Lithospheric buoyancy and continental intraplate stresses

International Geology Review

Volumn 45, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 95-118

  Zoback, Mary Lou ^a   Mooney, Walter D ^a  

^a U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BUOYANCY; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; INTRAPLATE PROCESS; ISOSTASY; LITHOSPHERE; MANTLE CONVECTION;

EID: 0043199872     PISSN: 00206814     EISSN: 19382839     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2747/0020-6814.45.2.95     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Airy, G. B., 1855. On the computation of the effect of the attraction of mountain-masses, as disturbing the apparent astronomical latitude of stations of geodetic surveys. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 145:101–104.
2. Anderson, D. L., 1989. Theory of the Earth, Malden, MA:Blackwell. 366 p
3. Artemieva, I. M., and Mooney, W. D., 2001. Thermal thickness and evolution of Precambrian lithosphere:A global study. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106:16,387–16,414.
4. Artyushkov, E. V., 1973. Stresses in the lithosphere caused by crustal thickness inhomogeneities. Journal of Geophysical Research, 78:7675–7708.
5. Balling, N., 1995. Heat flow and thermal structure of the lithosphere across the Baltic Shield and northern Tornquist Zone. Tectonophysics, 244:13–50.
6. Boyd, F. R., 1989. Composition and distinction between oceanic and cratonic lithosphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 96:15–26.
7. Boyd, F. R., and McCallister, R. H., 1976. Densities of fertile and sterile garnet peridotites. Geophysical Research Letters, 3:509–512.
8. Cermak, V., 1993. Lithospheric thermal regimes in Europe. Physics of Earth and Planetary Interiors, 79:179–199.
9. Cermak, V., and Bodri, L., 1995. Three-dimensional deep temperature modeling along the European geotraverse. Tectonophysics, 244:1–11.
10. Christensen, N. I., and Mooney, W., 1995. Seismic velocity structure and composition of the continental crust:A global view. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100
11. Crough, S. T., and Thompson, G. A., 1976. Thermal model of continental lithosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research, 81:4857–4862.
12. Dahlen, F. A., 1981. Isostasy and the ambient state of stress in the oceanic. Journal of Geophysical Research, 86:23–37.
13. Davies, G. F., 1979. Thickness and thermal history of continental crust and root zones. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 44:231–238.
14. Doin, M. P., Fleitout, L., and McKenzie, D., 1996. Geoid anomalies and the structure of continental and oceanic lithospheres. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101:16,119–16,135.
15. Dutton, C. E., 1882. Physics of the Earth's crust; by the Rev. Osmond Fisher. American Journal of Science, 23:283–290.
16. Exxon Production Research Company. 1985. Tectonic map of the world, Tulsa, OK:American Association of Petroleum Geologists Foundation. 1985
17. Fleitout, L., and Froidevaux, C., 1982. Tectonics and topography for a lithosphere containing density heterogeneities. Tectonics, 1:21–56.
18. Fleitout, L., and Froidevaux, C., 1983. Tectonic stresses in the lithosphere. Tectonics, 2:315–324.
19. Fowler, C. M. R., 1990. The solid earth, Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press. 472 p
20. Frank, F. C., 1972. “ Plate tectonics, the analogy with glacier flow and isostasy ”. In Flow and fracture of rocks, Geophysical Monograph Series, v. 16 Edited by:Heard, H. C., Washington, DC:American Geophysical Union.
21. Gardner, G. H. F., Gardner, L. W., and Gregory, A. R., 1974. Formation velocity and density—the diagnostic basis for stratigraphic traps. Geophysics, 39:770–780.
22. Goodwin, A. M., 1996. Principles of Precambrian geology, London, UK:Academic Press. 327 p
23. Grand, S. P., 1994. Mantle shear structure beneath the Americas and surrounding oceans. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99:11,591–11,621.
24. Haxby, W. F., and Turcotte, D. L., 1978. On isostatic geoid anomalies. Journal of Geophysical Research, 83:5473–5478.
25. Houseman, G., McKenzie, D., and Molnar, P., 1981. Convective instability of a thickened boundary layer and its relevance for the thermal evolution of continental convergence zones. Journal of Geophysical Research, 86:6115–6132.
26. James, D. E., Fouch, M. J., VanDecar, J. C., van der Lee, S., and Kaapvaal Seismic Group. 2001. Tectospheric structure beneath southern Africa. Geophysical Research Letters, 28:2485–2488.
27. James, D. E., and Steinhart, J. S., 1966. “ Structure beneath the continents:A critical review of explosion studies 1960-1965 ”. In The Earth beneath the continents, Geophysical Monograph Series, v. 10 Edited by:Steinhart, J. S., and Smith, T. J., 293–333. Washington, DC:American Geophysical Union.
