Social conventions in wild white-faced capuchin monkeys: Evidence for traditions in a neotropical primate

Current Anthropology

Volumn 44, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 241-268

  Perry, Susan ^a,b   Baker, Mary ^c   Fedigan, Linda ^d   Gros Louis, Julie ^e   Jack, Katherine ^f   MacKinnon, Katherine C ^g   Manson, Joseph H ^a,b   Panger, Melissa ^h   Pyle, Kendra ⁱ   Rose, Lisa ^j  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR EVOLUTIONARY ANTHROPOLOGY   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c WHITTIER COLLEGE   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^e INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f APPALACHIAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^g SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^h GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^j UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0042931094     PISSN: 00113204     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/345825     Document Type: Review

References (157)

1. ALCOCK, JOHN. 2001. The triumph of sociobiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2. ALTMANN, J. 1974. Observational study of behavior: Sampling methods. Behaviour 49:227-67.
3. BOESCH, CHRISTOPHE. 1994a. Chimpanzees-red colobus monkeys: A predator-prey system. Animal Behaviour 47: 1135-48.
4. -. 1994b. Cooperative hunting in wild chimpanzees. Animal Behaviour 48:653-67.
5. -. 1996a. "The emergence of cultures among wild chimpanzees," in Evolution of social behaviour patterns in primates and man. Edited by W. G. Runciman, John Maynard Smith, and R. I. M. Dunbar, pp. 251-68. Proceedings of the British Academy 88.
6. -. 1996b. "Three approaches for assessing chimpanzee culture," in Reaching into thought: The minds of the great apes. Edited by A. E. Russon, K. Bard, and S. T. Parker, pp. 404-29. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7. BOESCH, CHRISTOPHE, AND MICHAEL TOMASELLO. 1998. Chimpanzee and human cultures. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 39:591-614.
8. BOINSKI, S. 1988. Use of a club by a wild white-faced capuchin (Cebus capucinus) to attack a venomous snake (Bothrops asper). American Journal of Primatology 14:177-79.
9. BORAN, J. R., AND S. L. HEIMLICH. 1999. "Social learning in cetaceans: Hunting, hearing, and hierarchies," in Mammalian social learning: Comparative and ecological perspectives. Edited by H. O. Box and K. R. Gibson, pp. 282-307. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10. BOYD, ROBERT, AND PETER J. RICHERSON. 1985. Culture and the evolutionary process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
11. -. 1992. Punishment allows the evolution of cooperation (or anything else) in sizeable groups. Ethology and Sociobiology 13:171-95.
12. -. 1996. "Why culture is common, but cultural evolution is rare," in Evolution of social behaviour patterns in primates and man. Edited by W. G. Runciman, John Maynard Smith, and R. I. M. Dunbar, pp. 77-93. Proceedings of the British Academy 88.
13. BYRNE, RICHARD. 1995. The thinking ape: Evolutionary origins of intelligence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
14. -. 1999. "Cognition in great ape ecology: Skill-learning ability opens up foraging opportunities," in Mammalian social learning: Comparative and ecological perspectives. Edited by H. O. Box and K. R. Gibson, pp. 333-50. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
15. CAROSI, MONICA, AND ELISABETTA VISALBERGHI. 2002. Analysis of tufted capuchin (Cebus apella) courtship and sexual behavior repertoire: Changes throughout the female cycle and female inter-individual differences. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 118:11-24. [EV, EA]
16. CHAPMAN, C., AND L. FEDIGAN. 1990. Dietary differences between neighboring Cebus capucinus groups: Local traditions, food availability, or responses to food profitability? Folia Primatologica 54:177-86.
17. COLLINS, R. 1981. On the microfoundations of macrosociology. American Journal of Sociology 86:984-1014.
18. -. 1993. Emotional energy as the common denominator of rational action. Rationality and Society 5:203-30.
19. CONNOR, RICHARD C., RACHEL A. SMOLKER, AND ANDREW F. RICHARDS. 1992. "Dolphin alliances and coalitions," in Coalitions and alliances in humans and other animals. Edited by Alexander H. Harcourt and Frans B. M. de Waal, pp. 415-43. Oxford: Oxford Science Publications.
20. COUSSI-KORBEL, S., AND D. FRAGASZY. 1995. On the relation between social dynamics and social learning. Animal Behaviour 50:1441-53.
