Edmund Burke and reason of state

Journal of the History of Ideas

Volumn 61, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 617-634

  Armitage, David ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0043225902     PISSN: 00225037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3654072     Document Type: Article

References (143)

1. See David P. Fidler and Jennifer M. Welsh (eds.), Empire and Community: Edmund Burke's Writings and Speeches on International Relations (Boulder, 1999).
2. Martin Wight, "Why is There No International Theory?" Diplomatic Investigations: Essays in the Theory of International Politics, ed. Herbert Butterfield and Martin Wight (London, 1966), 20; on whom see Tim Dunne, Inventing International Society: A History of the English School (Houndmills, 1998), 47-63.
3. Martin Wight, "Why is There No International Theory?" Diplomatic Investigations: Essays in the Theory of International Politics, ed. Herbert Butterfield and Martin Wight (London, 1966), 20; on whom see Tim Dunne, Inventing International Society: A History of the English School (Houndmills, 1998), 47-63.
4. Martin Wight, International Theory: The Three Traditions, ed. Gabriele Wight and Brian Porter (London, 1991); Wight, "An Anatomy of International Thought," Review of International Studies, 13 (1987), 221-27; Hedley Bull, "Martin Wight and the Theory of International Relations," British Journal of International Studies, 2 (1976), 101-16 (repr. Wight, International Theory, ed. Gabriele Wight and Porter, ix-xxiii); Brian Porter, "Patterns of Thought and Practice: Martin Wight's 'International Theory.'" The Reason of States: A Study in International Political Theory, ed. Michael Donelan (London, 1978), 64-74.
5. Martin Wight, International Theory: The Three Traditions, ed. Gabriele Wight and Brian Porter (London, 1991); Wight, "An Anatomy of International Thought," Review of International Studies, 13 (1987), 221-27; Hedley Bull, "Martin Wight and the Theory of International Relations," British Journal of International Studies, 2 (1976), 101-16 (repr. Wight, International Theory, ed. Gabriele Wight and Porter, ix-xxiii); Brian Porter, "Patterns of Thought and Practice: Martin Wight's 'International Theory.'" The Reason of States: A Study in International Political Theory, ed. Michael Donelan (London, 1978), 64-74.
6. Martin Wight, International Theory: The Three Traditions, ed. Gabriele Wight and Brian Porter (London, 1991); Wight, "An Anatomy of International Thought," Review of International Studies, 13 (1987), 221-27; Hedley Bull, "Martin Wight and the Theory of International Relations," British Journal of International Studies, 2 (1976), 101-16 (repr. Wight, International Theory, ed. Gabriele Wight and Porter, ix-xxiii); Brian Porter, "Patterns of Thought and Practice: Martin Wight's 'International Theory.'" The Reason of States: A Study in International Political Theory, ed. Michael Donelan (London, 1978), 64-74.
7. Martin Wight, International Theory: The Three Traditions, ed. Gabriele Wight and Brian Porter (London, 1991); Wight, "An Anatomy of International Thought," Review of International Studies, 13 (1987), 221-27; Hedley Bull, "Martin Wight and the Theory of International Relations," British Journal of International Studies, 2 (1976), 101-16 (repr. Wight, International Theory, ed. Gabriele Wight and Porter, ix-xxiii); Brian Porter, "Patterns of Thought and Practice: Martin Wight's 'International Theory.'" The Reason of States: A Study in International Political Theory, ed. Michael Donelan (London, 1978), 64-74.
8. Michael W. Doyle, Ways of War and Peace: Realism, Liberalism, and Socialism (New York, 1997), 18-20, and passim; David Boucher, Political Theories of International Relations: From Thucydides to the Present (Oxford, 1998), 28-43, and passim.
9. Michael W. Doyle, Ways of War and Peace: Realism, Liberalism, and Socialism (New York, 1997), 18-20, and passim; David Boucher, Political Theories of International Relations: From Thucydides to the Present (Oxford, 1998), 28-43, and passim.
10. R. J. Vincent, "Edmund Burke and the Theory of International Relations," Review of International Studies, 10 (1984), 205-18; David Boucher, "The Character of the History of Philosophy of International Relations and the Case of Edmund Burke," Review of International Studies, 17 (1991), 127-48; Boucher, Political Theories of International Relations, 308-29; Vilho Harle, "Burke the International Theorist - or the War of the Sons of Light and the Sons of Darkness," European Values in International Relations, ed. Vilho Harle (London, 1990), 59, 72; Kenneth W. Thompson, Fathers of International Thought: The Legacy of Political Theory (Baton Rouge, 1994), 100; Fred Halliday, Rethinking International Relations (London, 1994), 108-13. (Thanks to Anders Stephanson for this last reference.)
11. R. J. Vincent, "Edmund Burke and the Theory of International Relations," Review of International Studies, 10 (1984), 205-18; David Boucher, "The Character of the History of Philosophy of International Relations and the Case of Edmund Burke," Review of International Studies, 17 (1991), 127-48; Boucher, Political Theories of International Relations, 308-29; Vilho Harle, "Burke the International Theorist - or the War of the Sons of Light and the Sons of Darkness," European Values in International Relations, ed. Vilho Harle (London, 1990), 59, 72; Kenneth W. Thompson, Fathers of International Thought: The Legacy of Political Theory (Baton Rouge, 1994), 100; Fred Halliday, Rethinking International Relations (London, 1994), 108-13. (Thanks to Anders Stephanson for this last reference.)
12. R. J. Vincent, "Edmund Burke and the Theory of International Relations," Review of International Studies, 10 (1984), 205-18; David Boucher, "The Character of the History of Philosophy of International Relations and the Case of Edmund Burke," Review of International Studies, 17 (1991), 127-48; Boucher, Political Theories of International Relations, 308-29; Vilho Harle, "Burke the International Theorist - or the War of the Sons of Light and the Sons of Darkness," European Values in International Relations, ed. Vilho Harle (London, 1990), 59, 72; Kenneth W. Thompson, Fathers of International Thought: The Legacy of Political Theory (Baton Rouge, 1994), 100; Fred Halliday, Rethinking International Relations (London, 1994), 108-13. (Thanks to Anders Stephanson for this last reference.)
