Partial shadowing of photovoltaic arrays with different system configurations: Literature review and field test results

Solar Energy

Volumn 74, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 217-233

  Woyte, Achim ^a   Nijs, Johan ^a,b   Belmans, Ronnie ^a  

^a Katholieke Universiteit Leuven   (Belgium)

^b IMEC   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARRAYS; COMPUTER SIMULATION; ELECTRIC INVERTERS; PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECTS;

PARTIAL SHADOWING;

SOLAR ENERGY;

PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM;

EID: 0043205829     PISSN: 0038092X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0038-092X(03)00155-5     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Abete A.Barbisio E.Cane F.A study of shading effects in photovoltaic generators Proceedings of the 9th EC PV Solar Energy Conference, Freiburg 1989 240-244
2. Alonso M.C.Arribas L.M.Chenlo F.Cruz I.Shading effect on a roof integrated grid-connected PV plant Proceedings of the 14th EC PV Solar Energy Conference, Barcelona 1997 1891-1894
3. Alonso M.C.Chenlo F.Experimental study of reverse biased silicon solar cells Proceedings of the 2nd World Conference on PVSEC, Vienna 1998 2376-2379
4. Alonso M.C.Herrmann W.German R.Boehmer W.Wambach K.Outdoor hot-spot investigation in crystalline silicon solar modules Proceedings of the 17th EC PV Solar Energy Conference, Munich 2001 638-641
5. Appelbaum J.Bany J.Shadow effect of adjacent solar collectors in large scale systems Solar Energy 23 1979 497-507
6. Arnett J.C.Gonzales C.C.Photovoltaic module hot spot durability design and test methods Proceedings of the 15th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Kissimmee 1981 1099-1105
7. Bany J.Appelbaum J.The effect of shading on the design of a field of solar collectors Solar Cells 20 1987 201-228
8. Bhattacharya G.Neogy C.Removal of the hot-spot problem in photovoltaic modules and arrays Solar Cells 31 1991 1-12
9. Beuth O. Vergleichende Systemanalyse netzgekoppelter Photovoltaikanlagen 1998 Universität Hannover, Fachbereich Elektrotechnik and Institut für SolarenergieforschungHannover
10. Bishop J.W.Computer simulation of the effects of electrical mismatches in photovoltaic cell interconnection circuits Solar Cells 25 1988 73-89
11. Bishop J.W.Microplasma breakdown and hot-spots in silicon solar cells Solar Cells 26 1989 335-349
12. Blewett T.Horne M.Hill R.Heliodon prediction of shading on building integrated photovoltaic systems Proceedings of the 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Anaheim, CA 1997 1393-1396
13. Caamaño E.Lorenzo E.On-site characterisation of grid-connected PV systems Proceedings of the 14th EC PV Solar Energy Conference, Barcelona 1997 1536-1539
14. Carlsson P.Cider L.Lindgren B.Yield losses due to shading in a building integrated PV installation; evaluation, simulation and suggestions for improvements Proceedings of the 2nd World Conference on PVSEC, Vienna 1998 2666-2670
15. Danner M.Bücher K.Reverse characteristics of commercial silicon solar cells-impact on hot spot temperatures and module integrity Proceedings of the 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Anaheim, CA 1997 1137-1140
16. Decker B.Jahn U.Performance of 170 grid connected PV plants in northern Germany-analysis of yields and optimization potentials Solar Energy 59 1997 127-133
17. Decker B.Grimmig B.Stellbogen D.Projektierung von Photovoltaik-Fassadenanlagen Proceedings of the 13th Symposium Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Staffelstein 1998 197-204
18. Erge Th.Hoffmann V.U.Kiefer K.Rössler E.Rindelhardt U.Teichmann G.Decker B.Grochowski J.Heilscher G.Schneider M.Blässer G.Ossenbrink H.Becker H.Vaassen W.Genennig B.Riess H.Sprau P.The German 1000-roofs-PV-programme-a résumé of the 5 years pioneer project for small grid-connected PV systems Proceedings of the 2nd World Conference on PVSEC, Vienna 1998 2648-2651
