Miscellaneous methods: Authors, societies and journals in early modern England

British Journal for the History of Science

Volumn 33, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 159-186

  Johns, Adrian ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0042916084     PISSN: 00070874     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0007087499003933     Document Type: Article

References (149)

1. A. A. Manten, 'The growth of European scientific journal publishing before 1850', in A. J. Meadows (ed.), Development of Science Publishing in Europe, Amsterdam, 1980, 7.
2. J. Raymond, The Invention of the Newspaper: English Newsbooks 1641-1649, Oxford, 1996.
3. For examples, see J. Friedman, The Battle of the Frogs and Fairford's flies: Miracles and the Pulp Press in the English Revolution, New York, 1993.
4. J. Rushworth, Historical Collections of Private Passages of State, 8 vols., London, 1680-1701, i, sigs. bv-b2r, [b3]r.
5. Southampton Civic Record Office, MS. D/M 1/1, fols. 95r-96r.
6. The Stationers' realm and its consequences are described in detail in A. Johns, The Nature of the Book: Print and Knowledge in the Making, Chicago, 1998.
7. D. F. McKenzie, 'Printers of the mind: some notes on bibliographical theories and printing-house practices', Studies in Bibliography (1969), 22, 1-76.
8. J. Houghton, 'A Preface by way of a Letter to the Reverend J[ohn]. B[eale]', A Collection of Letters for the Improvement of Husbandry and Trade (8 September 1681), 1, 1-3.
9. For contemporary lamentations to this effect, see S. J. Rigaud (ed.), Correspondence of Scientific Men of the Seventeenth Century, 2 vols., Oxford, 1841, i, 122, 147-50, 151-6, 178; ii, 14-16.
10. For contemporary lamentations to this effect, see S. J. Rigaud (ed.), Correspondence of Scientific Men of the Seventeenth Century, 2 vols., Oxford, 1841, i, 122, 147-50, 151-6, 178; ii, 14-16.
11. The Case of fnotelius Bee, [London], [1668] (Wing C900). On the regime developed around 'copy', see J. Feather, 'From rights in copies to copyright: the recognition of authors' rights in English law and practice in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries', in M. Woodmansee and P. Jaszi (eds.), The Construction of Authorship: Textual Appropriation in Law and Literature, Durham, NC, 1994, 191-209, and M. Rose, Authors and Owners: The Invention of Copyright, Cambridge, MA, 1993. There is now an extensive literature on the eighteenth-century transformation of this regime into one based in copyright.
12. The Case of fnotelius Bee, [London], [1668] (Wing C900). On the regime developed around 'copy', see J. Feather, 'From rights in copies to copyright: the recognition of authors' rights in English law and practice in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries', in M. Woodmansee and P. Jaszi (eds.), The Construction of Authorship: Textual Appropriation in Law and Literature, Durham, NC, 1994, 191-209, and M. Rose, Authors and Owners: The Invention of Copyright, Cambridge, MA, 1993. There is now an extensive literature on the eighteenth-century transformation of this regime into one based in copyright.
13. The Case of fnotelius Bee, [London], [1668] (Wing C900). On the regime developed around 'copy', see J. Feather, 'From rights in copies to copyright: the recognition of authors' rights in English law and practice in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries', in M. Woodmansee and P. Jaszi (eds.), The Construction of Authorship: Textual Appropriation in Law and Literature, Durham, NC, 1994, 191-209, and M. Rose, Authors and Owners: The Invention of Copyright, Cambridge, MA, 1993. There is now an extensive literature on the eighteenth-century transformation of this regime into one based in copyright.
14. See Records of the Court of the Stationers' Company, 1602 to 1640 (ed. W. A. Jackson), London, 1957; Johns, op. cit. (6), Chapter 3.
15. See Records of the Court of the Stationers' Company, 1602 to 1640 (ed. W. A. Jackson), London, 1957; Johns, op. cit. (6), Chapter 3.
16. H. Love, Scribal Publication in Seventeenth-Century England, Oxford, 1993;
17. M. Woodmansee, 'On the author effect: recovering collectivity', in Woodmansee and Jaszi, op. cit. (10), 15-28;
18. S. Shapin, A Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth-Century England, Chicago, 1994, 38-41, 43-52, 156-92;
19. D. F. McKenzie, 'Speech-manuscript-print', in D. Oliphant and R. Bradford (eds.), New Directions in Textual Studies, Austin, TX, 1990, 87-109.
