A leper in purple: The coronation of Baldwin IV of Jerusalem

Journal of Medieval History

Volumn 23, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 317-334

  Lay, Stephen ^a  

^a AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

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EID: 0043046887     PISSN: 03044181     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0304-4181(97)00011-0     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. For the ramifications of leprosy during Baldwin's reign, see S. Lay, 'Sed leprosus erat: the basis of authority in the reign of Baldwin IV of Jerusalem', in preparation.
2. William of Tyre, 'Chronique', in: Corpus christianorum continuatio mediaevalis, ed. R. B. C. Huygens, 176 vols (Brussels, 1986), vol. 63 [hereafter WT] 854; WT, 859-61.
3. William of Tyre, 'Chronique', in: Corpus christianorum continuatio mediaevalis, ed. R. B. C. Huygens, 176 vols (Brussels, 1986), vol. 63 [hereafter WT] 854; WT, 859-61.
4. For the evidence that Amalric employed an Arabic-speaking native Christian to aid the historian in teaching the prince the more physically intensive skills, see C. Cahen, 'Indigènes et croisés', Syria, 15 (1934), 352.
5. WT, 961-2.
6. M. W. Dols, 'Leprosy in medieval Arabic medicine', Journal of the History of Medicine, 34 (1979), 318.
7. Modern doctors generally describe the severity of leprosy as ranging from the least serious, tuberculoid, to the most severe, lepromatous. Baldwin's symptoms are considered, and a diagnosis of lepromatous leprosy made, by P. D. Mitchell, 'Leprosy and the case of King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem: mycobacterial disease in the crusader states of 12th and 13th centuries'. The International Journal of Leprosy and other Mycobacterial Diseases, 61(2) (1994), 284-5. A similar diagnosis is made by B. Hamilton, 'Manuel I Comnenus and Baldwin IV of Jerusalem', in: Kathegetria. Essays presented to Joan Hussey for her 80th birthday (Camberley, 1988), essay 21, 362.
8. Modern doctors generally describe the severity of leprosy as ranging from the least serious, tuberculoid, to the most severe, lepromatous. Baldwin's symptoms are considered, and a diagnosis of lepromatous leprosy made, by P. D. Mitchell, 'Leprosy and the case of King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem: mycobacterial disease in the crusader states of 12th and 13th centuries'. The International Journal of Leprosy and other Mycobacterial Diseases, 61(2) (1994), 284-5. A similar diagnosis is made by B. Hamilton, 'Manuel I Comnenus and Baldwin IV of Jerusalem', in: Kathegetria. Essays presented to Joan Hussey for her 80th birthday (Camberley, 1988), essay 21, 362.
9. Recent works discussing the animosity endured by the leper in medieval Europe include: S. N. Brody, The disease of the soul. Leprosy in medieval literature (Ithaca, 1974); P. Richards, The medieval leper and his northern heirs (Cambridge, 1977); and R. I. Moore, The formation of a persecuting society (New York, 1987).
10. Recent works discussing the animosity endured by the leper in medieval Europe include: S. N. Brody, The disease of the soul. Leprosy in medieval literature (Ithaca, 1974); P. Richards, The medieval leper and his northern heirs (Cambridge, 1977); and R. I. Moore, The formation of a persecuting society (New York, 1987).
11. Recent works discussing the animosity endured by the leper in medieval Europe include: S. N. Brody, The disease of the soul. Leprosy in medieval literature (Ithaca, 1974); P. Richards, The medieval leper and his northern heirs (Cambridge, 1977); and R. I. Moore, The formation of a persecuting society (New York, 1987).
12. This sentiment was codified as the funereal Office of Seclusion, by which the leper was formally cast from society. During this ritual the priest treated the leper 'after the manner of a dead man' and included the command, 'Be thou dead to the world, but alive again unto God'. R.M. Clay, The mediaeval hospitals of England (London, 1966), 273-6; repr. in: Richards, The medieval leper, 123-4.