19. Erge Th.Beuschel A.Kiefer K.Rössler E.Schmitz W.Operation experience of the 120 kWp PV system "Butzweilerhof" Proceedings of the 17th EC PV Solar Energy Conference, Munich 2001 2375-2378
20. Frei R.Meier C.Eichenberger P.A fast, efficient and reliable way to determine the PV-shading horizon Proceedings of the 16th EC PV Solar Energy Conference, Glasgow 2000 2678
21. de Graaf L.E.van der Weiden T.C.J.Characteristics and performance of a PV-system consisting of 20 AC-modules Proceedings of the 1st World Conference on PVSEC, Hawaii 1994 921-924
22. Grochowski J.Fuge U.Niehage M.STASOL Ein Programm zur Simulation der Solarstrahlung unter Berücksichtigung von Teilabschattungen der Diffus- end Direktstrahlung Proceedings of the 12th Symposium Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Staffelstein 1997 106-110
23. Gross M.A.Martin S.O.Pearsall N.M.Estimation of output enhancement of a partially shaded BIPV array by the use of AC modules Proceedings of the 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Anaheim, CA 1997 1381-1384
24. Gupta A.Milnes A.G.Effects of shading and defects in solar cell arrays: a simple approach Proceedings of the 15th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Kissimmee 1981 1111-1116
25. de Haan S.W.H.Oldenkamp H.Frumau C.F.A.Bonin W.Development of a 100 W resonant inverter for AC-modules Proceedings of the 12th EC PV Solar Energy Conference, Amsterdam 1994 395-398
26. Häberlin H.Beutler Ch.Normalized representation of energy and power for analysis of performance and on-line error detection in PV systems Proceedings of the 13th EC PV Solar Energy Conference, Nice 1995 934-937
27. Häberlin H.Evolution of inverters for grid connected PV-systems from 1989 to 2000 Proceedings of the 17th EC PV Solar Energy Conference, Munich 2001 426-430
28. Hermann W.Wiesner W.Vaassen W.Hot spot investigations on PV modules-new concepts for a test standard and consequences for module design with respect to bypass diodes Proceedings of the 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Anaheim, CA 1997 1129-1132
29. Hermann W.Adrian M.Wiesner W.Operational behaviour of commercial solar cells under reverse biased conditions Proceedings of the 2nd World Conference on PVSEC, Vienna 1998 2357-2359
30. Hermann W.Alonso M.C.Boehmer W.Wambach K.Effective hot-spot protection of PV modules-characteristics of crystalline silicon cells and consequences for cell production Proceedings of the 17th EC PV Solar Energy Conference, Munich 2001 1646-1649
31. Hupach U. (2002). Kriterien für gute Wechselrichter, Photon Special, pp. 46-56.
32. IEC 61215 (1993). Crystalline silicon terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules-design qualification and type approval.
33. Iqbal M. An Introduction to Solar Radiation 1983 315-316 Academic Press CanadaDon Mills
34. Kleinkauf W.Sachau J.Hempel H.Developments in inverters for photovoltaic systems 11th EC PV Solar Energy Conference, Montreux 1992 1029-1033
35. Knaupp W.Schekulin D.Voigtländer I.Bleil A.Binder C.Operation of a 10 kW PV facade with 100 W AC photovoltaic modules Proceedings of the 25th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Washington, DC 1996 1235-1238
36. Knaupp W.Evaluation of PV module designs at irregular operation conditions Proceedings of the 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Anaheim, CA 1997 1235-1238
37. Kovach A.M. Effect of Partial Shading on the Energy Performance of Photovoltaic Arrays Integrated onto Buildings 1995 VDI-VerlagDüsseldorf
38. Kurokawa K.Kamisako K.Shimizu T.Conceptual considerations on PV systems composed of AC modules Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 47 1997 243-250
