Was Isaac Newton an Arian?

Journal of the History of Ideas

Volumn 58, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 57-80

  Pfizenmaier, Thomas C ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0043247841     PISSN: 00225037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jhi.1997.0001     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. David Brewster, Memoirs of the Life, Writings and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton (2 vols.; Edinburgh, 1860), II, 339, citing Dr. Thompson (History of the Royal Society, 284), that Newton did not believe in the trinity.
2. David Brewster, Memoirs of the Life, Writings and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton (2 vols.; Edinburgh, 1860), II, 339, citing Dr. Thompson (History of the Royal Society, 284), that Newton did not believe in the trinity.
3. Ibid., II, 316.
4. Ibid., II, 340.
5. Louis Trenchard More, Isaac Newton: A Biography 1642-1727 (New York, 1934), 631.
6. Ibid., 644.
7. J. M. Keynes, "Newton the Man" in The Royal Society Newton Tercentenary Celebrations 15-19 July 1946 (Cambridge, 1947), 27-34. This was a lecture prepared by J. M. Keynes, who died before it was to be delivered. It was read to the Society by Mr. Geoffrey Keynes, who offers a tantalizing invitation to consider Newton not as "the first of the age of reason," but rather as the "last of the magi," and argues that Newton saw the world as a "riddle" or "cryptogram set by the Almighty." This is all the more an intriguing approach for those who live in a time when Stephen Hawking, who holds Newton's Lucasian chair at Cambridge and was born on the anniversary of Newton's birth, is seeking the holy grail of the Unified Theory.
8. See Richard Westfall, "The Rise of Science and Decline of Orthodox Christianity: A Study of Kepler, Descartes, and Newton" in God and Nature, eds. D. Lindberg and R. Numbers (Berkeley, 1986), 230; James Force, "The Newtonians and Deism" in Essays on the Context, Nature, and Influence of Isaac Newton's Theology (Dordrecht, 1990), 60; Richard Popkin, "Newton as a Bible Scholar" in Essays on the Context, Nature and Influence of Isaac Newton's Theology, eds. James E. Force and Richard H. Popkin (Dordrecht, 1990), 107; Henning Graf Reventlow, The Authority of the Bible and the Rise of the Modern World, tr. John C. Bowden (London, 1984), 341; Gale E. Christianson, In the Presence of the Creator: Isaac Newton and His Times (New York, 1984), 249; Derek Gjertsen, The Newton Handbook (London, 1986), 591. Gjertsen seems to have taken his taxonomy of trinitarian belief from L.T. More (630 n. 41).
9. See Richard Westfall, "The Rise of Science and Decline of Orthodox Christianity: A Study of Kepler, Descartes, and Newton" in God and Nature, eds. D. Lindberg and R. Numbers (Berkeley, 1986), 230; James Force, "The Newtonians and Deism" in Essays on the Context, Nature, and Influence of Isaac Newton's Theology (Dordrecht, 1990), 60; Richard Popkin, "Newton as a Bible Scholar" in Essays on the Context, Nature and Influence of Isaac Newton's Theology, eds. James E. Force and Richard H. Popkin (Dordrecht, 1990), 107; Henning Graf Reventlow, The Authority of the Bible and the Rise of the Modern World, tr. John C. Bowden (London, 1984), 341; Gale E. Christianson, In the Presence of the Creator: Isaac Newton and His Times (New York, 1984), 249; Derek Gjertsen, The Newton Handbook (London, 1986), 591. Gjertsen seems to have taken his taxonomy of trinitarian belief from L.T. More (630 n. 41).
10. See Richard Westfall, "The Rise of Science and Decline of Orthodox Christianity: A Study of Kepler, Descartes, and Newton" in God and Nature, eds. D. Lindberg and R. Numbers (Berkeley, 1986), 230; James Force, "The Newtonians and Deism" in Essays on the Context, Nature, and Influence of Isaac Newton's Theology (Dordrecht, 1990), 60; Richard Popkin, "Newton as a Bible Scholar" in Essays on the Context, Nature and Influence of Isaac Newton's Theology, eds. James E. Force and Richard H. Popkin (Dordrecht, 1990), 107; Henning Graf Reventlow, The Authority of the Bible and the Rise of the Modern World, tr. John C. Bowden (London, 1984), 341; Gale E. Christianson, In the Presence of the Creator: Isaac Newton and His Times (New York, 1984), 249; Derek Gjertsen, The Newton Handbook (London, 1986), 591. Gjertsen seems to have taken his taxonomy of trinitarian belief from L.T. More (630 n. 41).