20. M. Greengrass, M. Leslie and T. Raylor (eds.), Samuel Hartlib and Universal Reformation: Studies in Intellectual Communication, Cambridge, 1994.
21. Houghton, op. cit. (8), 3-4. Houghton's risqué term is interesting in the context of his Toryism. It drew on a contemporary debate about 'libertinism', which derived in part from Hobbes's arguments about the conventional nature of morality, but referred in fact to contemporary court conduct; it was satirized in Shadwell's play The Libertine, London, 1675.
22. Houghton, op. cit. (8), 3-4. Houghton's risqué term is interesting in the context of his Toryism. It drew on a contemporary debate about 'libertinism', which derived in part from Hobbes's arguments about the conventional nature of morality, but referred in fact to contemporary court conduct; it was satirized in Shadwell's play The Libertine, London, 1675.
23. H. M. Solomon, Public Welfare, Science, and Propaganda in Seventeenth Century France: The Innovations of Théophraste Renaudot, Princeton, 1972, 100-161; H.-J. Martin, The French Book: Religion, Absolutism and Readership 1585-1715, Baltimore, 1996, 40; B. T. Morgan, Histoire du Journal des sçavans depuis 1665 jusqu 'en 1701, Paris, 1928; J.-P. Vittu, 'Les Contrefaçons du Journal des sçavants de 1665 à 1714', in F. Moureu (ed.), Les Presses grises: La Contrefaçon du livre (XVIe-XIXe siècles), Paris, 1988, 303-31, especially 311-13.
24. H. M. Solomon, Public Welfare, Science, and Propaganda in Seventeenth Century France: The Innovations of Théophraste Renaudot, Princeton, 1972, 100-161; H.-J. Martin, The French Book: Religion, Absolutism and Readership 1585-1715, Baltimore, 1996, 40; B. T. Morgan, Histoire du Journal des sçavans depuis 1665 jusqu 'en 1701, Paris, 1928; J.-P. Vittu, 'Les Contrefaçons du Journal des sçavants de 1665 à 1714', in F. Moureu (ed.), Les Presses grises: La Contrefaçon du livre (XVIe-XIXe siècles), Paris, 1988, 303-31, especially 311-13.
25. H. M. Solomon, Public Welfare, Science, and Propaganda in Seventeenth Century France: The Innovations of Théophraste Renaudot, Princeton, 1972, 100-161; H.-J. Martin, The French Book: Religion, Absolutism and Readership 1585-1715, Baltimore, 1996, 40; B. T. Morgan, Histoire du Journal des sçavans depuis 1665 jusqu 'en 1701, Paris, 1928; J.-P. Vittu, 'Les Contrefaçons du Journal des sçavants de 1665 à 1714', in F. Moureu (ed.), Les Presses grises: La Contrefaçon du livre (XVIe-XIXe siècles), Paris, 1988, 303-31, especially 311-13.
26. H. M. Solomon, Public Welfare, Science, and Propaganda in Seventeenth Century France: The Innovations of Théophraste Renaudot, Princeton, 1972, 100-161; H.-J. Martin, The French Book: Religion, Absolutism and Readership 1585-1715, Baltimore, 1996, 40; B. T. Morgan, Histoire du Journal des sçavans depuis 1665 jusqu 'en 1701, Paris, 1928; J.-P. Vittu, 'Les Contrefaçons du Journal des sçavants de 1665 à 1714', in F. Moureu (ed.), Les Presses grises: La Contrefaçon du livre (XVIe-XIXe siècles), Paris, 1988, 303-31, especially 311-13.
27. For surveys see Manten, op. cit. (1), and D. A. Kronick, A History of Scientific and Technical Periodicals: The Origins and Development of the Scientific and Technical Press, 1665-1790, 2nd edn., Metuchen, NJ, 1976. For the Acta Eruditorum, see A. H. Laeven, The 'Acta Eruditorum' under the Editorship of Otto Mencke (tr. L. Richards), Amsterdam, 1990.
28. For surveys see Manten, op. cit. (1), and D. A. Kronick, A History of Scientific and Technical Periodicals: The Origins and Development of the Scientific and Technical Press, 1665-1790, 2nd edn., Metuchen, NJ, 1976. For the Acta Eruditorum, see A. H. Laeven, The 'Acta Eruditorum' under the Editorship of Otto Mencke (tr. L. Richards), Amsterdam, 1990.