39. Kurokawa K.Sugiyama H.Uchida D.Extended performance analysis of 70 PV systems in Japanese field test program Proceedings of the 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Anaheim, CA 1997 1249-1252
40. Laplace Systems (2003). Photovoltaic system simulation software Solar Pro. http://www.lapsys.co.jp/, accessed 31 March 2003.
41. Laukamp H.Wiemken E.Mismatch effects and inverter sizing in PV generators with different sections Proceedings of the 14th EC PV Solar Energy Conference, Barcelona 1997 1101-1105
42. Laukamp H.Kresse A.Leithold W.PV-Module ohne Bypass-Dioden? Proceedings of the 13th Symposium Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Staffelstein 1998 437-442
43. Laukamp H.Danner M.Bücher K.Sperrkennlinien von Solarzellen und ihr Einfluss auf Hot-Spots Proceedings of the 14th Symposium Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Staffelstein 1999 414-419
44. Lindgren B.A PV-module oriented inverter, feeding a low voltage AC bus Proceedings of the 16th EC PV Solar Energy Conference, Glasgow 2000 2531-2534
45. Maranda W.Parallel operation of non-uniformly oriented PV-arrays Proceedings of the 17th EC PV Solar Energy Conference, Munich 2001 2665-2668
46. Marsman H.Kil A.J.Hoekstra K.J.Burges K.Hommerson J.R.Oldenkamp H.Design and operational experience with small and medium sized inverters in The Netherlands Proceedings of the 2nd World Conference on PVSEC, Vienna 1998 1987-1993
47. Meinhardt M.Leonavivius V.Flannery J.Ó Mathúna S.C.Impact of power electronics packaging on the reliability of grid connected photovoltaic converters for outdoor applications Microelectron. Reliability 39 1999 1461-1472
48. Meinhardt M.Cramer G.Multi-string-converter: the next step in evolution of string-converter technology Proceedings of the European Power Electronics Conference, Graz 2001 Proceedings on CD-ROM
49. Mermoud A.Roecker C.Bonvin J.Müller A.PVSYST 3.0 software: ergonomics - accessibility Proceedings of the 2nd World Conference on PVSEC, Vienna 1998 2632-2635
50. Meyer T.Schmidt H.Toggweiler P.Riatsch J.Weng M.Guillardeau D.Single cell module integrated converter system (SCMIC) preliminary results Proceedings of the 14th EC PV Solar Energy Conference, Barcelona 1997 2214-2217
51. Otani K.Sakuta K.Sugiura T.Kurokawa K.Performance analysis and simulation on 100 Japanese residential grid-connected PV systems based on four year experience Proceedings of the 17th EC PV Solar Energy Conference, Munich 2001 2403-2406
52. Perez R.Seals R.Ineichen P.Stewart R.Menicucci D.A new simplified version of the Perez diffuse irradiance model for tilted surfaces Solar Energy 39 1987 221-231
53. Quaschning V., Hanitsch R. (1995). Shade calculations in photovoltaic systems. Paper presented to ISES World Congress, Harare.
54. Quaschning V.Piske R.Hanitsch R.Cost effectiveness of shadow tolerant photovoltaic systems Proceedings of the EuroSun '96, Freiburg 1996 819-824
55. Quaschning V.Hanitsch R.Influence of shading on electrical parameters of solar cells Proceedings of the 25th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Washington, DC 1996 1287-1290
56. Quaschning V.Hanitsch R.Numerical simulation of current-voltage characteristics of photovoltaic systems with shaded solar cells Solar Energy 56 1996 513-520
57. Quaschning V.Hanitsch R.Erhöhung des Energieertrages von Photovoltaikanlagen durch Änderung der Modulbefestigung Proceedings of the 12th Symposium Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Staffelstein 1997 231-235
58. Quaschning V.Hanitsch R.Increased energy yield of 50% at flat roof and field installations without optimized module structures Proceedings of the 2nd World Conference on PVSEC, Vienna 1998 1993-1996