13. R. J. Vincent, "Edmund Burke and the Theory of International Relations," Review of International Studies, 10 (1984), 205-18; David Boucher, "The Character of the History of Philosophy of International Relations and the Case of Edmund Burke," Review of International Studies, 17 (1991), 127-48; Boucher, Political Theories of International Relations, 308-29; Vilho Harle, "Burke the International Theorist - or the War of the Sons of Light and the Sons of Darkness," European Values in International Relations, ed. Vilho Harle (London, 1990), 59, 72; Kenneth W. Thompson, Fathers of International Thought: The Legacy of Political Theory (Baton Rouge, 1994), 100; Fred Halliday, Rethinking International Relations (London, 1994), 108-13. (Thanks to Anders Stephanson for this last reference.)
14. R. J. Vincent, "Edmund Burke and the Theory of International Relations," Review of International Studies, 10 (1984), 205-18; David Boucher, "The Character of the History of Philosophy of International Relations and the Case of Edmund Burke," Review of International Studies, 17 (1991), 127-48; Boucher, Political Theories of International Relations, 308-29; Vilho Harle, "Burke the International Theorist - or the War of the Sons of Light and the Sons of Darkness," European Values in International Relations, ed. Vilho Harle (London, 1990), 59, 72; Kenneth W. Thompson, Fathers of International Thought: The Legacy of Political Theory (Baton Rouge, 1994), 100; Fred Halliday, Rethinking International Relations (London, 1994), 108-13. (Thanks to Anders Stephanson for this last reference.)
15. R. J. Vincent, "Edmund Burke and the Theory of International Relations," Review of International Studies, 10 (1984), 205-18; David Boucher, "The Character of the History of Philosophy of International Relations and the Case of Edmund Burke," Review of International Studies, 17 (1991), 127-48; Boucher, Political Theories of International Relations, 308-29; Vilho Harle, "Burke the International Theorist - or the War of the Sons of Light and the Sons of Darkness," European Values in International Relations, ed. Vilho Harle (London, 1990), 59, 72; Kenneth W. Thompson, Fathers of International Thought: The Legacy of Political Theory (Baton Rouge, 1994), 100; Fred Halliday, Rethinking International Relations (London, 1994), 108-13. (Thanks to Anders Stephanson for this last reference.)
16. Jennifer M. Welsh, Edmund Burke and International Relations (London, 1995), 6-9, 172-80; Welsh, "Edmund Burke and the Commonwealth of Europe: The Cultural Bases of International Order," Classical Theories of International Relations, eds. Ian Clark and Iver B. Neumann (Houndmills, 1996), 173-77, 183-86; Empire and Community, ed. Fidler and Welsh, 38-39, 51-56; and see Traditions of International Ethics, eds. Terry Nardin and David R. Mapel (Cambridge, 1992); Timothy Dunne, "Mythology or Methodology? Traditions in International Theory," Review of International Studies, 19 (1993), 305-18; Ian Clark, "Traditions of Thought and Classical Theories of International Relations," Classical Theories of International Relations, eds. Clark and Neumann, 1-19.
17. Jennifer M. Welsh, Edmund Burke and International Relations (London, 1995), 6-9, 172-80; Welsh, "Edmund Burke and the Commonwealth of Europe: The Cultural Bases of International Order," Classical Theories of International Relations, eds. Ian Clark and Iver B. Neumann (Houndmills, 1996), 173-77, 183-86; Empire and Community, ed. Fidler and Welsh, 38-39, 51-56; and see Traditions of International Ethics, eds. Terry Nardin and David R. Mapel (Cambridge, 1992); Timothy Dunne, "Mythology or Methodology? Traditions in International Theory," Review of International Studies, 19 (1993), 305-18; Ian Clark, "Traditions of Thought and Classical Theories of International Relations," Classical Theories of International Relations, eds. Clark and Neumann, 1-19.
18. Jennifer M. Welsh, Edmund Burke and International Relations (London, 1995), 6-9, 172-80; Welsh, "Edmund Burke and the Commonwealth of Europe: The Cultural Bases of International Order," Classical Theories of International Relations, eds. Ian Clark and Iver B. Neumann (Houndmills, 1996), 173-77, 183-86; Empire and Community, ed. Fidler and Welsh, 38-39, 51-56; and see Traditions of International Ethics, eds. Terry Nardin and David R. Mapel (Cambridge, 1992); Timothy Dunne, "Mythology or Methodology? Traditions in International Theory," Review of International Studies, 19 (1993), 305-18; Ian Clark, "Traditions of Thought and Classical Theories of International Relations," Classical Theories of International Relations, eds. Clark and Neumann, 1-19.
19. Jennifer M. Welsh, Edmund Burke and International Relations (London, 1995), 6-9, 172-80; Welsh, "Edmund Burke and the Commonwealth of Europe: The Cultural Bases of International Order," Classical Theories of International Relations, eds. Ian Clark and Iver B. Neumann (Houndmills, 1996), 173-77, 183-86; Empire and Community, ed. Fidler and Welsh, 38-39, 51-56; and see Traditions of International Ethics, eds. Terry Nardin and David R. Mapel (Cambridge, 1992); Timothy Dunne, "Mythology or Methodology? Traditions in International Theory," Review of International Studies, 19 (1993), 305-18; Ian Clark, "Traditions of Thought and Classical Theories of International Relations," Classical Theories of International Relations, eds. Clark and Neumann, 1-19.
20. Jennifer M. Welsh, Edmund Burke and International Relations (London, 1995), 6-9, 172-80; Welsh, "Edmund Burke and the Commonwealth of Europe: The Cultural Bases of International Order," Classical Theories of International Relations, eds. Ian Clark and Iver B. Neumann (Houndmills, 1996), 173-77, 183-86; Empire and Community, ed. Fidler and Welsh, 38-39, 51-56; and see Traditions of International Ethics, eds. Terry Nardin and David R. Mapel (Cambridge, 1992); Timothy Dunne, "Mythology or Methodology? Traditions in International Theory," Review of International Studies, 19 (1993), 305-18; Ian Clark, "Traditions of Thought and Classical Theories of International Relations," Classical Theories of International Relations, eds. Clark and Neumann, 1-19.
21. Jennifer M. Welsh, Edmund Burke and International Relations (London, 1995), 6-9, 172-80; Welsh, "Edmund Burke and the Commonwealth of Europe: The Cultural Bases of International Order," Classical Theories of International Relations, eds. Ian Clark and Iver B. Neumann (Houndmills, 1996), 173-77, 183-86; Empire and Community, ed. Fidler and Welsh, 38-39, 51-56; and see Traditions of International Ethics, eds. Terry Nardin and David R. Mapel (Cambridge, 1992); Timothy Dunne, "Mythology or Methodology? Traditions in International Theory," Review of International Studies, 19 (1993), 305-18; Ian Clark, "Traditions of Thought and Classical Theories of International Relations," Classical Theories of International Relations, eds. Clark and Neumann, 1-19.