29. For surveys see Manten, op. cit. (1), and D. A. Kronick, A History of Scientific and Technical Periodicals: The Origins and Development of the Scientific and Technical Press, 1665-1790, 2nd edn., Metuchen, NJ, 1976. For the Acta Eruditorum, see A. H. Laeven, The 'Acta Eruditorum' under the Editorship of Otto Mencke (tr. L. Richards), Amsterdam, 1990.
30. For periodicals and civility in the republic of letters, see A. Goldgar, Impolite Learning: Conduct and Community in the Republic of Letters, 1680-1750, New Haven, 1995. For the registration regime at the Royal Society, see R. Iliffe, '"In the warehouse": privacy, property and priority in the early Royal Society', History of Science (1992), 30, 29-68, and Shapin, op. cit. (12), 302-9.
31. For periodicals and civility in the republic of letters, see A. Goldgar, Impolite Learning: Conduct and Community in the Republic of Letters, 1680-1750, New Haven, 1995. For the registration regime at the Royal Society, see R. Iliffe, '"In the warehouse": privacy, property and priority in the early Royal Society', History of Science (1992), 30, 29-68, and Shapin, op. cit. (12), 302-9.
32. For periodicals and civility in the republic of letters, see A. Goldgar, Impolite Learning: Conduct and Community in the Republic of Letters, 1680-1750, New Haven, 1995. For the registration regime at the Royal Society, see R. Iliffe, '"In the warehouse": privacy, property and priority in the early Royal Society', History of Science (1992), 30, 29-68, and Shapin, op. cit. (12), 302-9.
33. C. Rivington, 'Early printers to the Royal Society, 1663-1708', Notes and Records of the Royal Society (1984), 39, 1-27; Johns, op. cit. (6), Chapter 7; T. Birch (ed.), The History of the Royal Society of London, 4 vols., London, 1756-7, i, 321-9.
34. C. Rivington, 'Early printers to the Royal Society, 1663-1708', Notes and Records of the Royal Society (1984), 39, 1-27; Johns, op. cit. (6), Chapter 7; T. Birch (ed.), The History of the Royal Society of London, 4 vols., London, 1756-7, i, 321-9.
35. C. Rivington, 'Early printers to the Royal Society, 1663-1708', Notes and Records of the Royal Society (1984), 39, 1-27; Johns, op. cit. (6), Chapter 7; T. Birch (ed.), The History of the Royal Society of London, 4 vols., London, 1756-7, i, 321-9.
36. F. Willughby, De Historia Piscium Libri Quatuor (ed. J. Ray), Oxford, 1686; R. K. Bluhm, 'Remarks on the Royal Society's finances, 1660-1768', Notes and Records of the Royal Society (1958), 13, 82-103.
37. F. Willughby, De Historia Piscium Libri Quatuor (ed. J. Ray), Oxford, 1686; R. K. Bluhm, 'Remarks on the Royal Society's finances, 1660-1768', Notes and Records of the Royal Society (1958), 13, 82-103.
38. H. Oldenburg, Correspondence (ed. A. R. Hall and M. B. Hall), 13 vols., Madison and London, 1965-86, ii, 605-7; Birch, op. cit. (18), ii, 40. The imprimatur was not usually printed. It reappeared only towards the end of Oldenburg's life, when, during his dispute with Hooke over spring-watches, he wished to emphasize the support of the Society for his own practices and civility.
39. H. Oldenburg, Correspondence (ed. A. R. Hall and M. B. Hall), 13 vols., Madison and London, 1965-86, ii, 605-7; Birch, op. cit. (18), ii, 40. The imprimatur was not usually printed. It reappeared only towards the end of Oldenburg's life, when, during his dispute with Hooke over spring-watches, he wished to emphasize the support of the Society for his own practices and civility.
