Social anxiety, depression, and PTSD in Vietnam veterans

Journal of Anxiety Disorders

Volumn 17, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 573-582

  Hofmann, Stefan G ^a   Litz, Brett T ^b   Weathers, Frank W ^c  

^a BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c AUBURN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Depression; PTSD; Social anxiety; Social phobia; Vietnam veterans

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPRESSION; HUMAN; INTERVIEW; MENTAL DISEASE; MOOD DISORDER; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS; PSYCHOSOCIAL WITHDRAWAL; SOCIAL ISOLATION; SOCIAL PHOBIA; SOLDIER; VIET NAM;

COMBAT DISORDERS; COMORBIDITY; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT; PERSONALITY INVENTORY; PHOBIC DISORDERS; PSYCHOMETRICS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; VETERANS; VIETNAM;

EID: 0043165049     PISSN: 08876185     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00227-X     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
2. Beck A.T., Ward C.H., Mendelson M., Mock J., Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry. 4:1961;561-571.
3. Beidel D.C., Turner S.M., Stanley M.A., Dancu C.V. The social phobia and anxiety inventory: concurrent and external validity. Behavior Therapy. 20:1989;417-427.
4. Blake D.D., Weathers F.W., Nagy L.M., Kaloupek D.G., Klauminzer G., Charney D.S., Keane T.M. A clinician rating scale for assessing current and lifetime PTSD: the CAPS-1. The Behavior Therapist. 18:1990;187-188.
5. Boscarino J.A. Post-traumatic stress and associated disorders among Vietnam veterans: the significance of combat exposure and social support. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 8:1995;317-336.
6. Escobar J.I., Randolph E.T., Puente G., Spiwak E., Asamen J.K., Hill M., Hough R.L. Post-traumatic stress disorder in Hispanic Vietnam veterans: clinical phenomenology and sociocultural characteristics. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 171:1983;585-596.
7. Heimberg R.G., Mueller G.P., Holt C.S., Hope D.A., Liebowitz M.R. Assessment of anxiety in social interaction and being observed by others: the social interaction anxiety scale and the social phobia scale. Behavior Therapy. 23:1992;53-73.
8. Hofmann S.G. Treatment of social phobia: potential mediators and moderators. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 7:2000;5-18.
9. Hosmer, D. W., & Lesmeshow, S. (2000). Applied logistic regression (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.
10. Irving L.M., Telfer L., Blake D.D. Hope, coping, and social support in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 10:1997;465-479.
11. Keane T.M., Fairbank J.A., Caddell J.M., Zimering R.T., Taylor K.L., Mora C.A. Clinical evaluation of a measure to assess combat exposure. Psychological Assessment. 1:1989;53-55.
12. Keane T.M., Scott W.O., Chavoya G.A., Lamparski D.M., Fairbank J.A. Social support in Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: a comparative analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 53:1985;95-102.
13. Kulka, R., Schlenger, W., Fairbank, J., Hough, R., Jordan, B., Marmar, C., & Weiss, D. (1990). Trauma and the Vietnam war generation. New York: Brunner Mazel.
14. Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998). Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 36, 455-470.
15. Mattick R.P., Peters L. Treatment of severe social phobia: effects of guided exposure with and without cognitive restructuring. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 56:1988;251-260.
16. Nezu A., Carnevale G. Interpersonal problem solving and coping reactions of Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 96:1987;155-157.
17. Orsillo S.M., Heimberg R.G., Juster H.R., Garrett J. Social phobia and PTSD in Vietnam veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 9:1996;235-252.
18. Orsillo S.M., Weathers F.W., Litz B.T., Steinberg H.R., Huska J.A., Keane T.M. Current and lifetime psychiatric disorders among veterans with war-zone-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 184:1996;307-313.
19. Powell G.J., Doan R.E. Combat and social support as variables in perceived symptomatology of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Reports. 70:1992;1187-1194.
20. Roberts W.R., Penk W.E., Gearing M.C., Robinowitz R., Dolan M.P., Patterson E.T. Interpersonal problems of Vietnam combat veterans with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 91:1982;444-450.
21. Roszell D.K., McFall M.E., Malas K.L. Frequency of symptoms and concurrent psychiatric disorder in Vietnam veterans with chronic PTSD. Hospital and Community Psychiatry. 42:1991;293-296.
22. Solomon Z., Waysman M., Avitzur E., Enoch D. Psychiatric symptomaology among wives of soldiers following combat stress reaction: the role of social network and marital relations. Anxiety Research. 4:1991;213-223.
23. Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Gibbon, M., & First, M. B. (1994). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. New York: Biometrics Research Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute.
24. Sutker P.B., Davis J.M., Uddo M., Ditta S.R. War zone stress, personal resources, and PTSD in Persian Gulf War returnees. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 104:1995;444-452.
25. Turk C.L., Heimberg R.G., Orsillo S.M., Holt C.S., Gitow A., Street L.L., Schneier F.R., Liebowitz M.R. An investigation of gender differences in social phobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 12:1998;209-223.
26. Turner S.M., Beidel D.C., Dancu C.V., Stanley M.A. An empirically derived inventory to measure social fears and anxiety: the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1:1989;35-40.
27. Watson D., Friend R. Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 33:1969;448-457.
28. Weathers F.W., Ruscio A.M., Keane T.M. Psychometric properties of nine scoring rules for the Clinician-Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale. Psychological Assessment. 11:1999;124-133.