22. Torbjörn L. Knutsen, A History of International Relations Theory: An Introduction (Manchester, 1992), 141, 143; Boucher, Political Theories of International Relations, 14.
23. Torbjörn L. Knutsen, A History of International Relations Theory: An Introduction (Manchester, 1992), 141, 143; Boucher, Political Theories of International Relations, 14.
24. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), in The Writings and Speeches of Edmund Burke, ed. L. G. Mitchell, VIII, The French Revolution 1790-1794 (Oxford, 1989), 60, 132; Burke, Fourth Letter on a Regicide Peace (1795-96), in R. B. McDowell (ed.), The Writings and Speeches of Edmund Burke, ed. R. B. McDowell, IX, I: The Revolutionary War 1794-1797; II: Ireland (Oxford, 1991), 69 (alluding to Machiavelli, Discorsi, I. 27); Burke, Second Letter on a Regicide Peace (1796), Writings and Speeches, ed. McDowell, IX, 282.
25. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), in The Writings and Speeches of Edmund Burke, ed. L. G. Mitchell, VIII, The French Revolution 1790-1794 (Oxford, 1989), 60, 132; Burke, Fourth Letter on a Regicide Peace (1795-96), in R. B. McDowell (ed.), The Writings and Speeches of Edmund Burke, ed. R. B. McDowell, IX, I: The Revolutionary War 1794-1797; II: Ireland (Oxford, 1991), 69 (alluding to Machiavelli, Discorsi, I. 27); Burke, Second Letter on a Regicide Peace (1796), Writings and Speeches, ed. McDowell, IX, 282.
26. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), in The Writings and Speeches of Edmund Burke, ed. L. G. Mitchell, VIII, The French Revolution 1790-1794 (Oxford, 1989), 60, 132; Burke, Fourth Letter on a Regicide Peace (1795-96), in R. B. McDowell (ed.), The Writings and Speeches of Edmund Burke, ed. R. B. McDowell, IX, I: The Revolutionary War 1794-1797; II: Ireland (Oxford, 1991), 69 (alluding to Machiavelli, Discorsi, I. 27); Burke, Second Letter on a Regicide Peace (1796), Writings and Speeches, ed. McDowell, IX, 282.
27. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), in The Writings and Speeches of Edmund Burke, ed. L. G. Mitchell, VIII, The French Revolution 1790-1794 (Oxford, 1989), 60, 132; Burke, Fourth Letter on a Regicide Peace (1795-96), in R. B. McDowell (ed.), The Writings and Speeches of Edmund Burke, ed. R. B. McDowell, IX, I: The Revolutionary War 1794-1797; II: Ireland (Oxford, 1991), 69 (alluding to Machiavelli, Discorsi, I. 27); Burke, Second Letter on a Regicide Peace (1796), Writings and Speeches, ed. McDowell, IX, 282.
28. Friedrich Meinecke, Machiavellism: The Doctrine of Raison d'État and Its Place in Modern History, tr. Douglas Scott, intro. Werner Stark (New Brunswick, 1998), 28, 29. In Cosmopolitanism and the Nation State, tr. Robert B. Kimber (Princeton, 1970), 101, Meinecke had argued that Burke "struck the first decisive blow against conceptions of the state that the eighteenth century had formed on the basis of natural law" and assimilated him to Machiavelli and later advocates of Realpolitik who had also recognized the importance of "the irrational components of the life of the state, for the power of traditions, customs, instinct, and impulsive feelings."
29. Friedrich Meinecke, Machiavellism: The Doctrine of Raison d'État and Its Place in Modern History, tr. Douglas Scott, intro. Werner Stark (New Brunswick, 1998), 28, 29. In Cosmopolitanism and the Nation State, tr. Robert B. Kimber (Princeton, 1970), 101, Meinecke had argued that Burke "struck the first decisive blow against conceptions of the state that the eighteenth century had formed on the basis of natural law" and assimilated him to Machiavelli and later advocates of Realpolitik who had also recognized the importance of "the irrational components of the life of the state, for the power of traditions, customs, instinct, and impulsive feelings."
30. Burke's Politics: Selected Writings and Speeches of Edmund Burke on Reform, Revolution, and War, Ross J. Hoffman and Paul Levack (New York, 1949), xv.
31. Richard Tuck, "The 'Modern' Theory of Natural Law," The Languages of Political Theory in Early-Modern Europe, ed. Anthony Pagden (Cambridge, 1987), 99-119; Tuck, Philosophy and Government, 1572-1651 (Cambridge, 1993), 172-76.
32. Richard Tuck, "The 'Modern' Theory of Natural Law," The Languages of Political Theory in Early-Modern Europe, ed. Anthony Pagden (Cambridge, 1987), 99-119; Tuck, Philosophy and Government, 1572-1651 (Cambridge, 1993), 172-76.
33. Norberto de Sousa, "Cicero on the Themes of Necessity and Public Utility," unpublished paper presented to the Seminar, "The Politics of Necessity and the Language of Reason of State," King's College, Cambridge, 22 January 1993.
34. Richard Tuck, The Rights of War and Peace: Political Thought and the International Order from Grotius to Kant (Oxford, 1999), 18-23, 29-31.
35. Donald Winch, Riches and Poverty: An Intellectual History of Political Economy in Britain, 1750-1834 (Cambridge, 1996), 196.
36. John Dinwiddy, "Utility and Natural Law in Burke's Thought: A Reconsideration," Studies in Burke and His Time, 16 (1974), 107, 123-25.
37. Pace Joseph Boyle, "Natural Law and International Ethics," in Traditions of International Ethics, eds. Nardin and Mapel, 119; compare Carl Friedrich, Constitutional Reason of State: The Survival of the Constitutional Order (Providence, R.I., 1957), 31-32.
38. Pace Joseph Boyle, "Natural Law and International Ethics," in Traditions of International Ethics, eds. Nardin and Mapel, 119; compare Carl Friedrich, Constitutional Reason of State: The Survival of the Constitutional Order (Providence, R.I., 1957), 31-32.