13. This sentiment was codified as the funereal Office of Seclusion, by which the leper was formally cast from society. During this ritual the priest treated the leper 'after the manner of a dead man' and included the command, 'Be thou dead to the world, but alive again unto God'. R.M. Clay, The mediaeval hospitals of England (London, 1966), 273-6; repr. in: Richards, The medieval leper, 123-4.
14. WT, 956-7.
15. WT, 962.
16. Philip of Novara, 'Livre', in: Recueil des historiens des croisades. Lois, 2 vols (Paris, 1841-3), vol. 1, 495; Jean d'Ibelin, 'Livre', in: Recueil des historiens, Lois, vol. 1, 114, 259; J. L. La Monte, Feudal monarchy in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1100-1291 (New York, 1932), 51.
17. Philip of Novara, 'Livre', in: Recueil des historiens des croisades. Lois, 2 vols (Paris, 1841-3), vol. 1, 495; Jean d'Ibelin, 'Livre', in: Recueil des historiens, Lois, vol. 1, 114, 259; J. L. La Monte, Feudal monarchy in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1100-1291 (New York, 1932), 51.
18. Philip of Novara, 'Livre', in: Recueil des historiens des croisades. Lois, 2 vols (Paris, 1841-3), vol. 1, 495; Jean d'Ibelin, 'Livre', in: Recueil des historiens, Lois, vol. 1, 114, 259; J. L. La Monte, Feudal monarchy in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1100-1291 (New York, 1932), 51.
19. WT, 963-5; see also B. Hamilton, 'Miles of Plancy and the Fief of Beirut,' in: The horns of Hattin, ed. B. Z. Kedar (Jerusalem, 1992), essay 9, 136-46.
20. WT, 963-5; see also B. Hamilton, 'Miles of Plancy and the Fief of Beirut,' in: The horns of Hattin, ed. B. Z. Kedar (Jerusalem, 1992), essay 9, 136-46.
21. Later monarchs were rumoured to have suffered from leprosy, including Robert the Bruce, Henry IV of England, and Alfons II of Portugal. Only those symptoms attributed to Robert the Bruce appear plausible, and many scholars discount even those. J. G. Andersen, 'Studies in the medieval diagnosis of leprosy in Denmark', Danish Medical Bulletin, 16 (1969), Suppl. 9, 55-6; G. W. S. Barrow, Robert Bruce and the community of the realm of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1988), 444-5.
22. Later monarchs were rumoured to have suffered from leprosy, including Robert the Bruce, Henry IV of England, and Alfons II of Portugal. Only those symptoms attributed to Robert the Bruce appear plausible, and many scholars discount even those. J. G. Andersen, 'Studies in the medieval diagnosis of leprosy in Denmark', Danish Medical Bulletin, 16 (1969), Suppl. 9, 55-6; G. W. S. Barrow, Robert Bruce and the community of the realm of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1988), 444-5.
23. WT, 864, 868-70; for a discussion of the actual causes of this dissension, see H. E. Mayer, 'The beginnings of King Amalric of Jerusalem', in: The horns of Hattin, essay 8, 121-36.
24. WT, 864, 868-70; for a discussion of the actual causes of this dissension, see H. E. Mayer, 'The beginnings of King Amalric of Jerusalem', in: The horns of Hattin, essay 8, 121-36.
25. WT, 1058.
26. H. E. Mayer, 'The succession to Baldwin II of Jerusalem: the English impact on the East', Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 39 (1985), 139-147, repr. in: H. E Mayer, Kings and lords in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174-1277 (Aldershot, 1994), essay 2.
27. H. E. Mayer, 'The succession to Baldwin II of Jerusalem: the English impact on the East', Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 39 (1985), 139-147, repr. in: H. E Mayer, Kings and lords in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174-1277 (Aldershot, 1994), essay 2.