21. CURIO, E., U. ERNST, AND W. VIETH. 1995. The adaptive significance of avian mobbing. 2. Cultural transmission of enemy recognition in blackbirds: Effectiveness and some constraints. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 48:184-202. [RLD, IC, YV, KNL]
22. CUSTANCE, DEBORAH, ANDREW WHITEN, AND TAMAR FREDMAN. 1999. Social learning of an artificial fruit task in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Journal of Comparative Psychology 113:13-23.
23. DE WAAL, F. B. M. 1982. Chimpanzee politics. New York: Harper and Row.
24. -. 1997. Food transfers through mesh in brown capuchins. Journal of Comparative Psychology 11:370-78.
25. -. 1999. Cultural primatology comes of age. Nature 399: 635-36.
26. -. 2000. Attitudinal reciprocity in food sharing among brown capuchin monkeys. Animal Behaviour 60:253-61.
27. DE WAAL, FRANS B. M., AND MICHELLE L. BERGER. 2000. Payment for labour in monkeys. Nature 404:563.
28. DE WAAL, FRANS B. M., AND ALEXANDER H. HARCOURT. 1992. "Coalitions and alliances: A history of ethological research," in Coalitions and alliances in humans and other animals. Edited by Alexander H. Harcourt and Frans B. M. de Waal, pp. 1-19. Oxford: Oxford Science Publications.
29. DE WAAL, FRANS B. M., AND MICHAEL SERES. 1997. Propagation of handclasp grooming among captive chimpanzees. American Journal of Primatology 43:339-46.
30. DEWAR, GWEN. n.d. "The cost-benefit approach to social transmission: Designing tests for adaptive traditions," in The biology of traditions: Models and evidence. Edited by Dorothy Fragaszy and Susan Perry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. In press.
31. DUGATKIN, L. 1996. "Copying and mate choice," in Social learning in animals: The roots of culture. Edited by Cecilia M. Heyes and Bennett G. Galef, pp. 85-106. San Diego: Academic Press.
32. FEDIGAN, L. M. 1990. Vertebrate predation in Cebus capucinus: Meat eating in a neotropical monkey. Folia Primatologica 54:196-205.
33. -. 1993. Sex differences and intersexual relations in adult white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus). International Journal of Primatology 14:853-77.
34. FEDIGAN, L. M., AND K. M. JACK. 2001. Neotropical primates in a regenerating Costa Rican dry forest: A comparison of howler and capuchin populations. International Journal of Primatology 22:689-713.
35. FEDIGAN, LINDA M., L. M. ROSE, AND R. M. AVILA. 1996. "See how they grow: Tracking capuchin monkey populations in a regenerating Costa Rican dry forest," in Adaptive radiations of Neotropical primates. Edited by M. Norconck, A. Rosenberger, and P. Garber, pp. 289-307. New York: Plenum Press.
36. FRAGASZY, DOROTHY, AND SUSAN PERRY. Editors n.d.a. The biology of traditions: Models and evidence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. In Press.
37. -. n.d.b. "Towards a biology of traditions," in The biology of traditions: Models and evidence. Edited by Dorothy Fragaszy and Susan Perry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. In press.
38. FRAGASZY, D., AND E. VISALBERGHI. 1996. "Social learning in monkeys: Primate 'primacy' reconsidered." in Social learning in animals: The roots of culture. Edited by Cecilia M. Heyes and Bennett G. Galef Jr., pp. 65-84. San Diego: Academic Press.
39. -. 2001. Recognizing a swan: Socially-biased learning. Psychologia 44:82-98. [EV, EA]
40. FRAGASZY, DOROTHY M., E. VISALBERGHI, AND J. G. ROBINSON. 1990. Variability and adaptability in the genus Cebus. Folia Primatologica 54:114-18.
41. FREDMAN, TAMAR, AND ANDREW WHITEN. 2002. The nature and function of observational learning of tool use by capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) in relation to human and conspecific models. Poster prepared for the conference "Perspectives on Imitation," Royaumont Abbey, France, April. [AW]
42. FREESE, C. H. 1976. Food habits of white-faced capuchins Cebus capucinus L. (Primates: Cebidae) in Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica. Brenesia 10/11:43-56.