28. Jessop, A. M., Lewis, T. J., Judge, A. S., Taylor, A. E., and Drury, M. J., 1984. Terrestrial heat flow in Canada. Tectonophysics, 103:239–261.
29. Jones, C. H., Sonder, L. J., and Unruh, J. R., 1998. Lithospheric gravitational potential energy and past orogenesis:Implication for conditions of initial Basin and Range and Laramide deformation. Geology, 26:639–642.
30. Jones, C. H., Unruh, J. R., and Sonder, L. J., 1996. The role of gravitational potential energy in active deformation in the southwestern United States. Nature, 381:37–41.
31. Jordan, T. H., 1975. The continental tectosphere. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, 13:1–12.
32. Jordan, T. H., 1978. Composition and development of the continental tectosphere. Nature, 274:544–548.
33. Jordan, T. H., Mineralogies, densities and seismic velocities of garnet lherzolites and their geophysical implications. Proceedings 2nd International Kimberlite Conference. The mantle sample:Inclusions in kimberlites and other volcanics, Edited by:Boyd, F. R., and Meyer, H. O. A., Vol. 2, pp. 1–14.
34. Jordan, T. H., 1981. Continents as a chemical boundary layer, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, v. 301 359–373.
35. Jordan, T. H., 1988. Structure and formation of the continental tectosphere. Journal of Petrology, special lithosphere issu,:11–37.
36. Kukkonen, I. T., 1993. Heat flow map of northern and central parts of the Fennoscandian Shield based on geochemical surveys of heat producing elements. Tectonophysics, 225:3–13.
37. Lachenbruch, A. H., and Morgan, P., 1990. Continental extension, magmatism and elevation; formal relations and rules of thumb. Tectonophysics, 174:39–62.
38. Lachenbruch, A. H., and Sass, J. H., 1977. “ Heat flow in the United States and the thermal regime of the crust ”. In The Earth's crust, Geophysical Monograph Series, v. 20 Edited by:Heacock, J. G., 626–675. Washington, DC:American Geophysical Union.
39. Lachenbruch, A. H., and Sass, J. H., 1978. “ Models of an extending lithosphere and heat flow in the Basin and Range province ”. In Cenozoic tectonics and regional geophysics of the Western Cordillera, Geological Society of America Memoir 152 Edited by:Smith, R. B., and Eaton, G. P., 209–251.
40. Lachenbruch, A. H., Sass, J. H., and Galanis, S. P., Jr. 1985. Heat flow in southernmost California and the origin of the Salton Trough. Journal of Geophysical Research, 90:6709–6736.
41. Lay, T., and Wallace, T. C., 1995. Modern global seismology, San Diego, CA:Academic Press. 517 p
42. LeStunff, Y., and Ricard, Y., 1995. Topography and geoid due to lithospheric mass anomalies. Geophysical Journal International, 122:982–990.
43. Lister, C. R., 1975. Gravitational drive on oceanic plates caused by thermal contraction. Nature, 257:663–665.
44. Madsen, J. A., Forsyth, D. W., and Detrick, R. S., 1984. A new isostatic model for the east Pacific Rise crest. Journal of Geophysical Research, 89:9,997–10,015.
45. Mareschal, J.-C., 1991. Downward continuation of heat flow density data and thermal regime in eastern Canada. Tectonophysics, 194:349–356.
46. McNutt, M. K., Diament, M., and Kogan, M. G., 1988. Variations of elastic plate thickness at continental thrust belts. Journal of Geophysical Research, 93:8825–8838.
47. Molnar, P., and Tapponier, P., 1978. Active tectonics of Tibet. Journal of Geophysical Research, 83:5331–5354.
48. Mooney, W. D., 1989. “ Seismic methods for determining earthquake source parameters and lithospheric structure ”. In Geophysical framework of the continental United States, Geological Society of America Memoir 172 Edited by:Pakiser, L. C., and Mooney, W. D., 11–34.
49. Mooney, W. D., Laske, G., and Masters, T. G., 1998. CRUST 5.1:A global crustal model at 5° x 5°. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103:727–747.
50. Mooney, W. D., Prodehl, C., and Pavlenkova, N., 2002. “ Seismic velocity structure of the continental lithosphere from controlled source data ”. In International handbook of earthquake and engineering seismology Edited by:Lee, W. H. K., Vol. 81A, 887–910.
51. Morgan, P., and Gosnold, W. D., 1989. “ Heat flow and thermal regimes in the continental United States ”. In Geophysical framework of the continental United States, Geological Society of America Memoir 172 Edited by:Pakiser, L. C., and Mooney, W. D., 493–522.
52. National Geophysical Data Center. 1988. ETOPO-5, bathymetry/topography data, data announcement 88-MGG-02, Washington, DC:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce.
53. O'Reilly, S. Y., Griffin, W. L., Djomani, Y. H. P., and Morgan, P., 2001. Are lithospheres forever? Tracking changes in subcontinental lithospheric mantle through time. GSA Today, 11:4–10.
54. Oxburgh, E. R., 1981. Heat flow and differences in lithospheric thickness, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, series A, v. 301 337–346.