28. S. Runciman, A History of the Crusades, 3 vols (Cambridge, 1952-4), vol. 2, 392-3, suggests that Amalric's initial marriage proposals to Stephen of Champagne might represent his concern over Baldwin's illness and the desire to secure an alternative, yet there seems to be little evidential support for such a hypothesis.
29. WT, 947; 977-8; Hamilton, 'Manuel I Comnenus and Baldwin IV of Jerusalem,' 354, suggests that Baldwin may have been placed upon the throne temporarily. When Sibyl could be suitably married her husband would assume the throne. Though ingenious, this arrangement implies an unlikely lack of reverence for the institution of kingship.
30. WT, 947; 977-8; Hamilton, 'Manuel I Comnenus and Baldwin IV of Jerusalem,' 354, suggests that Baldwin may have been placed upon the throne temporarily. When Sibyl could be suitably married her husband would assume the throne. Though ingenious, this arrangement implies an unlikely lack of reverence for the institution of kingship.
31. 'L'Estoire d'Eracles empereur et la conqueste de la Terre d'Outremer', in: Recueil des historiens des croisades. Historiens occidentaux, 5 vols (Paris, 1844-95), [hereafter Eracles] vol. 2, 25-9; Chronique d'Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier, ed. L. de Mas-Latrie (Paris, 1871) [hereafter Ernoul], 129-34. The circumstances surrounding this succession were confused, yet constitutionally sound.
32. 'L'Estoire d'Eracles empereur et la conqueste de la Terre d'Outremer', in: Recueil des historiens des croisades. Historiens occidentaux, 5 vols (Paris, 1844-95), [hereafter Eracles] vol. 2, 25-9; Chronique d'Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier, ed. L. de Mas-Latrie (Paris, 1871) [hereafter Ernoul], 129-34. The circumstances surrounding this succession were confused, yet constitutionally sound.
33. See J. Riley-Smith, The Feudal Nobility and the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174-1277 (London, 1976), 109.
34. Raymond III was twelve years old in 1152 when he assumed the rule of Tripoli after his father, Raymond II, was murdered by the Assassins. WT, 786-7.
35. Mayer, 'The beginnings of King Amalric', 135-6.
36. WT, 963-5.
37. Recent articles which consider the circumstances of the Outremer leper include: S. Shahar, 'Des lépreux pas comme les autres. L'ordre de Saint-Lazare dans le royaume latin de Jérusalem', Revue Historique, 267 (1982), 19-41; M. W. Dols, 'The leper in medieval Islamic society', Speculum, 58 (1983), 915-6; M. G. Pegg, 'Le corps et l'autorité: la lèpre de Baudouin IV, Annales ESC, 45(1) (1990), 265-87; M. Barber, 'The order of Saint Lazarus and the crusades', The Catholic historical review, 80 (1994), 439-456.
38. Recent articles which consider the circumstances of the Outremer leper include: S. Shahar, 'Des lépreux pas comme les autres. L'ordre de Saint-Lazare dans le royaume latin de Jérusalem', Revue Historique, 267 (1982), 19-41; M. W. Dols, 'The leper in medieval Islamic society', Speculum, 58 (1983), 915-6; M. G. Pegg, 'Le corps et l'autorité: la lèpre de Baudouin IV, Annales ESC, 45(1) (1990), 265-87; M. Barber, 'The order of Saint Lazarus and the crusades', The Catholic historical review, 80 (1994), 439-456.
39. Recent articles which consider the circumstances of the Outremer leper include: S. Shahar, 'Des lépreux pas comme les autres. L'ordre de Saint-Lazare dans le royaume latin de Jérusalem', Revue Historique, 267 (1982), 19-41; M. W. Dols, 'The leper in medieval Islamic society', Speculum, 58 (1983), 915-6; M. G. Pegg, 'Le corps et l'autorité: la lèpre de Baudouin IV, Annales ESC, 45(1) (1990), 265-87; M. Barber, 'The order of Saint Lazarus and the crusades', The Catholic historical review, 80 (1994), 439-456.