43. FREESE, C. H., AND J. R. OPPENHEIMER. 1981. "The Capuchin monkey, genus Cebus," in Ecology and behaviour of Neotropical primates, vol. I. Edited by A. F. Coimbra-Filho and R. H. Mittermeier, pp. 331-90. Rio de Janeiro: Academia Brasilia.
44. GALEF, BENNETT G., JR. 1996. "Social enhancement of food preferences in Norway rats: A brief review," in Social learning in animals: The roots of culture. Edited by Cecilia M. Heyes and Bennett G. Galef Jr., pp. 49-64. San Diego: Academic Press.
45. -. n.d. " 'Traditional' foraging behaviors of brown and black rats (Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus)," in The biology of traditions: Models and evidence. Edited by Dorothy Fragaszy and Susan Perry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. In press.
46. GALEF, B. G., JR., AND C. ALLEN. 1995. A model system for studying animal traditions. Animal Behaviour 50:705-17. [RLD, IC, YV, KNL]
47. GALEF, BENNETT G., JR., AND LUC-ALAIN GIRALDEAU. 2001. Social influences on foraging in vertebrates: Causal mechanisms and adaptive functions. Animal Behaviour 61:3-15.
48. GIRALDEAU, LUC-ALAIN, AND THOMAS CARACO. 2000. Social foraging theory. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
49. HARCOURT, A. H. 1995. Sexual selection and sperm competition in primates: What are male genitalia good for? Evolutionary Anthropology 4:121-29.
50. HARCOURT, A. H., AND F. B. M. DE WAAL. Editors. 1992. Coalitions and alliances in humans and other animals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
51. HARVEY, P., R. D. MARTIN, AND T. H. CLUTTON-BROCK. 1987. "Life histories in comparative perspective," in Primate societies. Edited by B. B. Smuts, D. L. Cheney, R. M. Seyfarth, R. W. Wrangham, and T. T. Struhsaker, pp. 181-96. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
52. HEYES, CECILIA M., AND BENNETT G. GALEF JR. Editors. 1996. Social learning in animals: The roots of culture. San Diego: Academic Press.
53. HEYES, CECILIA, AND LUDWIG HUBER. Editors. 2000. The evolution of cognition. Cambridge: MIT Press.
54. HUDSON, R., B. SCHAAL, AND A. BILKO. 1999. "Transmission of olfactory information from mother to young in the European rabbit," in Mammalian social learning: Comparative and ecological perspectives. Edited by H. O. Box and K. R. Gibson, pp. 1441-57. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
55. HUFFMAN, MICHAEL, AND Y. HIRATA. n.d. "Biological and ecological foundations of primate behavioral traditions," in The biology of traditions: Models and evidence. Edited by Dorothy Fragaszy and Susan Perry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. In press.
56. HUMLE, TATYANA, AND MATSUZAWA TETSURO. 2002. Chimpanzees, safari ants, tools, and technique: A new perspective. Paper presented at the 19th Congress of the International Primatological Society, Beijing, China, August 4-9. [EV, EA]
57. ITANI, J. 1958. "On the acquisition and propagation of a new food habit in the troop of Japanese monkeys at Takasakiyama," in Japanese monkeys: A collection of translations. Edited by K. Imanishi and S. Altmann, pp. 52-65. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press.
58. ITANI, J., AND A. NISHIMURA. 1973. "The study of infrahuman culture in Japan," in Symposia of the Fourth International Congress of Primatology, vol. 1. Edited by E. W. Menzel Jr., pp. 26-60. Basel: Karger.
59. JANIK, VINCENT M., AND PETER J. SLATER, n.d. "Traditions in mammalian and avian vocal communication," in The biology of traditions: Models and evidence. Edited by Dorothy Fragaszy and Susan Perry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. In press.
60. KAWAI, M. 1965. Newly acquired pre-cultural behavior of a natural troop of Japanese monkeys on Koshima Island. Primates 6:1-30.
61. KAWAMURA, S. 1959. The process of sub-human culture propagation among Japanese macaques. Primates 2:43-60.
62. KING, BARBARA J. 1991. Social information transfer in monkeys, apes, and hominids. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 34:97-115.
63. -. 1994. The information continuum: Evolution of social information transfer in monkeys, apes, and hominids. Santa Fe: SAR Press.