11. See Richard Westfall, "The Rise of Science and Decline of Orthodox Christianity: A Study of Kepler, Descartes, and Newton" in God and Nature, eds. D. Lindberg and R. Numbers (Berkeley, 1986), 230; James Force, "The Newtonians and Deism" in Essays on the Context, Nature, and Influence of Isaac Newton's Theology (Dordrecht, 1990), 60; Richard Popkin, "Newton as a Bible Scholar" in Essays on the Context, Nature and Influence of Isaac Newton's Theology, eds. James E. Force and Richard H. Popkin (Dordrecht, 1990), 107; Henning Graf Reventlow, The Authority of the Bible and the Rise of the Modern World, tr. John C. Bowden (London, 1984), 341; Gale E. Christianson, In the Presence of the Creator: Isaac Newton and His Times (New York, 1984), 249; Derek Gjertsen, The Newton Handbook (London, 1986), 591. Gjertsen seems to have taken his taxonomy of trinitarian belief from L.T. More (630 n. 41).
12. See Richard Westfall, "The Rise of Science and Decline of Orthodox Christianity: A Study of Kepler, Descartes, and Newton" in God and Nature, eds. D. Lindberg and R. Numbers (Berkeley, 1986), 230; James Force, "The Newtonians and Deism" in Essays on the Context, Nature, and Influence of Isaac Newton's Theology (Dordrecht, 1990), 60; Richard Popkin, "Newton as a Bible Scholar" in Essays on the Context, Nature and Influence of Isaac Newton's Theology, eds. James E. Force and Richard H. Popkin (Dordrecht, 1990), 107; Henning Graf Reventlow, The Authority of the Bible and the Rise of the Modern World, tr. John C. Bowden (London, 1984), 341; Gale E. Christianson, In the Presence of the Creator: Isaac Newton and His Times (New York, 1984), 249; Derek Gjertsen, The Newton Handbook (London, 1986), 591. Gjertsen seems to have taken his taxonomy of trinitarian belief from L.T. More (630 n. 41).
13. See Richard Westfall, "The Rise of Science and Decline of Orthodox Christianity: A Study of Kepler, Descartes, and Newton" in God and Nature, eds. D. Lindberg and R. Numbers (Berkeley, 1986), 230; James Force, "The Newtonians and Deism" in Essays on the Context, Nature, and Influence of Isaac Newton's Theology (Dordrecht, 1990), 60; Richard Popkin, "Newton as a Bible Scholar" in Essays on the Context, Nature and Influence of Isaac Newton's Theology, eds. James E. Force and Richard H. Popkin (Dordrecht, 1990), 107; Henning Graf Reventlow, The Authority of the Bible and the Rise of the Modern World, tr. John C. Bowden (London, 1984), 341; Gale E. Christianson, In the Presence of the Creator: Isaac Newton and His Times (New York, 1984), 249; Derek Gjertsen, The Newton Handbook (London, 1986), 591. Gjertsen seems to have taken his taxonomy of trinitarian belief from L.T. More (630 n. 41).
14. Richard Westfall, Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton (Cambridge, 1980), 315.
15. Frank Manuel, The Religion of Isaac Newton (Oxford, 1974), 58.
16. Ibid., 8-10. The bulk of Newton's non-scientific manuscripts were sold at an auction by Sotheby's in 1936. The Portsmouth collection was divided into three main groups: the Yahuda collection is in the Jewish National and University Library in Jerusalem, the Keynes collection is in the King's College Library, Cambridge Univ., and the Babson Collection, until recently held in the Babson College Library in Wellesley Massachusetts, has been transferred to the Dibner Institute at M.I.T. (Reventlow, 589, n. 4; see Christianson, 251). Several of the more important documents for determining Newton's trinitarian views include: "Argumenta and Twelve Points on Arian Christology" - some extracts to be found in L.T. More, Isaac Newton, 642, and Richard Westfall, Never at Rest, 315-16. Published works on the subject include: Isaac Newton, Two Letters of Isaac Newton to Mr. LeClerc (London, 1754; more easily found in Isaac Newton, The Correspondence of Isaac Newton, ed. Alfred R. Hall and Laura Tilling (Cambridge, 1976), III, 83-144 as "An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions." For a full inventory of the manuscripts see Richard Westfall, "Newton's Theological Manuscripts" in Contemporary Newtonian Research, ed. Zev Bechler (Dordrecht, 1982), 141-43.