40. Recent articles which consider the circumstances of the Outremer leper include: S. Shahar, 'Des lépreux pas comme les autres. L'ordre de Saint-Lazare dans le royaume latin de Jérusalem', Revue Historique, 267 (1982), 19-41; M. W. Dols, 'The leper in medieval Islamic society', Speculum, 58 (1983), 915-6; M. G. Pegg, 'Le corps et l'autorité: la lèpre de Baudouin IV, Annales ESC, 45(1) (1990), 265-87; M. Barber, 'The order of Saint Lazarus and the crusades', The Catholic historical review, 80 (1994), 439-456.
41. Shahar, 'Des lépreux,' 37-40; Dols, 'The leper', 916; Pegg, 'Le corps,' 275.
42. Shahar, 'Des lépreux,' 37-40; Dols, 'The leper', 916; Pegg, 'Le corps,' 275.
43. Shahar, 'Des lépreux,' 37-40; Dols, 'The leper', 916; Pegg, 'Le corps,' 275.
44. Usamah Ibn-Munquidh, An Arab-Syrian gentleman and warrior in the period of the crusades, trans. P. K. Hitti (London, 1987), 149; Kamal ad-Din, 'Extraits de la chronique d'Alep', in: Recueil des historiens des croisades. Historiens orienteaux, 5 vols (Paris, 1844-95), vol. 3, 612-2, 629.
45. Usamah Ibn-Munquidh, An Arab-Syrian gentleman and warrior in the period of the crusades, trans. P. K. Hitti (London, 1987), 149; Kamal ad-Din, 'Extraits de la chronique d'Alep', in: Recueil des historiens des croisades. Historiens orienteaux, 5 vols (Paris, 1844-95), vol. 3, 612-2, 629.
46. For the history of the Order of St Lazarus, see Shahar, 'Des lépreux', 28-32; Pegg, 'Le corps', 277-9;
47. For the history of the Order of St Lazarus, see Shahar, 'Des lépreux', 28-32; Pegg, 'Le corps', 277-9;
48. Barber, 'The Order of Saint Lazarus', 439-56.
49. 'Livre des assises de la cour des bourgeois', in: Recueil des historiens des croisades. Lois, vol. 2, 38. The official church position on the leper was confirmed at the Third Lateran Council of 1179.
50. Sacrorum conciliorum, nova et amplissima collectio, ed. G. D. Mansi, 53 vols (Gratz, 1960-2), vol. 22, 394.
51. 'Livre au roi', in: Recueil des historiens des croisades. Lois, vol. 1, 636-8.
52. For a discussion of this question, see J. Prawer, Crusader Institutions (Oxford, 1980).
53. Perhaps most forcefully by La Monte, Feudal Monarchy, 25: 'when the lords, ecclesiastical and lay, assembled to elect a king to rule over them, they elected Baldwin, in spite of his youth and fatal malady. The hereditary right of the dynasty would seem to be established.'
54. WT, 868-70; 'Les lignages d'Outremer', in: Recueil des historiens des croisades. Lois, vol. 2, 442; see also Mayer, 'The beginnings of King Amalric', 121-35.
55. WT, 868-70; 'Les lignages d'Outremer', in: Recueil des historiens des croisades. Lois, vol. 2, 442; see also Mayer, 'The beginnings of King Amalric', 121-35.
56. WT, 868-70; 'Les lignages d'Outremer', in: Recueil des historiens des croisades. Lois, vol. 2, 442; see also Mayer, 'The beginnings of King Amalric', 121-35.
57. WT, 1052-8; Ernoul, 115-6; Eracles, 6; La Monte, Feudal Monarchy, 31-2.
58. WT, 1052-8; Ernoul, 115-6; Eracles, 6; La Monte, Feudal Monarchy, 31-2.
59. WT, 1052-8; Ernoul, 115-6; Eracles, 6; La Monte, Feudal Monarchy, 31-2.
60. WT, 1052-8; Ernoul, 115-6; Eracles, 6; La Monte, Feudal Monarchy, 31-2.
61. Moore, The formation, 59-60.
62. 35 See above n. 29.