55. Panza, G. F., Mueller, S., and Calcagnile, G., 1980. The gross features of the lithosphere-asthenosphere system in Europe from seismic surface waves and body waves. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 118:1209–1213.
56. Parsons, B. E., and Richter, F. M., 1980. A relationship between driving force and geoid anomaly associated with the mid-ocean ridges. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 51:445–450.
57. Parsons, B. E., and Sclater, J. G., 1977. An analysis of the variation of ocean floor bathymetry and heat flow with age. Journal of Geophysical Research, 82:803–827.
58. Pinet, C., Jaupart, C., Mareschal, J.-C., Gariepy, C., Bienfait, G., and Lapoine, R., 1991. Heat flow and structure of the lithosphere in the eastern Canadian Shield. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96:19,941–19,963.
59. Pollack, H. N., 1986. Cratonization and thermal evolution of the mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 80:175–182.
60. Pollack, H. N., Hurter, S., and Johnson, J. R., 1990. The new global heat flow data compilation. EOS (Transactions of the American Geophysical Union), 71:1604
61. Pollack, H. N., Hurter, S., and Johnson, J. R., 1993. Heat flow from the Earth's interior:Analysis of the global data set:Reviews of Geophysics, v 267–280.
62. Pratt, J. H., 1855. “ On the attraction of the Himalaya Mountains, and the elevated regions beyond them, upon the plumb line in India ”. In Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Vol. 145, 55–100.
63. Priestly, K., and Brune, J., 1978. Surface waves and the structure of the Great Basin of Nevada and western Utah. Journal of Geophysical Research, 83:2265–2272.
64. Richardson, R. M., Solomon, S. C., and Sleep, N. H., 1978. Tectonic stress in the plates. Reviews of Geophysics, 17:981–1019.
65. Ritsema, J., and van Heijst, H., 2000. Seismic imaging of structural heterogeneity in Earth's mantle:Evidence for large-scale mantle flow. Science Progress, 83:243–259.
66. Sass, J. H., Blackwell, D. D., Chapman, D. S., Costain, J. K., Decker, E. R., Lawver, L. A., and Swanberg, C. A., 1981. “ Heat flow from the crust of the United States ”. In Physical properties of rocks and minerals, McGraw-Hill/CINDAS data series on material properties, v. II-2 Edited by:Touloukian, Y. S., Judd, W. R., and Roy, R. F., 503–548.
67. Sclater, J. G., Jaupart, C., and Galson, D., 1980. The heat flow through oceanic and continental crust and the heat loss of the Earth. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, 18:269–311.
68. Simons, F. J., Zielhuis, A., and van der Hilst, R. D., 1999. The deep structure of the Australian continent from surface wave tomography. Lithos, 48:17–43.
69. Stevenson, J. M., and Hildenbrand, J. A., 1996. Gravity modeling of a volcanically active site on the East Pacific Rise axis. Tectonophysics, 254:57–68.
70. Thatcher, W., 2003. GPS constraints on the kinematics of continental deformation. International Geology Review, 45 in press
71. Thompson, G. A., Catchings, R., Goodwin, E., Holbrook, S., Jarchow, C., Mann, C., McCarthy, J., and Okaya, D., 1989. “ Geophysics of the western Basin and Range province ”. In Geophysical framework of the continental United States, Geological Society of America Memoir 172 Edited by:Pakiser, L. C., and Mooney, W. D., 177–203.
72. Thompson, G. A., and Talwani, M., Geology of the crust and mantle of the western United States. Science, 1461539–1549.
73. Turcotte, D. L., Haxby, W. F., and Ockendon, J. R., 1977. “ Lithospheric instabilities ”. In Island arcs, deep sea trenches and back-arc basi, Edited by:Talwani, M., and Pitman, W. C., 63–69. Washington, DC:American Geophysical Union.
74. Van der Hilst, R., Kennett, B. L. N., and Shibutani, T., 1998. “ Upper mantle structure beneath Australia from portable array deployments ”. In Structure and evolution of the Australian continent, Edited by:Braun, J., Dooley, J., Goleby, B., Van der Hilst, R. D., and Klootwijk, C., 39–57. Washington, DC:American Geophysical Union. Geodynamics Series
75. Van der Lee, S., and Nolet, G., 1997. Upper mantle S velocity structure of North America. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102:22,815–22,838.
76. Watts, T., 2001. Flexure of the lithosphere, Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press. 458 p
77. Weiland, C. M., and Macdonald, K. C., 1976. Geophysical study of the East Pacific Rise 15°N 17°N:An unusually robust segment. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101:20,257–20,273.
78. Zoback, M. D., Townend, J., and Grollimund, B., 2002. Steady-state failure equilibrium and deformation of intraplate lithosphere. International Geology Review, 44:383–401.
79. Zoback, M. L., 1992. First- and second-order patterns of stress in the lithosphere:The World Stress Map project. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97:11703–11728. http://www-wsm.physik.uni-karlsruhe.de/pub/introduction/introduction_frame.html