39. 2), chs. 4-5; M. S. Anderson, The Rise of Modern Diplomacy, 1450-1919 (London, 1993), 150-54.
40. 2), chs. 4-5; M. S. Anderson, The Rise of Modern Diplomacy, 1450-1919 (London, 1993), 150-54.
41. Meinecke, Machiavellism, 6
42. Maurizio Viroli, From Politics to Reason of State: The Acquisition and Transformation of the Language of Politics 1250-1600 (Cambridge, 1992), 273-74.
43. George Savile, Marquis of Halifax, The Character of a Trimmer (1684), in The Works of George Savile Marquis of Halifax, ed. Mark N. Brown (3 vols.; Oxford, 1989), I, 191.
44. Halifax, "Prerogative" (1685-88?), in Works of George Savile Marquis of Halifax, ed. Brown, II, 41.
45. [John Toland,] The Art of Governing by Partys (London, 1701), 93-94.
46. Burke, Third Letter on a Regicide Peace (1796-97), in Writings and Speeches, ed. McDowell, IX, 344.
47. Burke, Third Letter on a Regicide Peace, in Writings and Speeches, ed. McDowell, IX, 300.
48. [Burke,] A Vindication of Natural Society (1756), in The Writings and Speeches of Edmund Burke, ed. T. O. McLoughlin and James T. Boulton, I, The Early Writings (Oxford, 1997), 154. Cf. Rousseau's almost exactly contemporaneous remarks in "The State of War" (c. 1755-56), in Rousseau: The Social Contract and Other Later Political Writings, ed. Victor Gourevitch (Cambridge, 1997), 163: "according to the ideas of princes about their absolute independence, force alone, speaking to citizens in the guise of law and foreigners in the guise of reason of state, deprives the latter of the power and the former of the will to resist, so that everywhere the vain name of justice only serves as a shield for violence."
49. [Burke,] A Vindication of Natural Society (1756), in The Writings and Speeches of Edmund Burke, ed. T. O. McLoughlin and James T. Boulton, I, The Early Writings (Oxford, 1997), 154. Cf. Rousseau's almost exactly contemporaneous remarks in "The State of War" (c. 1755-56), in Rousseau: The Social Contract and Other Later Political Writings, ed. Victor Gourevitch (Cambridge, 1997), 163: "according to the ideas of princes about their absolute independence, force alone, speaking to citizens in the guise of law and foreigners in the guise of reason of state, deprives the latter of the power and the former of the will to resist, so that everywhere the vain name of justice only serves as a shield for violence."
50. J. C. Weston, Jr., "The Ironic Purpose of Burke's Vindication Vindicated," JHI, 19 (1958), 435-41; Burke: Pre-Revolutionary Writings, ed. Ian Harris (Cambridge, 1993), 4-6.
51. J. C. Weston, Jr., "The Ironic Purpose of Burke's Vindication Vindicated," JHI, 19 (1958), 435-41; Burke: Pre-Revolutionary Writings, ed. Ian Harris (Cambridge, 1993), 4-6.
52. David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739-40), L. A. Selby-Bigge and P. H. Nidditch (Oxford, 1978:), 567-68 (III. ii. 11, "Of the laws of nations").
53. David Hume, An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals (1751), ed. Tom L. Beauchamp (Oxford, 1998), 100 (Section IV, "Of Political Society").
54. Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, in Writings and Speeches, ed. Mitchell, VIII, 110; and see Iain Hampsher-Monk, "Burke and the Religious Sources of Skeptical Conservatism," in The Skeptical Tradition Around 1800: Skepticism in Philosophy, Science, and Society, ed. Johan Van der Zande and Richard H. Popkin (Dordrecht, 1998), 235-59.
55. Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, in Writings and Speeches, ed. Mitchell, VIII, 110; and see Iain Hampsher-Monk, "Burke and the Religious Sources of Skeptical Conservatism," in The Skeptical Tradition Around 1800: Skepticism in Philosophy, Science, and Society, ed. Johan Van der Zande and Richard H. Popkin (Dordrecht, 1998), 235-59.
56. Conor Cruise O'Brien, The Suspecting Glance (London, 1972), 34-35.
57. Edmund Burke, "Speech on Presenting to the House of Commons, a Plan for the Better Security of the Independence of Parliament, and the (Economical Reformation of the Civil and Other Establishments" (1780), in The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke (16 vols.; London, 1803-27), III, 308-9.
58. Edmund Burke, "Speech at the Guildhall in Bristol, Previous to the Late Election in that City, Upon Certain Points Relative to his Parliamentary Conduct" (1780), in Works of Edmund Burke, 111, 418.
59. Carl B. Cone, Edmund Burke and the Nature of Politics (2 vols.: Lexington, Ky., 1957-64), II, 205-7; W. H. Greenleaf, "Burke and State Necessity: The Case of Warren Hastings," Staatsräson: Studien zur Geschichte eines politischen Begriff, ed. Roman Schnur (Berlin, 1975), 549-67; Frederick G. Whelan, Edmund Burke and India: Political Morality and Empire (Pittsburgh, 1996), 188-93, 199-202.
60. Carl B. Cone, Edmund Burke and the Nature of Politics (2 vols.: Lexington, Ky., 1957-64), II, 205-7; W. H. Greenleaf, "Burke and State Necessity: The Case of Warren Hastings," Staatsräson: Studien zur Geschichte eines politischen Begriff, ed. Roman Schnur (Berlin, 1975), 549-67; Frederick G. Whelan, Edmund Burke and India: Political Morality and Empire (Pittsburgh, 1996), 188-93, 199-202.
61. Carl B. Cone, Edmund Burke and the Nature of Politics (2 vols.: Lexington, Ky., 1957-64), II, 205-7; W. H. Greenleaf, "Burke and State Necessity: The Case of Warren Hastings," Staatsräson: Studien zur Geschichte eines politischen Begriff, ed. Roman Schnur (Berlin, 1975), 549-67; Frederick G. Whelan, Edmund Burke and India: Political Morality and Empire (Pittsburgh, 1996), 188-93, 199-202.
62. 3), 34; Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, in Mitchell (ed.), Writings and Speeches, VIII, 68, 72.
63. 3), 34; Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, in Mitchell (ed.), Writings and Speeches, VIII, 68, 72.
64. Mark Goldie, "Tory Political Thought, 1689-1714" (PhD diss., Cambridge, 1978), 328; J. G. A. Pocock, The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law: A Reissue with Retrospect (Cambridge, 1987), 381.