59. Quaschning V.Hanitsch R.Irradiance calculation on shaded surfaces Solar Energy 62 1998 369-375
60. Rauschenbach H.S.Electrical output of shaded solar arrays Proceedings of the 7th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Pasadena, CA 1968 243-252
61. Shepard N.F.Jr.Sugimura R.S.The integration of bypass diodes with terrestrial photovoltaic modules and arrays Proceedings of the 17th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Orlando, FL 1984 676-681
62. Skiba M.Faller F.R.Eikmeier B.Ziolek A.Unger H.Skiameter shading analysis Proceedings of the 16th EC PV Solar Energy Conference, Glasgow 2000 2402-2405
63. Spirito P.Albergamo V.Reverse bias power dissipation of shadowed or faulty cells in different array configurations Proceedings of the 4th EC PV Solar Energy Conference, Stresa 1982 296-300
64. Stellbogen D.Pfisterer F.Ausgangsleistung von PV-Generatoren mit unterschiedlicher Orientierung und bei Teilabschattungen Proceedings of the 8th Internationales Sonnenforum, Berlin 1992 707-712
65. Stellbogen D.Knaupp W.Laukamp H.Herrmann W.Schutz von PV-Fassadenelementen bei Teilabschattungen Proceedings of the 13th Symposium Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Staffelstein 1998 443-447
66. Suryanto Hasyim E.Wenham S.R.Green M.A.Shadow tolerance of modules incorporating integral bypass diode solar cells Solar Cells 19 1986 109-123
67. Tegtmeyer D.Nasse W.Grochowski J.Untersuchung des Betriebsverhaltens von Wechselrichtern in netzgekoppelten Photovoltaik-Anlagen Proceedings of the 12th Symposium Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Staffelstein 1997 241-245
68. Tomori T.Otani K.Sakuta K.Kurokawa K.On-site BIPV array shading evaluation tool using stereo-fisheye photographs Proceedings of the 28th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Anchorage, AK 2000 1599-1602
69. Versluis R.Jongen S.Optimisation of PV array geometry Proceedings of the 17th EC PV Solar Energy Conference, Munich 2001 451-453
70. Viotto M.Esser M.Pukrop D.Stellbogen D.PVcad-an integrated tool for the design of PV facades Proceedings of the 14th EC PV Solar Energy Conference, Barcelona 1997 1902-1905
71. Viotto M., Giese H., Hertenstein A., Hait E., Kunz E., Funtan P., Pukrop D., Esser M., Langer C., Stellbogen D., Geyer D. (2000). Hilfe zu PVcad. PVcad 1.2.1, Help file, http://www.iset.uni-kassel.de/pvcad/, accessed 31 March 2003.
72. Wheldon A.E.Cherruault J.-Y.Wheeler S.J.Doptidis G.Comparative performance of a central inverter and individual module inverters on a building-integrated-photovoltaic roof Proceedings of the 17th EC PV Solar Energy Conference, Munich 2001 396-400
73. Wilshaw A.R.Gonzalez N.J.Blewett T.Pearsall N.M.Temperature and shading effects on the performance of a building integrated photovoltaic array in Newcastle upon Tyne Proceedings of the 13th EC PV Solar Energy Conference, Nice 1995 664-667
74. Wilk H.Panhuber C.Power conditioners for grid interactive PV systems, what is the optimal size: 50 W or 500 kW Proceedings of the 13th EC PV Solar Energy Conference, Nice 1995 1867-1870
75. Woyte A. Charakterisierung von Abschattenden Objekten und ihr Einfluss auf den Energieertrag von Photovoltaik-Anlagen 1997 Universität Hannover, Fachbereich Elektrotechnik and Institut für SolarenergieforschungHannover
76. Woyte A.Belmans R.Neyens J.Nijs J.Coppye W.De Gheselle L.Case study of a building-integrated photovoltaic system with modular electrical design Proceedings of the Conference UIE Electricity for a Sustainable Urban Development, Lisbon 2000 307-314
77. Woyte A.Belmans R.Nijs J.Verbeeck L.Lemmens J.P.Optimised application of grid-connected photovoltaics Power-Gen Europe 2001, Brussels 2001 Proceedings on CD-ROM
78. Zehner M.Virtual assistants-market survey of PV design and simulation software Photon Int. 41 2001 31-40