64. KITCHENER, A. C. 1999. "Watch with mother: A review of social learning in the Felidae," in Mammalian social learning: Comparative and ecological perspectives. Edited by H. O. Box and K. R. Gibson, pp. 236-58. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
65. KROEBER, A. L. 1928. Sub-human culture beginnings. Quarterly Review of Biology 3:325-42.
66. KRUUK, H., AND M. TURNER. 1967. Comparative notes on predation by lion, leopard, cheetah, and wild dog in the Serengeti area, East Africa. Mammalia 31:1-27.
67. KUMMER, HANS. 1995. In quest of the sacred baboon: A scientist's journey. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
68. LALAND, K. 1996. "Developing a theory of animal social learning," in Social learning in animals: The roots of culture. Edited by Cecilia M. Heyes and Bennett G. Galef Jr., pp. 129-54. New York: Academic Press.
69. -. 1999. "Exploring the dynamics of social transmission with rats," in Mammalian social learning: Comparative and ecological perspectives. Edited by in H. O. Box and K. R. Gibson, pp. 174-87. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
70. LALAND, K. N., P. J. RICHERSON, AND R. BOYD. 1993. Animal social learning: Towards a new theoretical approach. Perspectives in Ethology 10:249-77. [RLD, IC, YV, KNL]
71. LALAND, K. N., AND K. WILLIAMS. 1997. Shoaling generates social learning of foraging information in guppies. Animal Behaviour 53:1161-69. [RLD, IC, YV, KNL]
72. LEFEBVRE, LOUIS, AND LUC-ALAIN GIRALDEAU. 1996. "Is social learning an adaptive specialization?" in Social learning in animals: The roots of culture. Edited by Cecilia M. Heyes and Bennett G. Galef Jr., pp. 107-28. New York: Academic Press.
73. MC GREW, W. C. 1992. Chimpanzee material culture: Implications for human evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
74. -. 1998. Culture in non-human primates? Annual Review of Anthropology 27:301-28.
75. -. 2001. "The nature of culture: Prospects and pitfalls of cultural primatology," in Tree of origin: What primate behavior can tell us about human social evolution. Edited by Frans de Waal, pp. 231-54. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
76. MC GREW, W. C., L. F. MARCHANT, S. E. SCOTT, AND C. E. G. TUTIN . 2001. Intergroup differences in a social custom of wild chimpanzees: The grooming hand-clasp of the Mahale Mountains, CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 42:148-53.
77. MC GREW, W. C., AND C. TUTIN. 1978. Evidence for a social custom in wild chimpanzees? Man 13:234-51.
78. MANSON, J. H. 1999. Infant handling in wild Cebus capucinus: Testing bonds between females? Animal Behaviour 57: 911-21.
79. MANSON, J. H., S. E. PERRY, AND A. R. PARISH. 1997. Nonconceptive sexual behavior in bonobos and capuchins. International Journal of Primatology 18:767-86.
80. MANSON, J. H., L. ROSE, S. PERRY, AND J. GROSLOUIS. 1999. Dynamics of female-female social relationships in wild Cebus capucinus: Data from two Costa Rican sites. International Journal of Primatology 20:679-706.
81. MATSUZAWA, T. 1994. "Field experiments on use of stone tools by chimpanzees in the wild," in Chimpanzee cultures. Edited by R. W. Wrangham, W. C. McGrew, F. B. M. de Waal, and P. G. Heltne, pp. 351-70. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
82. MATSUZAWA, T., AND G. YAMAKOSHI. 1996. "Comparison of chimpanzee material culture between Bossou and Nimba, West Africa," in Reaching into thought: The minds of the great apes. Edited by A. E. Russon, K. Bard, and S. T. Parker, pp. 211-34. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
83. NAKAMURA, MICHIO, WILLIAM C. MC GREW, LINDA F. MARCHANT, AND TOSHISADA NISHIDA. 2000. Social scratch: Another custom in wild chimpanzees? Primates 41: 237-48.
84. NEL, JAN A. J. 1999. "Social learning in canids: An ecological approach," in Mammalian social learning: Comparative and ecological perspectives. Edited by H. O. Box and K. R. Gibson, pp. 259-78. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
85. NICHOLSON, B. 1984. Does kissing aid human bonding by semiochemical addiction? British Journal of Dermatology in: 623-27.
86. O'BRIEN, T. G., AND J. G. ROBINSON. 1991. Allomaternal care by female wedge-capped capuchin monkeys: Effects of age, rank, and relatedness. Behaviour 119:30-50.