65. Mark Goldie, "Tory Political Thought, 1689-1714" (PhD diss., Cambridge, 1978), 328; J. G. A. Pocock, The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law: A Reissue with Retrospect (Cambridge, 1987), 381.
66. Mark Goldie, "Edmund Bohun and Jus Gentium in the Revolution Debate, 1689-1693," The Historical Journal, 20 (1977), 569-86; John M. Wallace, Destiny His Choice: The Loyalism of Andrew Marvell (Cambridge, 1968), 32-35. Anthony Ascham, A Discourse: Wherein is Examined What is Particularly Lawful during the Confusions and Revolutions of Government (London, 1648) was republished as A Seasonable Discourse..., in 1689.
67. Mark Goldie, "Edmund Bohun and Jus Gentium in the Revolution Debate, 1689-1693," The Historical Journal, 20 (1977), 569-86; John M. Wallace, Destiny His Choice: The Loyalism of Andrew Marvell (Cambridge, 1968), 32-35. Anthony Ascham, A Discourse: Wherein is Examined What is Particularly Lawful during the Confusions and Revolutions of Government (London, 1648) was republished as A Seasonable Discourse..., in 1689.
68. Mark Goldie, "Edmund Bohun and Jus Gentium in the Revolution Debate, 1689-1693," The Historical Journal, 20 (1977), 569-86; John M. Wallace, Destiny His Choice: The Loyalism of Andrew Marvell (Cambridge, 1968), 32-35. Anthony Ascham, A Discourse: Wherein is Examined What is Particularly Lawful during the Confusions and Revolutions of Government (London, 1648) was republished as A Seasonable Discourse..., in 1689.
69. Hugo Grotius, De lure Belli ac Pacis (1625), I. 4. 7-14, cited for example by [Charles Blount,] The Proceedings of the Present Parliament Justified by the Opinion of the Most Judicious and Learned Hugo Grotius (London, 1689); [Thomas Long,] The Historian Unmask'd (London, 1689), 22, 35.
70. Hugo Grotius, De lure Belli ac Pacis (1625), I. 4. 7-14, cited for example by [Charles Blount,] The Proceedings of the Present Parliament Justified by the Opinion of the Most Judicious and Learned Hugo Grotius (London, 1689); [Thomas Long,] The Historian Unmask'd (London, 1689), 22, 35.
71. Hugo Grotius, De lure Belli ac Pacis (1625), I. 4. 7-14, cited for example by [Charles Blount,] The Proceedings of the Present Parliament Justified by the Opinion of the Most Judicious and Learned Hugo Grotius (London, 1689); [Thomas Long,] The Historian Unmask'd (London, 1689), 22, 35.
72. Geoffrey Holmes, The Trial of Dr Sacheverell (London, 1973), 139; Peter N. Miller, Defining the Common Good: Empire, Religion and Philosophy in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Cambridge, 1994), 79-87.
73. Geoffrey Holmes, The Trial of Dr Sacheverell (London, 1973), 139; Peter N. Miller, Defining the Common Good: Empire, Religion and Philosophy in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Cambridge, 1994), 79-87.
74. Burke, An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs (1791), in Daniel E. Ritchie (ed.), Edmund Burke, Further Reflections on the Revolution in France (Indianapolis, 1992), 131; for Burke's use of the trial see ibid., 124-44.
75. Burke, An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs (1791), in Daniel E. Ritchie (ed.), Edmund Burke, Further Reflections on the Revolution in France (Indianapolis, 1992), 131; for Burke's use of the trial see ibid., 124-44.
76. Burke, An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs (1791), in Daniel E. Ritchie (ed.), Edmund Burke, Further Reflections on the Revolution in France (Indianapolis, 1992), 131; for Burke's use of the trial see ibid., 124-44.
77. Burke, A Letter to a Noble Lord (1796), in Writings and Speeches, ed. McDowell, IX. 168.
78. Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, Writings and Speeches, ed. Mitchell, VIII, 80.
79. Grotius, De Iure Belli ac Pacis, "Prolegomena" 26; II. 1. 18; and see David J. Bederman, "Reception of the Classical Tradition in International Law: Grotius's De Jure Belli ac Pads," Grotiana, 16/17 (1995/96), 32.
80. Grotius, De Iure Belli ac Pacis, "Prolegomena" 26; II. 1. 18; and see David J. Bederman, "Reception of the Classical Tradition in International Law: Grotius's De Jure Belli ac Pads," Grotiana, 16/17 (1995/96), 32.
81. Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, in Writings and Speeches, ed. Mitchell, VIII, 80.
82. Martyn P. Thompson, "The Idea of Conquest in the Controversies over the 1688 Revolution," JHI, 38 (1977), 33-46; Mark Goldie, "Charles Blount's Intention in Writing King William and Queen Mary Conquerors (1693)," Notes and Queries, 223 (1978), 527-32.
83. Martyn P. Thompson, "The Idea of Conquest in the Controversies over the 1688 Revolution," JHI, 38 (1977), 33-46; Mark Goldie, "Charles Blount's Intention in Writing King William and Queen Mary Conquerors (1693)," Notes and Queries, 223 (1978), 527-32.
84. The argument that Burke's divided Irishness inflected the whole course of this political thinking is the burden of Conor Cruise O'Brien, The Great Melody: A Thematic Biography and Commented Anthology of Edmund Burke (London, 1992).
85. Emerich de Vattel, Le Droit des Gens (Neuchâtel, 1758), II. 4. 56; III. 18. 296.
86. Emerich de Vattel, Le Droit des Gens (Neuchâtel, 1758), II. 4. 56; III. 18. 296.
87. Edmund Burke, Thoughts on French Affairs (1791), in Ritchie (ed.), Further Reflections on the Revolution in France, 207; Burke to Richard Burke, Jr., 5 August 1791, in The Correspondence of Edmund Burke: VI July 1789-December 1791, ed. Alfred Cobban and Robert A. Smith (Cambridge, 1967), 317.
88. Edmund Burke, Thoughts on French Affairs (1791), in Ritchie (ed.), Further Reflections on the Revolution in France, 207; Burke to Richard Burke, Jr., 5 August 1791, in The Correspondence of Edmund Burke: VI July 1789-December 1791, ed. Alfred Cobban and Robert A. Smith (Cambridge, 1967), 317.
