Do Canadian political parties form a cartel?

Canadian Journal of Political Science

Volumn 29, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 316-333

  MacIvor, Heather ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0043223457     PISSN: 00084239     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0008423900007733     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. See, for example, Robert Harmel and Kenneth Janda, "An Integrated Theory of Party Goals and Party Change," Journal of Theoretical Politics 6 (1994), 259-87; Angelo Panebianco, Political Parties: Organization and Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); and Richard S. Katz and Peter Mair, eds., How Parties Organize: Change and Adaptation in Party Organizations in Western Democracies (London: Sage, 1994).
2. See, for example, Robert Harmel and Kenneth Janda, "An Integrated Theory of Party Goals and Party Change," Journal of Theoretical Politics 6 (1994), 259-87; Angelo Panebianco, Political Parties: Organization and Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); and Richard S. Katz and Peter Mair, eds., How Parties Organize: Change and Adaptation in Party Organizations in Western Democracies (London: Sage, 1994).
3. See, for example, Robert Harmel and Kenneth Janda, "An Integrated Theory of Party Goals and Party Change," Journal of Theoretical Politics 6 (1994), 259-87; Angelo Panebianco, Political Parties: Organization and Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); and Richard S. Katz and Peter Mair, eds., How Parties Organize: Change and Adaptation in Party Organizations in Western Democracies (London: Sage, 1994).
4. Richard S. Katz and Peter Mair, "Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party," Party Politics 1 (1995), 5-28.
5. Peter Mair, "Party Organizations: From Civil Society to the State," in Katz and Mair, eds., How Parties Organize.
6. This observation is not unique to the work of Katz and Mair. Réjean Pelletier has made a similar point in his recent work: "The Structures of Canadian Political Parties," in A. Brian Tanguay and Alain-G. Gagnon, eds., Canadian Parties in Transition (2nd ed.; Scarborough: Nelson, 1996), 136-59.
7. Otto Kirchheimer, "The Transformation of the West European Party Systems," in Joseph La Palombara and Myron Weiner, eds., Political Parties and Political Development (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966).
8. Katz and Mair, "Changing Models," 18.
9. Ibid., 17.
10. Ibid., 15.
11. Ibid., 21.
12. Mair, "Party Organizations," 16.
13. Katz and Mair, "Changing Models," 22.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid., 23.
17. Ibid., 24.
18. Ibid., 23-24.
19. Panebianco, Political Parties, 264.
20. S. J. R. Noel, "Patronage and Entourages, Action-Sets, Networks," in Tanguay and Gagnon, eds., Canadian Parties in Transition, 238-51.
21. William M. Chandler and Alan Siaroff, "Parties and Party Government in Advanced Democracies," in Herman Bakvis, ed., Canadian Political Parties: Leaders, Candidates and Organization, Research Studies of the Royal Commission on Electoral Reform and Party Financing, Vol. 13 (Toronto: Dundurn, 1991), 194.
22. Ibid., 17.
23. Harold D. Clarke and Allan Kornberg, "Evaluations and Evolution: Public Attitudes toward Canada's Federal Political Parties, 1965-1991," this JOURNAL 26 (1993), 291.
24. For an excellent history of party patronage in Canada, see Gordon T. Stewart, The Origins of Canadian Politics: A Comparative Approach (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1986), esp. 66-82.
25. Canada, Royal Commission on Electoral Reform and Party Financing, Reforming Electoral Democracy, Vol. 1 (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services, 1991), 329.
26. Canada, House of Commons, Report of the Special Committee on Reform of the House of Commons (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services, 1985), 103-04.
27. Bill Blaikie, "The Status of Small Parties in the House of Commons," Canadian Parliamentary Review 17, 3 (1994), 29-32.
28. Ibid., 32.
29. The Hon. Gilbert Parent, "Speaker's Ruling," Canadian Parliamentary Review 17 (1994), 33-34.
30. Bill Blaikie, "Reflections on the Speaker's Ruling," Canadian Parliamentary Review 17, 3 (1994), 36.
31. Khayyam Z. Paltiel, "Political Marketing, Party Finance, and the Decline of Canadian Parties," in Tanguay and Gagnon, eds., Canadian Parties in Transition, 403-22.
32. Royal Commission, Reforming Electoral Democracy, 322.