63. Mayer, 'The beginnings of King Amalric', 121-35.
64. WT, 869; Eracles, 5.
65. WT, 869; Eracles, 5.
66. H. E. Mayer, 'Die Legitimität Balduins IV von Jerusalem und das Testament der Agnes von Courtenay', Historisches Jahrbuch, 108 (1988);
67. repr. in: Mayer, Kings and lords in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, essay 9, 163-89.
68. Erat enim, ut processu temporis ipso rerum experimento postea plenius cognovimus, amplioris et penitus incurabilis doloris initium (WT, 962).
69. Richards, The medieval leper, 98-120.
70. R. G. Cochrane, 'Signs and symptoms', in: Leprosy in theory and practice, ed. R. G. Cochrane (Bristol, 1964), 252. F. M. Noussitou, Leprosy in children. Report to the World Health Organisation (Geneva, 1976), 17-8, emphasises the difficulties of early diagnosis in children using neurological symptoms.
71. R. G. Cochrane, 'Signs and symptoms', in: Leprosy in theory and practice, ed. R. G. Cochrane (Bristol, 1964), 252. F. M. Noussitou, Leprosy in children. Report to the World Health Organisation (Geneva, 1976), 17-8, emphasises the difficulties of early diagnosis in children using neurological symptoms.
72. Noussitou, Leprosy in children, 14.
73. L. F. Badger, 'Epidemiology', in: Leprosy in theory and practice, 76-7; Noussitou, Leprosy in children, 14.
74. L. F. Badger, 'Epidemiology', in: Leprosy in theory and practice, 76-7; Noussitou, Leprosy in children, 14.
75. S. G. Browne, 'Differential diagnosis', in: Leprosy in theory and practice, 280-2.
76. Brody, Disease, 33-59.
77. Brody, Disease, 34.
78. C. Singer, 'A thirteenth century clinical description of leprosy', Journal of the History of Medicine, 4 (1949) 238.
79. J. G. Andersen, 'Studies in the mediaeval diagnosis of leprosy in Denmark', Danish Medical Bulletin, 16 (1969), 53.
80. In such cases too, suspicion took the form of accusation and was based on the appearance of visible signs, rather than the earlier symptom of anaesthesia. Richards, The medieval leper, 40-7.
81. Cahen, 'Indigènes et croisés', 352. Interestingly, William castigated the Outremer nobility for this preference for Arabic over Latin doctors, WT, 859. See also B. Z. Kedar, 'A Melkite physician in Frankish Jerusalem and Ayyubid Damascus: Muwaffaq al-Din Ya 'qub b. Siqlab', Asian and African Studies, 22 (1988), repr. in: B. Z. Kedar, The Franks in the Levant 11th to 14th century (Aldershot, 1993), essay 12, 113-26; E. Wickersheimer, 'Organisation et legislation sanitaires au Royaume franc de Jerusalem, 1099-1291', Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences, 4 (1951), 689-705; A. F. Woodings, The medical resources and practice of the crusader states in Syria and Palestine, 1096-1193', Medical History, 15 (1971), 268-77.
82. Cahen, 'Indigènes et croisés', 352. Interestingly, William castigated the Outremer nobility for this preference for Arabic over Latin doctors, WT, 859. See also B. Z. Kedar, 'A Melkite physician in Frankish Jerusalem and Ayyubid Damascus: Muwaffaq al-Din Ya 'qub b. Siqlab', Asian and African Studies, 22 (1988), repr. in: B. Z. Kedar, The Franks in the Levant 11th to 14th century (Aldershot, 1993), essay 12, 113-26; E. Wickersheimer, 'Organisation et legislation sanitaires au Royaume franc de Jerusalem, 1099-1291', Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences, 4 (1951), 689-705; A. F. Woodings, The medical resources and practice of the crusader states in Syria and Palestine, 1096-1193', Medical History, 15 (1971), 268-77.