89. Edmund Burke, "Speech on the Seizure and Confiscation of Private Property in St Eustatius," 14 May 1781, in The Parliamentary History of England from the Earliest Times to 1803 (36 vols.; London, 1806-20), XXII, col. 231; and see Ronald Hurst, The Golden Rock: An Episode of the American War of Independence: 1775-1783 (London, 1996).
90. Edmund Burke, "Speech on the Seizure and Confiscation of Private Property in St Eustatius," 14 May 1781, in The Parliamentary History of England from the Earliest Times to 1803 (36 vols.; London, 1806-20), XXII, col. 231; and see Ronald Hurst, The Golden Rock: An Episode of the American War of Independence: 1775-1783 (London, 1996).
91. Vattel, Droit des Gens, III. 3. 42.
92. Grotius, De lure Belli ac Pacis, II. 1. 17; II. 22. 5; Christian Wolff, Jus Gentium Methodo Scientifica Pertractatum (1749). §§ 640, 651-52; Alfred Vagts and Detlev F. Vagts, "The Balance of Power in International Law: A History of an Idea," American Journal of International Law, 73 (1979), 562: Tuck, Rights of War and Peace, 189-90.
93. Grotius, De lure Belli ac Pacis, II. 1. 17; II. 22. 5; Christian Wolff, Jus Gentium Methodo Scientifica Pertractatum (1749). §§ 640, 651-52; Alfred Vagts and Detlev F. Vagts, "The Balance of Power in International Law: A History of an Idea," American Journal of International Law, 73 (1979), 562: Tuck, Rights of War and Peace, 189-90.
94. Grotius, De lure Belli ac Pacis, II. 1. 17; II. 22. 5; Christian Wolff, Jus Gentium Methodo Scientifica Pertractatum (1749). §§ 640, 651-52; Alfred Vagts and Detlev F. Vagts, "The Balance of Power in International Law: A History of an Idea," American Journal of International Law, 73 (1979), 562: Tuck, Rights of War and Peace, 189-90.
95. Grotius, De lure Belli ac Pacis, II. 1. 17; II. 22. 5; Christian Wolff, Jus Gentium Methodo Scientifica Pertractatum (1749). §§ 640, 651-52; Alfred Vagts and Detlev F. Vagts, "The Balance of Power in International Law: A History of an Idea," American Journal of International Law, 73 (1979), 562: Tuck, Rights of War and Peace, 189-90.
96. Grotius, De lure Belli ac Pacis, II. 1. 17; II. 22. 5; Christian Wolff, Jus Gentium Methodo Scientifica Pertractatum (1749). §§ 640, 651-52; Alfred Vagts and Detlev F. Vagts, "The Balance of Power in International Law: A History of an Idea," American Journal of International Law, 73 (1979), 562: Tuck, Rights of War and Peace, 189-90.
97. Vattel, Droit des Gens, III. 3. 42-44.
98. Vattel, Droit des Gens, III. 3. 44, 47-49.
99. 2), 76-80, quoting Burke's Annual Register, 3 (1760), 2; and see Gaetano L. Vincitorio, "Edmund Burke and the First Partition of Poland: Britain and the Crisis of 1772 in the 'Great Republic,'" Crisis in the "Great Republic": Essays Presented to Ross J. Hoffman, ed. Gaetano L. Vincitorio (New York, 1969), 33-42.
100. 2), 76-80, quoting Burke's Annual Register, 3 (1760), 2; and see Gaetano L. Vincitorio, "Edmund Burke and the First Partition of Poland: Britain and the Crisis of 1772 in the 'Great Republic,'" Crisis in the "Great Republic": Essays Presented to Ross J. Hoffman, ed. Gaetano L. Vincitorio (New York, 1969), 33-42.
101. 2), 76-80, quoting Burke's Annual Register, 3 (1760), 2; and see Gaetano L. Vincitorio, "Edmund Burke and the First Partition of Poland: Britain and the Crisis of 1772 in the 'Great Republic,'" Crisis in the "Great Republic": Essays Presented to Ross J. Hoffman, ed. Gaetano L. Vincitorio (New York, 1969), 33-42.
102. John Robertson, "Universal Monarchy and the Liberties of Europe: David Hume's Critique of an English Whig Doctrine," Political Discourse in Early Modern Britain, ed. Nicholas Phillipson and Quentin Skinner (Cambridge, 1993), 356-68.
103. Edmund Burke, Third Letter on a Regicide Peace, in McDowell (ed.), Writings and Speeches, IX, 340. Thomas L. Pangle and Peter J. Ahrensdorf, Justice Among Nations: On the Moral Basis of Power and Peace (Lawrence, Kan., 1999), 184, argue that "it is in his loathing of universal empire that Burke stands furthest, in his conception of international relations, from his otherwise favorite authority, the Roman patriot Cicero," though this fails to distinguish between differing conceptions of "universal empire" (on which see, for example, Cicero, De Officiis, II. 27).
104. Edmund Burke, Third Letter on a Regicide Peace, in McDowell (ed.), Writings and Speeches, IX, 340. Thomas L. Pangle and Peter J. Ahrensdorf, Justice Among Nations: On the Moral Basis of Power and Peace (Lawrence, Kan., 1999), 184, argue that "it is in his loathing of universal empire that Burke stands furthest, in his conception of international relations, from his otherwise favorite authority, the Roman patriot Cicero," though this fails to distinguish between differing conceptions of "universal empire" (on which see, for example, Cicero, De Officiis, II. 27).
105. Edmund Burke, Third Letter on a Regicide Peace, in McDowell (ed.), Writings and Speeches, IX, 340. Thomas L. Pangle and Peter J. Ahrensdorf, Justice Among Nations: On the Moral Basis of Power and Peace (Lawrence, Kan., 1999), 184, argue that "it is in his loathing of universal empire that Burke stands furthest, in his conception of international relations, from his otherwise favorite authority, the Roman patriot Cicero," though this fails to distinguish between differing conceptions of "universal empire" (on which see, for example, Cicero, De Officiis, II. 27).
106. See J. G. A. Pocock, Barbarism and Religion, I: The Enlightenments of Edward Gibbon, 1737-1764 (Cambridge, 1999), 109-13, 133-34, 138-39, and Barbarism and Religion, II: Narratives of Civil Government (Cambridge, 1999), 170, 219, 275-77.
107. See J. G. A. Pocock, Barbarism and Religion, I: The Enlightenments of Edward Gibbon, 1737-1764 (Cambridge, 1999), 109-13, 133-34, 138-39, and Barbarism and Religion, II: Narratives of Civil Government (Cambridge, 1999), 170, 219, 275-77.