87. OSTREIHER, R. 1995. Influence of the observer on the frequency of the "morning dance" in the Arabian babbler. Ethology 100:320-30. [AZ]
88. OTTONI, EDUARDO B., AND MASSIMO MANNU. 2001. Semi-free-ranging tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) spontaneously use tools to crack open nuts. International Journal of Primatology 22:347-58.
89. PACKER, C., AND L. RUTTAN. 1988. The evolution of cooperative hunting. American Naturalist 132:159-98.
90. PANGER, MELISSA. 1997. Hand preference and object-use in free-ranging white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) in Costa Rica. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International.
91. PANGER, MELISSA A., SUSAN PERRY, LISA ROSE, JULIE GROS-LOUIS, ERIN VOGEL, KATHERINE C. MACKINNON, AND MARY BAKER. 2002. Cross-site differences in the foraging behavior of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus). American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 119:52-66
92. PERRY, SUSAN. 1995. Social relationships in wild white-faced capuchin monkeys, Cebus capucinus. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International.
93. -. 1996. Female-female social relationships in wild white-faced capuchin monkeys, Cebus capucinus. American Journal of Primatology 40:167-82.
94. -. 1997. Male-female social relationships in wild white-faced capuchin monkeys, Cebus capucinus. Behaviour 134: 477-510.
95. -. 1998a. Male-male social relationships in wild white-faced capuchins, Cebus capucinus. Behaviour 135:1-34.
96. -. 1998b. A case report of a male rank reversal in a group of wild white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus). Primates 39: 51-69.
97. -. n.d. "Coalitionary aggression in white-faced capuchins," in Animal social complexity: Intelligence, culture, and individualized societies. Edited by F. B. M. de Waal and P. Tyack. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. In press.
98. PERRY, S., AND L. ROSE. 1994. Begging and transfer of coati meat by white-faced capuchin monkeys, Cebus capucinus. Primates 35:409-15.
99. POSIS, O. 1984. Social play in babblers (in Hebrew with English summary). M.Sc. thesis, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
100. POVINELLI, DANIEL J., KATHLEEN A. PARKS, AND MELINDA A. NOVAK. 1992. Role reversal by rhesus monkeys, but no evidence of empathy. Animal Behaviour 44: 269-81.
101. READER, SIMON. n.d. "Relative brain size and the distribution of innovation and social learning across the nonhuman primates," in The biology of traditions: Models and evidence. Edited by Dorothy Fragaszy and Susan Perry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. In press.
102. READER, S. M., AND K. N. LALAND. 2001. Primate innovation: Sex, age and social rank differences. International Journal of Primatology 22:787-806. [RLD, IC, YV, KNL]
103. RICHERSON, PETER J., AND ROBERT BOYD. 1989. The role of evolved predispositions in cultural evolution, or, Human sociobiology meets Pascal's Wager. Ethology and Sociobiology 10:195-219.
104. RIZZOLATTI, GIACOMO, LUCIANO FADIGA, LEONARDO FOGASSI, AND VITTORIO GALLESE. 2002. "From mirror neurons to imitation: Facts and speculations," in The imitative mind. Edited by Andrew Meltzoff and Wolfgang Prinz, pp. 247-66. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [AW]
105. ROSE, L. 1992. Benefits and costs of resident males to females in white-faced capuchins, Cebus capucinus. American Journal of Primatology 32:235-48.
106. -. 1997. Vertebrate predation and food sharing in Cebus and Pan. International Journal of Primatology 18:727-65.
107. ROSS, C. 1988. The intrinsic rate of natural increase and reproductive effort in primates. Journal of Zoology 241:199-219.
108. ROZIN, P. 1996. "Sociocultural influences on human food selection," in Why we eat what we eat: The psychology of eating. Edited by E. D. Capaldi, pp. 233-63. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. [EV, EA]
109. RUSSON, A. 1996. "Imitation in everyday use: Matching and rehearsal in the spontaneous imitation of rehabilitant orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)," in Reaching into thought: The minds of the great apes. Edited by A. E. Russon, K. Bard, and S. T. Parker, pp. 152-76. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
110. RUSSON, ANNE E., KIM A. BARD, AND SUE TAYLOR PARKER. 1996. Reaching into thought: The minds of the great apes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
111. SABBATINI, GLORIA, MARGHERITA STAMMATI, AND ELISABETTA VISALBERGHI. n.d. Social influences on preferences towards novel foods in tufted capuchin monkeys. Folia Primatologica. In press. [EV, EA]
112. SCHEEL, D., AND C. PACKER. 1991. Group hunting behavior of lions: A search for cooperation. Animal Behaviour 41: 697-709.