83. Cahen, 'Indigènes et croisés', 352. Interestingly, William castigated the Outremer nobility for this preference for Arabic over Latin doctors, WT, 859. See also B. Z. Kedar, 'A Melkite physician in Frankish Jerusalem and Ayyubid Damascus: Muwaffaq al-Din Ya 'qub b. Siqlab', Asian and African Studies, 22 (1988), repr. in: B. Z. Kedar, The Franks in the Levant 11th to 14th century (Aldershot, 1993), essay 12, 113-26; E. Wickersheimer, 'Organisation et legislation sanitaires au Royaume franc de Jerusalem, 1099-1291', Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences, 4 (1951), 689-705; A. F. Woodings, The medical resources and practice of the crusader states in Syria and Palestine, 1096-1193', Medical History, 15 (1971), 268-77.
84. Cahen, 'Indigènes et croisés', 352. Interestingly, William castigated the Outremer nobility for this preference for Arabic over Latin doctors, WT, 859. See also B. Z. Kedar, 'A Melkite physician in Frankish Jerusalem and Ayyubid Damascus: Muwaffaq al-Din Ya 'qub b. Siqlab', Asian and African Studies, 22 (1988), repr. in: B. Z. Kedar, The Franks in the Levant 11th to 14th century (Aldershot, 1993), essay 12, 113-26; E. Wickersheimer, 'Organisation et legislation sanitaires au Royaume franc de Jerusalem, 1099-1291', Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences, 4 (1951), 689-705; A. F. Woodings, The medical resources and practice of the crusader states in Syria and Palestine, 1096-1193', Medical History, 15 (1971), 268-77.
85. Cahen, 'Indigènes et croisés', 352. Interestingly, William castigated the Outremer nobility for this preference for Arabic over Latin doctors, WT, 859. See also B. Z. Kedar, 'A Melkite physician in Frankish Jerusalem and Ayyubid Damascus: Muwaffaq al-Din Ya 'qub b. Siqlab', Asian and African Studies, 22 (1988), repr. in: B. Z. Kedar, The Franks in the Levant 11th to 14th century (Aldershot, 1993), essay 12, 113-26; E. Wickersheimer, 'Organisation et legislation sanitaires au Royaume franc de Jerusalem, 1099-1291', Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences, 4 (1951), 689-705; A. F. Woodings, The medical resources and practice of the crusader states in Syria and Palestine, 1096-1193', Medical History, 15 (1971), 268-77.
86. Dols, 'Leprosy in medieval Arabic medicine', 318-29.
87. Andersen, 'Studies in mediaeval diagnosis', 48.
88. Usamah Ibn-Munquidh, An Arab-Syrian gentleman, 215.
89. In 1181 a papal encyclical, Cor Nostrum, was propagated by Pope Alexander III requesting aid for the Holy Land because of the illness weakening its king. Alexander assumes widespread knowledge of Baldwin's condition by qualifying mention of the disease with: sic ut nosse vos credimus. Patrologiae latinae, ed. J. P. Migne, 221 vols (Paris, 1844-70), vol. 200, 1294.
90. M. C. Lyons and D. E. D. Jackson, Saladin. The politics of holy war (Cambridge, 1982), 75.
91. Abu Shamah, 'Le livre des deux jardins', in: Recueil des historiens des croisades. Historiens orientaux, 5 vols (Paris, 1844-95), vol. 5, 594.
92. WT, 962, 1049.
93. 58 cum ad pubertatis annos coepit exsurgere, morbo elephantioso visus est periculosissime laborare. WT, 962.
94. This legalistic definition is most comprehensively established in A Latin dictionary, ed. A. Lewis (Oxford, 1958), 1484.
95. See above n. 11.
96. R. B. C. Huygens, 'Guillaume de Tyre étudiant. Une chapitre (XIX.12) de son "histoire" retrouvé', Latomus, 21 (1962), 811-29; WT, 879-82.
97. R. B. C. Huygens, 'Guillaume de Tyre étudiant. Une chapitre (XIX.12) de son "histoire" retrouvé', Latomus, 21 (1962), 811-29; WT, 879-82.
98. An interesting example of this is the formalised description of the regency offered to Philip of Flanders in 1177, the officialese of which recalls the granting of a Roman procuratorship. E. A. Babcock and A. C. Krey, A history of deeds done beyond the sea, 2 vols (New York, 1943), vol. 2, 417, n. 27. An extended example is William's inclusion of the details of the extraordinary tax law of 1183, a law which William himself may well have originally drafted. WT, 1044-6.
99. An interesting example of this is the formalised description of the regency offered to Philip of Flanders in 1177, the officialese of which recalls the granting of a Roman procuratorship. E. A. Babcock and A. C. Krey, A history of deeds done beyond the sea, 2 vols (New York, 1943), vol. 2, 417, n. 27. An extended example is William's inclusion of the details of the extraordinary tax law of 1183, a law which William himself may well have originally drafted. WT, 1044-6.
100. Bibliorum sacrorum iuxta vulgatam Clementinam, ed. Alosius Gramatica (Rome, 1959); Ruth 1:13; Joel 1:8; Malachai 2:14.
101. Bibliorum sacrorum iuxta vulgatam Clementinam, ed. Alosius Gramatica (Rome, 1959); Ruth 1:13; Joel 1:8; Malachai 2:14.
102. iam pubes factus, patris hereditatem, morte parentum, ad se iure hereditario devolutam. WT, 651.
103. adhuc impuberibus relictis, Balduino [III] videlicet primogenito, annorum tredecim. WT, 711.
104. allegans domini regis adhuc infra pubertatis annos degentis. WT, 963.
105. J. H. Pryor, 'The Eracles and William of Tyre: an interim report', in: The horns of Hattin, essay 20, 284-8.
106. Pryor, 'The Eracles and William of Tyre', 288.
107. fidelium suorum corda, quoties eum intuebantur, compassionis affectu molestabat. WT, 962.
108. de que les genz del roiaume avoient grant duel quant il le regardoient. Eracles, 1005.
109. Du coronnement Baudoins qui puis fu mesiaux. Eracles, 1004. Later authors also used William as a source and there can be found a similar emphasis that definable symptoms did not attend his childhood.
110. See Les Gestes des Chiprois, ed. G. Raynaud (Geneva, 1887), 7-8.
111. See M. R. Morgan, The chronicle of Ernoul and the continuations of William of Tyre (Oxford, 1973).
112. Morgan, The chronicle, 41-50.
113. Ernoul, 31.
114. Et dirons del roi Bauduin qui porta couroune, ki jouenes enfes estoit, quant il le porta. Cil rois Bauduins n'ot onques femme, ains fu mesiaus.... Ernoul, 32. An emphasis on Baldwin's inability to marry is also found in later chronicles, for example Jacques de Vitry, 'The history of Jerusalem', trans. A. Stewart in: Palestine pilgrims text society, 13 vols (New York, 1971), vol. 11, 98;
115. Et dirons del roi Bauduin qui porta couroune, ki jouenes enfes estoit, quant il le porta. Cil rois Bauduins n'ot onques femme, ains fu mesiaus.... Ernoul, 32. An emphasis on Baldwin's inability to marry is also found in later chronicles, for example Jacques de Vitry, 'The history of Jerusalem', trans. A. Stewart in: Palestine pilgrims text society, 13 vols (New York, 1971), vol. 11, 98;
116. 'Anonymi Rhenani Historia et Gesta Ducis Gotfridi', in: Recueil des historiens des croisades. Historiens occidentaux, vol. 5, 518.