108. Bolingbroke's Defence of the Treaty of Utrecht, ed. G. M. Trevelyan (Cambridge, 1932); David Hume, "Of the Balance of Power" (1752), in Eugene F. Miller (ed.), Hume, Essays: Moral, Political and Literary (Indianapolis, 1987), 338-41; Frederick G. Whelan, "Robertson, Hume, and the Balance of Power," Hume Studies, 21 (1995), 315-32; Jeremy Black, "Gibbon and International Relations," Edward Gibbon and Empire, ed. Rosamond McKitterick and Roland Quinault (Cambridge, 1997), 225-28.
109. Bolingbroke's Defence of the Treaty of Utrecht, ed. G. M. Trevelyan (Cambridge, 1932); David Hume, "Of the Balance of Power" (1752), in Eugene F. Miller (ed.), Hume, Essays: Moral, Political and Literary (Indianapolis, 1987), 338-41; Frederick G. Whelan, "Robertson, Hume, and the Balance of Power," Hume Studies, 21 (1995), 315-32; Jeremy Black, "Gibbon and International Relations," Edward Gibbon and Empire, ed. Rosamond McKitterick and Roland Quinault (Cambridge, 1997), 225-28.
110. Bolingbroke's Defence of the Treaty of Utrecht, ed. G. M. Trevelyan (Cambridge, 1932); David Hume, "Of the Balance of Power" (1752), in Eugene F. Miller (ed.), Hume, Essays: Moral, Political and Literary (Indianapolis, 1987), 338-41; Frederick G. Whelan, "Robertson, Hume, and the Balance of Power," Hume Studies, 21 (1995), 315-32; Jeremy Black, "Gibbon and International Relations," Edward Gibbon and Empire, ed. Rosamond McKitterick and Roland Quinault (Cambridge, 1997), 225-28.
111. Bolingbroke's Defence of the Treaty of Utrecht, ed. G. M. Trevelyan (Cambridge, 1932); David Hume, "Of the Balance of Power" (1752), in Eugene F. Miller (ed.), Hume, Essays: Moral, Political and Literary (Indianapolis, 1987), 338-41; Frederick G. Whelan, "Robertson, Hume, and the Balance of Power," Hume Studies, 21 (1995), 315-32; Jeremy Black, "Gibbon and International Relations," Edward Gibbon and Empire, ed. Rosamond McKitterick and Roland Quinault (Cambridge, 1997), 225-28.
112. Edmund Burke, First Letter on a Regicide Peace (1796), in Writings and Speeches, ed. McDowell, IX, 238; compare Burke, A Letter to a Member of the National Assembly (1791), in Writings and Speeches, ed. Mitchell, VIII, 306: "The princes of Europe, in the beginning of this century, did well not to suffer the monarchy of France to swallow up the others. They ought not now, in my opinion, to suffer all the monarchies and commonwealths to be swallowed up in the gulph of this polluted anarchy."
113. Edmund Burke, First Letter on a Regicide Peace (1796), in Writings and Speeches, ed. McDowell, IX, 238; compare Burke, A Letter to a Member of the National Assembly (1791), in Writings and Speeches, ed. Mitchell, VIII, 306: "The princes of Europe, in the beginning of this century, did well not to suffer the monarchy of France to swallow up the others. They ought not now, in my opinion, to suffer all the monarchies and commonwealths to be swallowed up in the gulph of this polluted anarchy."
114. Paul W. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848 (Oxford, 1994).
115. Edmund Burke, Remarks on the Policy of the Allies (1793), in Writings and Speeches, ed. Mitchell, VIII, 474; the "Appendix" of extracts from Vattel is inexplicably omitted from this edition. For a fragment of Burke's working notes on Vattel see Sheffield City Libraries Wentworth Woodhouse Muniments, 10/27, (passage transcribed from Vattel, Droit des Gens, II. 12. 196-97, printed in Burke, Remarks on the Policy of the Allies [London, 1793], 207-9).
116. Edmund Burke, Remarks on the Policy of the Allies (1793), in Writings and Speeches, ed. Mitchell, VIII, 474; the "Appendix" of extracts from Vattel is inexplicably omitted from this edition. For a fragment of Burke's working notes on Vattel see Sheffield City Libraries Wentworth Woodhouse Muniments, 10/27, (passage transcribed from Vattel, Droit des Gens, II. 12. 196-97, printed in Burke, Remarks on the Policy of the Allies [London, 1793], 207-9).
117. Edmund Burke, Remarks on the Policy of the Allies (1793), in Writings and Speeches, ed. Mitchell, VIII, 474; the "Appendix" of extracts from Vattel is inexplicably omitted from this edition. For a fragment of Burke's working notes on Vattel see Sheffield City Libraries Wentworth Woodhouse Muniments, 10/27, (passage transcribed from Vattel, Droit des Gens, II. 12. 196-97, printed in Burke, Remarks on the Policy of the Allies [London, 1793], 207-9).
118. Burke, First Letter on a Regicide Peace in Writings and Speeches, ed. McDowell, IX, 259 (arguing against Charles James Fox's claim that the French republic should be tolerated on the same grounds that justified keeping a consul in Algiers).
119. Burke, Thoughts on French Affairs, in Further Reflections on the Revolution in France, ed. Ritchie, 208 (Burke's emphases).
120. Burke, Thoughts on French Affairs, in Further Reflections on the Revolution in France, ed. Ritchie, 209.
121. Burke, Remarks on the Policy of the Allies (1793), in Writings and Speeches, ed. Mitchell, VIII, 485; Fourth Letter on a Regicide Peace (1795-96), in Writings and Speeches, ed. McDowell, IX, 70; First Letter on a Regicide Peace (1796), in Writings and Speeches, ed. McDowell, IX, 199; Second Letter on a Regicide Peace, in Writings and Speeches, ed. McDowell, IX, 267.
122. Burke, Remarks on the Policy of the Allies (1793), in Writings and Speeches, ed. Mitchell, VIII, 485; Fourth Letter on a Regicide Peace (1795-96), in Writings and Speeches, ed. McDowell, IX, 70; First Letter on a Regicide Peace (1796), in Writings and Speeches, ed. McDowell, IX, 199; Second Letter on a Regicide Peace, in Writings and Speeches, ed. McDowell, IX, 267.