113. SCHEURER, J., AND B. THIERRY. 1985. A further food-washing tradition in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Primates 26:491-94.
114. SILK, JOAN B. 1994. Social relationships of male bonnet macaques: Male bonding in a matrilineal society. Behaviour 130: 271-91.
115. SILK, JOAN B., E. KALDOR, AND R. BOYD. 2000. Cheap talk when interests conflict. Animal Behaviour 59:423-32.
116. SMUTS, BARBARA B., AND JOHN M. WATANABE. 1990. Social relationships and ritualized greetings in adult male baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis). International Journal of Primatology 11:147-72.
117. STANDER, P. E. 1992. Co-operative hunting in lions: The role of the individual. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 29: 445-54.
118. STANFORD, CRAIG B. 1995. The influence of chimpanzee predation on group size and anti-predator behaviour in red colobus monkeys. Animal Behaviour 49:577-87.
119. -. 1998. Chimpanzee and red colobus: The ecology of predator and prey. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
120. STANFORD, CRAIG B., JANETTE WALLIS, ESLOM MPONGO, AND JANE GOODALL. 1994. Hunting decisions in wild chimpanzees. Behaviour 131:1-18.
121. STEPHAN, H., G. BARON, AND H. D. FRAHM. 1988. "Comparative size of brains and brain components," in Comparative primate biology, vol. 4. Edited by H. D. Steklis and J. Erwin, pp. 1-39. New York: Liss.
122. TANAKA, I. 1995. Matrilineal distribution of louse egg-handling techniques during grooming in free-ranging Japanese macaques. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 98:197-201.
123. -. 1998. Social diffusion of modified louse egg-handling techniques during grooming in free-ranging Japanese macaques. Animal Behaviour 56:1229-1236.
124. TERBORGH, J. 1983. Five New World primates: A study in comparative ecology. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
125. TERKEL, J. 1996. "Cultural transmission of feeding behaviour in the black rat (Rattus rattus)," in Social learning in animals: The roots of culture. Edited by Cecilia M. Heyes and Bennett G. Galef Jr., pp. 17-48. San Diego: Academic Press.
126. TINBERGEN, N. 1963. On aims and methods of ethology. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 20:410-33.
127. TOMASELLO, M. 1994. "The question of chimpanzee culture," in Chimpanzee cultures. Edited by R. W. Wrangham, W. C. McGrew, F. B. M. de Waal, and P. G. Heltne, pp. 301-17. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. [RLD, IC, YV, KNL]
128. TOMASELLO, MICHAEL, AND JOSEP CALL. 1997. Primate cognition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
129. TOMASELLO, MICHAEL, JOSEP CALL, JENNIFER WARREN, G. THOMAS FROST, MALINDA CARPENTER, AND KATHERINE NAGELL. 1997. The ontogeny of chimpanzee gestural signals: A comparison across groups and generations. Evolution of Communication 1:223-59.
130. URBANI, BERNARDO. 1999. Spontaneous use of tools by wedge-capped capuchin monkeys (Cebus olivaceus). Folia Primatologica 70:172-74.
131. VAN SCHAIK, C. P., R. O. DEANER, AND M. Y. MERRILL. 1999. The conditions for tool use in primates: Implications for the evolution of material culture. Journal of Human Evolution 36:719-41.
132. VAN SCHAIK, C. P., E. A. FOX, AND A. F. SITOMPUL. 1996. Manufacture and use of tools in wild Sumatran orangutans. Naturwissenschaften 83:186-88.
133. VISALBERGHI, E. 1990. Tool use in Cebus. Folia Primatologica 54:146-54.
134. VISALBERGHI, ELISABETTA, AND ELSA ADDESSI. 2000. Seeing group members eating a familiar food enhances the acceptance of novel foods in capuchin monkeys. Animal Behaviour 60:69-76.
135. -. 2001. Acceptance of novel foods in Cebus apella: Do specific social facilitation and visual stimulus enhancement play a role? Animal Behaviour 62:567-76.