40. Oldenburg, op. cit. (20), ii, 433, 446, 459, 486, 560; iii, 8.
41. Oldenburg, op. cit. (20), ii, 433, 446, 459, 486, 560; iii, 8.
42. Oldenburg, op. cit. (20), ii, 563-4, 580, 582-3, 588, 590-1, 624, 638, 642.
43. Oldenburg, op. cit. (20), ii, 643, 646-7, 649-53.
44. Oldenburg, op. cit. (20), iii, 49, 61, 69; Philosophical Transactions (12 March 1665/6), 10, 173-6.
45. Oldenburg, op. cit. (20), iii, 49, 61, 69; Philosophical Transactions (12 March 1665/6), 10, 173-6.
46. Oldenburg, op. cit. (20), iii, 226-7, 230, 244, 272, 474-5, 480-1; J. Denis, A Letter Concerning a New Way of Curing Sundry Diseases by Transfusion of the Blood, London, 1677; Philosophical Transactions (23 September 1667), 27, 489-90; (21 October 1667), 28, 517-25. Two more examples of 'false' numbers may also be cited here: G. Acton, Physical Reflections upon a Letter written by J. Denis, London, 1668; [W. Holder], Supplement to the Philosophical Transactions, London, 1678.
47. Oldenburg, op. cit. (20), iii, 226-7, 230, 244, 272, 474-5, 480-1; J. Denis, A Letter Concerning a New Way of Curing Sundry Diseases by Transfusion of the Blood, London, 1677; Philosophical Transactions (23 September 1667), 27, 489-90; (21 October 1667), 28, 517-25. Two more examples of 'false' numbers may also be cited here: G. Acton, Physical Reflections upon a Letter written by J. Denis, London, 1668; [W. Holder], Supplement to the Philosophical Transactions, London, 1678.
48. Oldenburg, op. cit. (20), iii, 226-7, 230, 244, 272, 474-5, 480-1; J. Denis, A Letter Concerning a New Way of Curing Sundry Diseases by Transfusion of the Blood, London, 1677; Philosophical Transactions (23 September 1667), 27, 489-90; (21 October 1667), 28, 517-25. Two more examples of 'false' numbers may also be cited here: G. Acton, Physical Reflections upon a Letter written by J. Denis, London, 1668; [W. Holder], Supplement to the Philosophical Transactions, London, 1678.
49. Oldenburg, op. cit. (20), iii, 226-7, 230, 244, 272, 474-5, 480-1; J. Denis, A Letter Concerning a New Way of Curing Sundry Diseases by Transfusion of the Blood, London, 1677; Philosophical Transactions (23 September 1667), 27, 489-90; (21 October 1667), 28, 517-25. Two more examples of 'false' numbers may also be cited here: G. Acton, Physical Reflections upon a Letter written by J. Denis, London, 1668; [W. Holder], Supplement to the Philosophical Transactions, London, 1678.
50. Oldenburg, op. cit. (20), iii, 226-7, 230, 244, 272, 474-5, 480-1; J. Denis, A Letter Concerning a New Way of Curing Sundry Diseases by Transfusion of the Blood, London, 1677; Philosophical Transactions (23 September 1667), 27, 489-90; (21 October 1667), 28, 517-25. Two more examples of 'false' numbers may also be cited here: G. Acton, Physical Reflections upon a Letter written by J. Denis, London, 1668; [W. Holder], Supplement to the Philosophical Transactions, London, 1678.
51. Oldenburg, op. cit. (20), iii, 226-7, 230, 244, 272, 474-5, 480-1; J. Denis, A Letter Concerning a New Way of Curing Sundry Diseases by Transfusion of the Blood, London, 1677; Philosophical Transactions (23 September 1667), 27, 489-90; (21 October 1667), 28, 517-25. Two more examples of 'false' numbers may also be cited here: G. Acton, Physical Reflections upon a Letter written by J. Denis, London, 1668; [W. Holder], Supplement to the Philosophical Transactions, London, 1678.
52. R. Hooke, The Diary of Robert Hooke (ed. H. W. Robinson and W. Adams), London, 1935, 12, 26, 34, 45, 49, 67, 79, 90, 146, 198, 301, correlated with Philosophical Transactions issues for this period (1672-7).
53. Philosophical Transactions (25 March 1669), 45, 893-8; Bodl. MS. Rawl. Letters 114, passim, e.g. fol. 114r.
54. Birch, op. cit. (18), ii, 163; iv, 4, 155, 166-7, 170-71, 489, 505, 554; RS MS. Dom. 5, No. 47; BL MS. Add. 6180, fols. 87r-98r, 241r-v, 243r-245v.
55. