts, J. R., P. J. Wright, and K. C. Whithear. 1996. Uterine, cervical and vaginal microflora of the normal bitch throughout the reproductive cycle. J. Small. Anim. Pract. 37:54-60.
53. Weber, A., M. Christ-Vietor, and T. Schliesser. 1974. Studies on bacterial intestinal flora of young rabbits in relation to diet and age. Zentralbl Bakteriol. 229:109-116.
54. Wilks, M. and S. Tabaqchali. 1987. Quantitative bacteriology of the vaginal flora during the menstrual cycle. J. Med. Microbiol. 24:241-245.
55. Yamada, S., E. Baba, and A. Arakawa. 1983. Proliferation of Pasteurella pneumotropica at oestrus in the vagina of rats. Lab. Anim. 17:261-266.