Final solutions: The causes of mass killing and genocide

Agricultural History Review

Volumn 9, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 1-59

  Valentino, Benjamin ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0043262886     PISSN: 00021490     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09636410008429405     Document Type: Article

References (4)

1. Shepard Krech, "Genocide in Tribal Society," Nature 371 (September 1994): 14-15.
2. Estimate based on numerous sources. The term "mass killing" is defined below. Using a more expansive definition, Rudolph Rummel estimates that between 76 million and 360 million (with a "prudent or conservative midrange estimate" of 169,198,000) people were killed in "democides" in the twentieth century. Rummel's estimates are much higher than those of most other scholars. See Rudolph Rummel, Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 (Charlottesville: Center for National Security Law, 1997), 355; and Rudolph R ummel, Death by Government (New Brunswick: Transaction, 1994), xviii-xx. Using a more restricted definition, Barbara Harff estimates that between 6.7 and 16.1 million people were killed in genocides and "politicides" between 1945 and 1989 ("Recognizing Genocides and Politicides," in Helen Fein, ed., Genocide Watch [New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992], 32-36).
3. Estimate based on numerous sources. The term "mass killing" is defined below. Using a more expansive definition, Rudolph Rummel estimates that between 76 million and 360 million (with a "prudent or conservative midrange estimate" of 169,198,000) people were killed in "democides" in the twentieth century. Rummel's estimates are much higher than those of most other scholars. See Rudolph Rummel, Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 (Charlottesville: Center for National Security Law, 1997), 355; and Rudolph R ummel, Death by Government (New Brunswick: Transaction, 1994), xviii-xx. Using a more restricted definition, Barbara Harff estimates that between 6.7 and 16.1 million people were killed in genocides and "politicides" between 1945 and 1989 ("Recognizing Genocides and Politicides," in Helen Fein, ed., Genocide Watch [New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992], 32-36).
4. Estimate based on numerous sources. The term "mass killing" is defined below. Using a more expansive definition, Rudolph Rummel estimates that between 76 million and 360 million (with a "prudent or conservative midrange estimate" of 169,198,000) people were killed in "democides" in the twentieth century. Rummel's estimates are much higher than those of most other scholars. See Rudolph Rummel, Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 (Charlottesville: Center for National Security Law, 1997), 355; and Rudolph R ummel, Death by Government (New Brunswick: Transaction, 1994), xviii-xx. Using a more restricted definition, Barbara Harff estimates that between 6.7 and 16.1 million people were killed in genocides and "politicides" between 1945 and 1989 ("Recognizing Genocides and Politicides," in Helen Fein, ed., Genocide Watch [New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992], 32-36).