136. -. n.d. "Food for thoughts: Social learning and the feeding behavior in capuchin monkeys, insights from the laboratory," in Traditions in non-human animals: Models and evidence. Edited by D. Fragaszy and S. Perry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. In press.
137. VISALBERGHI, ELISABETTA, AND DOROTHY FRAGASZY. 1990. "Do monkeys ape?" in "Language" and intelligence in monkeys and apes. Edited by Sue Taylor Parker and Kathleen R. Gibson, pp. 247-73. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [AW]
138. -. 2002. "Do monkeys ape? Ten years after," in Imitation in animals and artifacts. Edited by Kerstin Dautenhahn and Chrystopher L. Nehaniv, pp. 471-99. Cambridge: MIT Press. [AW]
139. VISALBERGHI, ELISABETTA, AND WILLIAM C. MC GREW. Editors. 1997. Cebus meets Pan. International Journal of Primatology 18.
140. VISALBERGHI, ELISABETTA, AND LOREDANA TRINCA. 1989. Tool use in capuchin monkeys: Distinguishing between performing and understanding. Primates 30:511-21. [EV, EA]
141. VOELKL, BERNHARD, AND LUDWIG HUBER. 2000. True imitation in marmosets. Animal Behaviour 60:195-202. [AW]
142. WACHTMEISTER, C.-A. 2001. Display in monogamous pairs: A review of empirical data and evolutionary explanations. Animal Behaviour 61:861-68.
143. WATANABE, K. 1989. Fish: A new addition to the diet of Japanese macaques on Koshima Island. Folia Primatologica 52: 124-31.
144. -. 1994. "Precultural behavior of Japanese macaques: Longitudinal studies of the Koshima troops," in The ethological roots of culture. Edited by R. A. Gardner, A. B. Chiarelli, B. T. Gardner, and F. X. Plooij, pp. 182-92. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
145. WEST, M., AND A. KING. 1996. "Social learning: Synergy and songbirds," in Social learning in animals: The roots of culture. Edited by Cecilia M. Heyes and Bennett G. Galef Jr., pp. 155-78. San Diego: Academic Press.
146. WESTERGAARD, GREGORY C. 1994. The subsistence technology of capuchins. International Journal of Primatology 15: 899-906.
147. WESTERGAARD, GREGORY C., AND STEPHEN J. SUOMI. 1995. The stone tools of capuchins (Cebus apella). International Journal of Primatology 16:1017-24.
148. WHITE, D. J., AND B. G. GALEF. 1999. Mate choice copying and conspecific cueing in Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica. Animal Behaviour 57:465-73.
149. WHITEN, ANDREW. 2000. Primate culture and social learning. Cognitive Science 24:477-508.
150. -. 2003. Cultural panthropology. Evolutionary Anthropology. In press. [AW]
151. WHITEN, A., J. GOODALL, W. C. MC GREW, T. NISHIDA, V. REYNOLDS, T. SUGIYAMA, C. E. G. TUTIN, R. W. W. WRANGHAM, AND C. BOESCH. 1999. Cultures in chimpanzees. Nature 399:682-85.
152. WHITEN, A., AND R. HAM. 1992. "On the nature and evolution of imitation in the animal kingdom: Reappraisal of a century of research," in Advances in the study of behaviour, vol. 21. Edited by P. J. B. Slater, J. S. Rosenblatt, C. Beer, and M. Milinski, pp. 239-83. San Diego: Academic Press.
153. WICKLER, WOLFGANG. 1980. Vocal dueting and the pair bond. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 52:201-9.
154. WILKINSON, G., AND J. BOUGHMAN. 1999. "Social influences on foraging in bats," in Mammalian social learning: Comparative and ecological perspectives. Edited by H. O. Box and K. R. Gibson, pp. 188-204. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
155. ZAHAVI, A. 1977. The testing of a bond. Animal Behaviour 25: 246-47.
156. ZAHAVI, A., AND A. ZAHAVI. 1997. The handicap principle. New York: Oxford University Press. [AZ]
157. ZELTNER, E., T. KLEIN, AND B. HUBER-EICHER. 2000. Is there social transmission of feather pecking in groups of laying hen chicks? Animal Behaviour 60:211-16. [RLD, IC, YV, KNL]