17. Ibid., 8-10. The bulk of Newton's non-scientific manuscripts were sold at an auction by Sotheby's in 1936. The Portsmouth collection was divided into three main groups: the Yahuda collection is in the Jewish National and University Library in Jerusalem, the Keynes collection is in the King's College Library, Cambridge Univ., and the Babson Collection, until recently held in the Babson College Library in Wellesley Massachusetts, has been transferred to the Dibner Institute at M.I.T. (Reventlow, 589, n. 4; see Christianson, 251). Several of the more important documents for determining Newton's trinitarian views include: "Argumenta and Twelve Points on Arian Christology" - some extracts to be found in L.T. More, Isaac Newton, 642, and Richard Westfall, Never at Rest, 315-16. Published works on the subject include: Isaac Newton, Two Letters of Isaac Newton to Mr. LeClerc (London, 1754; more easily found in Isaac Newton, The Correspondence of Isaac Newton, ed. Alfred R. Hall and Laura Tilling (Cambridge, 1976), III, 83-144 as "An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions." For a full inventory of the manuscripts see Richard Westfall, "Newton's Theological Manuscripts" in Contemporary Newtonian Research, ed. Zev Bechler (Dordrecht, 1982), 141-43.
18. Ibid., 8-10. The bulk of Newton's non-scientific manuscripts were sold at an auction by Sotheby's in 1936. The Portsmouth collection was divided into three main groups: the Yahuda collection is in the Jewish National and University Library in Jerusalem, the Keynes collection is in the King's College Library, Cambridge Univ., and the Babson Collection, until recently held in the Babson College Library in Wellesley Massachusetts, has been transferred to the Dibner Institute at M.I.T. (Reventlow, 589, n. 4; see Christianson, 251). Several of the more important documents for determining Newton's trinitarian views include: "Argumenta and Twelve Points on Arian Christology" - some extracts to be found in L.T. More, Isaac Newton, 642, and Richard Westfall, Never at Rest, 315-16. Published works on the subject include: Isaac Newton, Two Letters of Isaac Newton to Mr. LeClerc (London, 1754; more easily found in Isaac Newton, The Correspondence of Isaac Newton, ed. Alfred R. Hall and Laura Tilling (Cambridge, 1976), III, 83-144 as "An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions." For a full inventory of the manuscripts see Richard Westfall, "Newton's Theological Manuscripts" in Contemporary Newtonian Research, ed. Zev Bechler (Dordrecht, 1982), 141-43.
19. Ibid., 8-10. The bulk of Newton's non-scientific manuscripts were sold at an auction by Sotheby's in 1936. The Portsmouth collection was divided into three main groups: the Yahuda collection is in the Jewish National and University Library in Jerusalem, the Keynes collection is in the King's College Library, Cambridge Univ., and the Babson Collection, until recently held in the Babson College Library in Wellesley Massachusetts, has been transferred to the Dibner Institute at M.I.T. (Reventlow, 589, n. 4; see Christianson, 251). Several of the more important documents for determining Newton's trinitarian views include: "Argumenta and Twelve Points on Arian Christology" - some extracts to be found in L.T. More, Isaac Newton, 642, and Richard Westfall, Never at Rest, 315-16. Published works on the subject include: Isaac Newton, Two Letters of Isaac Newton to Mr. LeClerc (London, 1754; more easily found in Isaac Newton, The Correspondence of Isaac Newton, ed. Alfred R. Hall and Laura Tilling (Cambridge, 1976), III, 83-144 as "An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions." For a full inventory of the manuscripts see Richard Westfall, "Newton's Theological Manuscripts" in Contemporary Newtonian Research, ed. Zev Bechler (Dordrecht, 1982), 141-43.
20. Ibid., 8-10. The bulk of Newton's non-scientific manuscripts were sold at an auction by Sotheby's in 1936. The Portsmouth collection was divided into three main groups: the Yahuda collection is in the Jewish National and University Library in Jerusalem, the Keynes collection is in the King's College Library, Cambridge Univ., and the Babson Collection, until recently held in the Babson College Library in Wellesley Massachusetts, has been transferred to the Dibner Institute at M.I.T. (Reventlow, 589, n. 4; see Christianson, 251). Several of the more important documents for determining Newton's trinitarian views include: "Argumenta and Twelve Points on Arian Christology" - some extracts to be found in L.T. More, Isaac Newton, 642, and Richard Westfall, Never at Rest, 315-16. Published works on the subject include: Isaac Newton, Two Letters of Isaac Newton to Mr. LeClerc (London, 1754; more easily found in Isaac Newton, The Correspondence of Isaac Newton, ed. Alfred R. Hall and Laura Tilling (Cambridge, 1976), III, 83-144 as "An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions." For a full inventory of the manuscripts see Richard Westfall, "Newton's Theological Manuscripts" in Contemporary Newtonian Research, ed. Zev Bechler (Dordrecht, 1982), 141-43.
21. Ibid., 8-10. The bulk of Newton's non-scientific manuscripts were sold at an auction by Sotheby's in 1936. The Portsmouth collection was divided into three main groups: the Yahuda collection is in the Jewish National and University Library in Jerusalem, the Keynes collection is in the King's College Library, Cambridge Univ., and the Babson Collection, until recently held in the Babson College Library in Wellesley Massachusetts, has been transferred to the Dibner Institute at M.I.T. (Reventlow, 589, n. 4; see Christianson, 251). Several of the more important documents for determining Newton's trinitarian views include: "Argumenta and Twelve Points on Arian Christology" - some extracts to be found in L.T. More, Isaac Newton, 642, and Richard Westfall, Never at Rest, 315-16. Published works on the subject include: Isaac Newton, Two Letters of Isaac Newton to Mr. LeClerc (London, 1754; more easily found in Isaac Newton, The Correspondence of Isaac Newton, ed. Alfred R. Hall and Laura Tilling (Cambridge, 1976), III, 83-144 as "An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions." For a full inventory of the manuscripts see Richard Westfall, "Newton's Theological Manuscripts" in Contemporary Newtonian Research, ed. Zev Bechler (Dordrecht, 1982), 141-43.
22. Yahuda MSS. 2.2, 2.3, 2.5, 5.3, 11, 12, 14, 15, 19, 22, and 29 (Richard Westfall, "Newton's Theological Manuscripts," 141-43).
23. Yahuda MS 20.
24. Babson MSS 436, 438 and 704 respectively.
25. For example, Newton begins with Deus Pater, Deus Filius, Christi Incarnati, Christi Passio, Descendus, et Resurrectio, Christi Satisfactio and Redemptionare, Spiritus Sanctus Deus and then moves into topics like Angeli Mali et boni, Praedestinatio, De Antchristo etc.
26. Denis Petau, Opus de Theologicus Dogmatibus, ed. Ludovicus Guerin (8 vols.; Paris, 1864). Petau was a Jesuit and one of the leading Patristic scholars of the seventeenth century. Of the ten books planned for dogmatic theology, only five appeared: De Deo, De Trinitate, De angelis, De mundi opificio and De Incarnatione.
27. This is available in Brewster, Memoirs, II, 349-50.
28. Ibid., 342-46.
29. Ibid., appendix 30.
30. Westfall dates this MS from the 80s; the library manuscript card catalog dates it in the 1690s.
31. Isaac Newton, The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. tr. Andrew Motte (3 vols.; London, 1803), II, Bk. III, 312-13.
32. Yahuda MS. 15 fol. 190. Newton makes a similar point concerning the mixture of philosophical opinion and religion in his "seven points on religion" (Keynes MS. 6).
33. Newton, Keynes MS. 11 in Brewster, Memoirs, II, appendix XXX, 532.
34. New Organon and Of the Advancement of Learning, in The Philosophical Works of Francis Bacon, ed. John M. Robertson (London, 1905), 45-46.
35. Herbert McClachlan, The Religious Opinions of Milton, Locke and Newton (Manchester, 1941), 101. Gjertsen has commented on the relationship of Locke and Newton, "Judging by Newton's surviving letters to Locke, the relationship between them was one of the freest and relaxed to be found in the whole correspondence" (p. 322).
36. Manuel, Religion, 12, remarking that scientific controversy was tolerable for Newton, but religious controversy gave him deep anxiety.
37. Isaac Newton, Two Letters of Isaac Newton to Mr. LeClerc, 4.
38. Ibid., 84-85.
39. Newton, in Keynes MS. 2, collected a multitude of texts under the headings of Deus Pater, Deus Filius, Spiritus Sanctus Deus. Newton was aware of a number of other textual corruptions (Correspondence, III, 129-42) and blamed many of these corruptions on the attempt of the church to alter any texts which could be used by the Arians to support their theology (138). Where the Arians, Macedonians, Nestorians, and Eutycheans had been accused of textual alterations in the fourth, fifth, and sixth centuries, Newton found them innocent.
40. Keynes MS. 9 in Brewster, Memoirs, 2, 350.
41. More, 643.
42. Popkin, "Newton as a Bible Scholar," 110.
43. Westfall, "Isaac Newton's Theologiae Gentilis Origines Philosophicae," in The Secular Mind: Transformations of Faith in Modern Europe, ed. W. Wagar (New York, 1982), 17.
44. McClachlan, 129, quoting Whiston, Authentic Records, Pt. II, 1075. Also Whiston's Memoirs (first edition), 206.
45. McClachlan, 129, quoting Whiston, Authentic Records, Pt. II, 1075. Also Whiston's Memoirs (first edition), 206.
46. In Brewster, Memoirs, II, 342f. There is another MS in UCLA's Clark Library titled "Paradoxical questions concerning Athanasius," which runs upward of 100 folio pages.
47. Newton, Keynes MS. 10, Questions I, XI, XIII, see also the MS. in the Clark Library by the same title, which expands upon the charges et passim.
48. R.P.C. Hanson, The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God: The Arian Controversy 318-381 (Edinburgh, 1988), 254-55.
49. Newton, Keynes MS. 10, Question I.
50. Ibid., Newton cites: Socr. 1.1 c. 26, 27, 33, 37, 38; Sozom. 1.2, c. 27, 28, 29; Rufin. 1.1. c. 11.
51. Ibid., Question III.
52. Ibid., Question III.
53. Spelling is unclear in the MS. due to Newton's handwriting.
54. Newton, Keynes MS. 2.
55. Francis X. Murphy, "Petavius" in the New Catholic Encyclopedia. 16 Vols. Edited by the editorial staff at the Catholic University of America (New York, 1967), XI, 199-200.
56. Ibid., 200.
57. Hanson, The Search, 162.
58. J.N.D. Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines, rev. ed. (San Francisco, 1978), 234-35.
59. George L. Prestige, God in Patristic Thought (London, 1952), ch. 10.
60. Kelly, 234-35.
61. "Exponuntur veterum quorumdam, qui ante Ariana tempora in Christiana professione floruerunt, de Trinitate sententiae ab catholica regula, saltern loquendi usu, discrepantes; ut Justini Martyris, Athenagorae, Tatiani, Theophilli, Irenai, Clementis Romani" (Theologica Dogmata, II, 353).
62. Newton, Keynes, MS. 4, et passim. Newton also cited Petavius in Keynes MS. 2.
63. Westfall, Never at Rest, 312.
64. James Boswell, The Life of Samuel Johnson, L.L.D. (New York, D.d.), 274.
65. More, 642.
66. Ibid., 642-43.
67. Ibid., 643.
68. Ibid.
69. William G. Rusch, The Trinitarian Controversy, in Sources of Early Christian Thought Series (Philadelphia, 1980), 17.
70. Arius, Letter to Eusebius of Nicomedia trans. by Rusch, 30.
71. Unfortunately More does not tell us where he found these manuscripts. It would be helpful to review the contexts of Newton's comments for further elucidation of his meaning.
72. Yahuda, 14, fol. 25, cited by Westfall, Never at Rest, 316.
73. Ibid., 315.
74. Manuel, Religion, 71-72.
75. Ibid., 12. Mint Papers, V. fol. 37r. Here Manuel rightly warns us against an all too "facile identification of Newton with the philosophical doctrines of the Cambridge Platonists." One of the primary differences between the Platonists and the Newton was over the latter's rejection of the epistemology of Platonic Idealism.
76. Newton began his work at the mint in 1696, and so the paper cited by Manuel cannot be any older than this.
77. Yahuda, 2.1, 2.2, 2.5, 5.2, 5.3, 11, 12, 13.1, 14, 15, 18, 19, and 29.
78. Isaac Newton, The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. tr. Andrew Motte (3 vols.; London, 1803), 544. See Edward Davis, "Newton's Rejection of the 'Newtonian World View': The Role of Divine Will in Newton's Natural Philosophy," Fides et Historia, XXII, 2 (1990), et passim.
79. Isaac Newton, The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. tr. Andrew Motte (3 vols.; London, 1803), 544. See Edward Davis, "Newton's Rejection of the 'Newtonian World View': The Role of Divine Will in Newton's Natural Philosophy," Fides et Historia, XXII, 2 (1990), et passim.
80. Newton, Yahuda MS 15.7, fol. 154r in Manuel, Religion, 60.
81. Newton, Yahuda MS 15.7, fol. 154r, in Manuel, The Religion, 58.
82. Ibid., 58; cf., Yahuda MS. 15 fol. 47, where Newton writes, "For the people of the Church Catholick were zealous for a monarchial unity against a metaphysical one during the first two centuries"; and cf., Yahuda 15 fol. 154.
83. Newton, Keynes MS. 2.
84. Newton, Keynes MS. 9. In Brewster, Memoirs, II, appendix No. XXX.
85. Yahuda MS. 15, fol. 46, cf., fol. 68.
86. Newton, Yahuda MS 1.4 fol.50 and 11, fol.7. in Westfall "The Rise of Science," 231-32, n. 45.
87. More, 643.
88. Newton, Keynes MS. 2, "Distinctio inter ousian and hypostasin non coepit ante tempora Julian (vide Orat. 5 contra Arianos)."
89. Newton, Keynes MS. 2. Newton constantly mentions this condemnation of the term throughout Yahuda 15, e. g., fol. 26.
90. Newton, Keynes MS. 2.
91. Ibid.
92. Yahuda MS. 15 fol. 182.
93. Hanson, The Search, 346-47.
94. See Hanson, The Search, 162, 169-70; Charles A. Briggs, Theological Symbolics (New York, 1914), 91-92; R. S. Franks, The Doctrine of the Trinity (London, 1953), 28, 106. See also Athanasius, De Decretis, Chapter 5, sect. 20, NPNF, second series, IV, 163-64.
95. See Hanson, The Search, 162, 169-70; Charles A. Briggs, Theological Symbolics (New York, 1914), 91-92; R. S. Franks, The Doctrine of the Trinity (London, 1953), 28, 106. See also Athanasius, De Decretis, Chapter 5, sect. 20, NPNF, second series, IV, 163-64.
96. See Hanson, The Search, 162, 169-70; Charles A. Briggs, Theological Symbolics (New York, 1914), 91-92; R. S. Franks, The Doctrine of the Trinity (London, 1953), 28, 106. See also Athanasius, De Decretis, Chapter 5, sect. 20, NPNF, second series, IV, 163-64.
97. See Hanson, The Search, 162, 169-70; Charles A. Briggs, Theological Symbolics (New York, 1914), 91-92; R. S. Franks, The Doctrine of the Trinity (London, 1953), 28, 106. See also Athanasius, De Decretis, Chapter 5, sect. 20, NPNF, second series, IV, 163-64.
98. Eusebius's formulary in Theodoret, Ecclesiastical History. Book I, Chap. XI. NPNF, III, 50.
99. Newton, Keynes, MS. 11. See Brewster, Memoirs, II, Appendix XXX, 532-34.
100. Clark MS. "Paradoxical Questions. . .," fol. 48, Newton's emphasis.
101. Ibid., fol. 45-46, see Hilary, de Synodis, XXVII, 67.
102. Ibid., fol. 45-46, see Hilary, de Synodis, XXVII, 67.
103. Ibid.
104. Ibid., fol. 51.
105. Newton, Keynes MS. 2, citing Epiphanius, Hares. 76, n.7, cf., Yahuda 15 fol. 102 and fol. 8.
106. Newton, Clark MS. "Paradoxical Questions," fol. 44.
107. Ibid., fol. 50.
108. Yahuda MS. 15 fol. 49.
109. Newton, Clark MS., "Paradoxical Questions," fol. 90.
110. More, 630, n.41.
111. Keynes, "Newton the Man," 31.
112. Manuel, Religion, 62-63.
113. It is worth noting that while Newton broke with Whiston, he maintained his close friendship with Dr. Samuel Clarke, who was accused of Arianism after the publication of his Scripture-Doctrine of the Trinity in 1712, and who maintained that his position was not Arian but rather in keeping with scripture and tradition. For the relationship between Clarke and Newton see Thomas C. Pfizenmaier, "The Trinitarian Theology of Dr. Samuel Clarke: Context, Sources and Controversy" (Ph.D. diss., Fuller Theological Seminary, 1993), 152-86. Arcadia, Calif.