33. Ibid., 364.
34. Jane Jenson, "Innovation and Equity: The Impact of Public Funding," in F. Leslie Seidle, ed., Comparative Issues in Party and Election Finance, Research Studies of the Royal Commission on Electoral Reform and Party Financing, Vol. 4 (Toronto: Dundurn, 1991), 127.
35. Elections Canada, Towards the 35th General Election: Report of the Chief Electoral Officer (Ottawa: Elections Canada, 1994), 156.
36. Ibid.; and W. T. Stanbury, Money in Politics: Financing Federal Parties and Candidates in Canada, Research Studies of the Royal Commission on Electoral Reform and Party Financing, Vol. 1 (Toronto: Dundurn, 1991), 444.
37. Ibid.; and W. T. Stanbury, Money in Politics: Financing Federal Parties and Candidates in Canada, Research Studies of the Royal Commission on Electoral Reform and Party Financing, Vol. 1 (Toronto: Dundurn, 1991), 444.
38. Ibid.
39. Royal Commission, Reforming Electoral Democracy, 367.
40. "Report of the Broadcasting Arbitrator," in Elections Canada, Towards the 35th General Election, 151.
41. Royal Commission, Reforming Electoral Democracy, 387.
42. Alexandra Dobrowolsky and Jane Jenson, "Reforming the Parties: Prescriptions for Democracy," in Susan D. Phillips, ed., How Ottawa Spends, 1993-1994: A More Democratic Canada . . . ? (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1993), 62.
43. John Deverell and Greg Vezina, Democracy, Eh? A Guide to Voter Action (Montreal: Robert Davies Publishing, 1993), 61-63.
44. Elections Canada, Towards the 35th General Election, 15.
45. Canada, House of Commons, Debates, April 2, 1993.
46. Ibid., 18009-10; translation.
47. Canada, House of Commons, Debates, October 25, 1983, 28295-99.
48. Personal communication, February 1995.
49. Ibid., 24.
50. Richard Johnston et al., "The Collapse of a Party System: The 1993 Canadian General Election," paper presented to the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, New York, 1994.
51. Alan Frizzell et al., eds., "Introduction," in The Canadian General Election of 1993 (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1994), 6.
52. Quoted in Faron Ellis and Keith Archer, "Reform: Electoral Breakthrough," in Frizzell et al., eds., Canadian General Election, 69.
53. Clarke and Kornberg, "Public Attitudes toward Federal Political Parties."
54. Tom Flanagan, "Invasion from the Right: The Reform Party in the 1993 Canadian Election," paper presented to the annual meeting of the New England Political Science Association, Salem, Massachusetts, 1994.
55. Frizzell et al., eds., "Appendix," in Canadian General Election, 161.
56. Jon H. Pammett, "Tracking the Votes," in ibid., 146.
57. Quoted in Sydney Sharpe and Don Braid, Storming Babylon: Preston Manning and the Rise of the Reform Party (Toronto: Key Porter, 1992), 179.
58. Elections Canada, Towards the 35th General Election, 156.
59. W. T. Stanbury, "Regulating the Financing of Federal Parties and Candidates," in Tanguay and Gagnon, eds., Canadian Parties in Transition, 377.
60. Heather MacIvor, "Changing Party Leadership Selection in Canada: Is Constitutional Government Being Perverted into Democracy?" paper presented to the Party Politics in the Year 2000 Conference, Manchester, UK, 1995; and John C. Courtney, Do Conventions Matter?: Choosing National Party Leaders in Canada (Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1995).
61. Heather MacIvor, "Changing Party Leadership Selection in Canada: Is Constitutional Government Being Perverted into Democracy?" paper presented to the Party Politics in the Year 2000 Conference, Manchester, UK, 1995; and John C. Courtney, Do Conventions Matter?: Choosing National Party Leaders in Canada (Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1995).
62. Mair, "Party Organizations," 16.
63. MacIvor, "Changing Party Leadership Selection in Canada."
64. For a discussion of this "accommodative" period in Canadian politics, see David E. Smith, "Party Government, Representation and National Integration in Canada," in Peter Aucoin, ed., Party Government and Regional Representation in Canada, Research Studies for the Royal Commission on the Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada, Vol. 36 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1985).
65. See, for example, Ruud Koole, "Cadre, Catch-all or Cartel: A Comment on the Notion of the Cartel Party," paper presented to the Party Politics in the Year 2000 Conference, Manchester, UK, 1995.
66. Katz and Mair, "Changing Models," 23.