123. Burke, Remarks on the Policy of the Allies (1793), in Writings and Speeches, ed. Mitchell, VIII, 485; Fourth Letter on a Regicide Peace (1795-96), in Writings and Speeches, ed. McDowell, IX, 70; First Letter on a Regicide Peace (1796), in Writings and Speeches, ed. McDowell, IX, 199; Second Letter on a Regicide Peace, in Writings and Speeches, ed. McDowell, IX, 267.
124. Burke, Remarks on the Policy of the Allies (1793), in Writings and Speeches, ed. Mitchell, VIII, 485; Fourth Letter on a Regicide Peace (1795-96), in Writings and Speeches, ed. McDowell, IX, 70; First Letter on a Regicide Peace (1796), in Writings and Speeches, ed. McDowell, IX, 199; Second Letter on a Regicide Peace, in Writings and Speeches, ed. McDowell, IX, 267.
125. Walker King, Two Sermons, Preached at Gray's-Inn Chapel: On Friday, April 19, 1793 (London, 1793), 12, 10-11; Charles Manners Sutton, A Sermon Preached Before the Lords Spiritual and Temporal in the Abbey Church of St. Peter, Westminster, on Friday, February 28, 1794 (London, 1794), 14; George Gordon, A Sermon, Preached in the Cathedral Church of St. Peter, Exeter, On Friday, February 28, 1794 (Exeter, 1794), 10, 26.
126. Walker King, Two Sermons, Preached at Gray's-Inn Chapel: On Friday, April 19, 1793 (London, 1793), 12, 10-11; Charles Manners Sutton, A Sermon Preached Before the Lords Spiritual and Temporal in the Abbey Church of St. Peter, Westminster, on Friday, February 28, 1794 (London, 1794), 14; George Gordon, A Sermon, Preached in the Cathedral Church of St. Peter, Exeter, On Friday, February 28, 1794 (Exeter, 1794), 10, 26.
127. Walker King, Two Sermons, Preached at Gray's-Inn Chapel: On Friday, April 19, 1793 (London, 1793), 12, 10-11; Charles Manners Sutton, A Sermon Preached Before the Lords Spiritual and Temporal in the Abbey Church of St. Peter, Westminster, on Friday, February 28, 1794 (London, 1794), 14; George Gordon, A Sermon, Preached in the Cathedral Church of St. Peter, Exeter, On Friday, February 28, 1794 (Exeter, 1794), 10, 26.
128. See Vattel, Droit des Gens, 1. 2. 24; I. 4. 39; I. 6. 76; I. 8. 85, 87, etc.
129. See Vattel, Droit des Gens, 1. 2. 24; I. 4. 39; I. 6. 76; I. 8. 85, 87, etc.
130. See Vattel, Droit des Gens, 1. 2. 24; I. 4. 39; I. 6. 76; I. 8. 85, 87, etc.
131. See Vattel, Droit des Gens, 1. 2. 24; I. 4. 39; I. 6. 76; I. 8. 85, 87, etc.
132. J. M. Roerts, "The Origins of a Mythology: Freemasons, Protestants and the French Revolution," Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 44 (1971), 78-97: Amos Hofrnan, "The Origins of the Theory of the Philosophe Conspiracy," French History, 2 (1988), 152-72; Darrin M. McMahon, Enemies of the Enlightenment: The French Counter-Enlightenment and the Origins of the European Right. 1778-1830 (Oxford, forthcoming).
133. J. M. Roerts, "The Origins of a Mythology: Freemasons, Protestants and the French Revolution," Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 44 (1971), 78-97: Amos Hofrnan, "The Origins of the Theory of the Philosophe Conspiracy," French History, 2 (1988), 152-72; Darrin M. McMahon, Enemies of the Enlightenment: The French Counter-Enlightenment and the Origins of the European Right. 1778-1830 (Oxford, forthcoming).
134. J. M. Roerts, "The Origins of a Mythology: Freemasons, Protestants and the French Revolution," Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 44 (1971), 78-97: Amos Hofrnan, "The Origins of the Theory of the Philosophe Conspiracy," French History, 2 (1988), 152-72; Darrin M. McMahon, Enemies of the Enlightenment: The French Counter-Enlightenment and the Origins of the European Right. 1778-1830 (Oxford, forthcoming).
135. Peter Onuf and Nicholas Onuf, Federal Union, Modern World: The Law of Nations in an Age of Revolutions, 1776-1814 (Madison, 1993), 8-9, 188-89.
136. Reinhard Koselleck, Critique and Crisis: Enlightenment and the Pathogenesis of Modern Society, Eng. tr. (Cambridge, Mass., 1988), 17, 39.
137. Meinecke, Machiavellism, 13.
138. In this case, Boucher, "The Character of the History of Philosophy of International Relations and the Case of Edmund Burke," 135.
139. 2), 93-130; Jeremy Bentham, "Pacification and Emancipation" (1786-89), Bentham MSS XXV, University College London, printed (in a heavily edited version) as "A Plan for an Universal and Perpetual Peace;" in The Works of Jeremy Bentham, ed. John Bowring (11 vols., London, 1843), II, 546-60; Stephen Conway, "Bentham versus Pitt: Jeremy Bentham and British Foreign Policy 1789," The Historical Journal, 30 (1987), 803-9.
140. 2), 93-130; Jeremy Bentham, "Pacification and Emancipation" (1786-89), Bentham MSS XXV, University College London, printed (in a heavily edited version) as "A Plan for an Universal and Perpetual Peace;" in The Works of Jeremy Bentham, ed. John Bowring (11 vols., London, 1843), II, 546-60; Stephen Conway, "Bentham versus Pitt: Jeremy Bentham and British Foreign Policy 1789," The Historical Journal, 30 (1987), 803-9.
141. 2), 93-130; Jeremy Bentham, "Pacification and
142. Immanuel Kant, "On the Common Saying: 'This May be True in Theory, But it Does Not Apply in Practice'" (1793), in Kant: Political Writings, ed. Reiss, 81, 83-84; Jeremy Bentham, "The Book of Fallacies" (1818), in Bowring (ed.), Works of Jeremy Bentham, II, 447-48.
143. Immanuel Kant, "On the Common Saying: 'This May be True in Theory, But it Does Not Apply in Practice'" (1793), in Kant: Political Writings, ed. Reiss, 81, 83-84; Jeremy Bentham, "The Book of Fallacies" (1818), in Bowring (ed.), Works of Jeremy Bentham, II, 447-48.