Student attacks against teachers: The Revolution of 1966

Issues and Studies

Volumn 37, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 29-79

  Wang, Youqin ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Cultural revolution; Maoism; Mass movement; Red Guards; Violence

Indexed keywords

EID: 0043239227     PISSN: 10132511     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. See the list of the ninety-six schools in appendix 1.
2. Gao Gao and Yan Jiaqi, Wenhua dageming shinian shi (Turbulent decade: A history of the Cultural Revolution) (Tianjin: Tianjin renmin chubanshe, 1986). In fact, this book cannot be considered as having been "published." Because of the complaints of Tan Lifu, a head of the Red Guards of Beijing Industrial University, Hu Yaobang, CCP general secretary, ordered the publishing house not to distribute the book that had just been printed "in order to maintain stability and unity" in October of 1986. This book was not sold in bookstores but was sold "internally."
3. Wang Nianyi, Da dongluan de niandai (The years of huge turmoil) (Zhengzhou: Henan renmin chubanshe, 1988).
4. Jin Chunming, Wenhua geming shigao (A draft history of the Cultural Revolution) (Chengdu: Sichuan renmin chubanshe, 1995).
5. Gao and Yan, Wenhua dageming shinian shi, 3.
6. William A. Joseph, Christine P.W. Wong, and David Zweig, eds., New Perspectives on the Cultural Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991), 285.
7. Hong Yong Lee, The Politics of the Chinese Cultural Revolution (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978).
8. Stanley Rosen, Red Guard Factionalism and the Cultural Revolution in Guangzhou (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1982).
9. Stanley Rosen, The Origin and Development of the Red Guard Movement in China (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1979), printed in 1984 by University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.
10. Ken Ling, The Revenge of Heaven (New York: G. P. Putnam's, 1972). This English-language version was prepared by Miriam London and Ta-ling Lee based on a draft submitted by and subsequent interviews with the original author.
11. After the Cultural Revolution was launched, the phrase "ox-ghosts and snake-demons" was frequently used to refer to those who should be struggled against. The editorial of the People's Daily on June 1, 1966 was entitled "Fiercely Sweep Away All the Ox-Ghosts and Snake-Demons." This phrase, which was from a poem from ancient times and referred originally to characters in a masked parade, was not clearly defined as a criminal title. In fact, the ambiguity of the title caused many teachers to be beaten arbitrarily.
12. The three victims were Zheng Zhaonan, a teacher of Beijing Fifty-second Middle School; Wang Guanghua, a student of Beijing Sixth Middle School; and Xu Peitian, a custodian of Beijing Sixth Middle School.
13. The symbolic significance of some of these actions will be explained further on in the article.
14. An essay about this tragedy was included in my book Xiaoyuan suibi (Campus essays) (Beijing: Beijing chubanshe, 1988), 30-43.
15. See Mao's "Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan" (March 1927), in Mao Zedong zhuzuo xuandu, vol. 1 (Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1986), 16. This article by Mao was widely read by middle school and college students in June of 1966.
16. People's Daily, June 2, 1966, front page.
17. See, for example, the "big-character posters" posted on the front wall of the apartment of Bian Zhongyun by some students from her school in June of 1966. Her family copied those posters.
18. From a copy of this letter provided by her husband, Wang Jingyao.
19. Wang Nianyi, comp., Wenhua dageming yanjiu ziliao (The research materials for the Cultural Revolution), 3 volumes (Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 1988), 1:49.
20. One of the heads of the Red Guards of this school confirmed this at the interview with me on September 10, 1993.
21. Wang Jian, "The Secondary and Elementary Schools in Beijing During the Cultural Revolution," Beijing jiaoyu congkan (Beijing Education Series), 1991, no. 4:22-31.
22. Wang, Wenhua dageming yanjiu ziliao 1:91.
23. "Completely Repudiating the Cultural Revolution," a special issue of Xuanchuan shouce (Propaganda Handbook), by the editorial office of the Beijing Daily, February 1985.
24. Beijing Daily, December 20, 1980.
25. This story is from an unpublished document written by the "writing group of history of the Cultural Revolution in Shanghai," provided by Zhang Guoliang (JS-S R.).
26. Zhonggong Wuhan dangshi dashiji (CCP Wuhan chronicle of events), by the Office for the History of the Wuhan CCP Committee, July 1987.
27. Premier Zhou Enlai, for example, used this phrase in his speech at a rally on September 15, 1966. See the People's Daily, September 16, 1966.
28. Mao Zedong, Mao Zedong zhuzuo xuandu (jiazhong ben) (Selected readings of Mao Zedong's works, version A) (Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1964).
29. The term "four olds" refers to the old ideas, culture, customs, and habits.
30. Beijing diershiliu zhongxue xiaoshi (History of Beijing 26th Middle School), printed by Beijing Institute of Education in 1986.
31. Beijing diyilingyi zhongxue xiaoshi (History of Beijing 101st Middle School), printed by Beijing Institute of Education in 1986.
32. Beijing Yuying xuexiao xiaoshi (History of Beijing Yuying School), printed by Beijing Institute of Education in 1986.
33. Beijing Yucai xuexiao jianshi (Brief history of Beijing Yucai School), printed by Beijing Institute of Education in 1986.
34. Beijing Tongxian diyi xuexiao xiaoshi (History of Beijing Tong County First School), printed by Beijing Institute of Education in 1986.
35. Provided by Xiao Weiping, an eighth-grade student in Beijing in 1966, and Tan Fu, a ninth-grade student in Tianjin in 1966.
36. See note 21 above.
37. Mao Zedong, "Bombing the Headquarters - A Big-Character Poster of Mine" (August 5, 1966), in Wang, Wenhua dageming yanjiu ziliao 1:70.
38. Mao Zedong, "Bombing the Headquarters - A Big-Character Poster of Mine" (August 5, 1966), in Wang, Wenhua dageming yanjiu ziliao 1:70.
39. Gao and Yan, Wenhua dageming shinian shi, 31.
40. Jin, Wenhua geming shigao, 177.
41. Jiang Qing's speech was printed in Wuchanjieji wenhua dageming cankao ziliao ((Reference materials for the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution), comp. Beijing College of Chemical Technology and Beijing Economics College, vol. 2 (Beijing: 1966), 7-28.
42. Wang, Wenhua dageming yanjiu ziliao 1:62.
43. Ibid., 49.
44. Ibid.
45. People's Daily, August 20, 1966.
46. One of the heads of the Red Guards of this school confirmed this at the interview with me on September 10, 1993.
47. Chen Donglin and Du Pu, Zhonghua renmin gongheguo shilu (Records of the People's Republic of China), vol. 3 (Changchun: Jilin renmin chubanshe, 1994), 296.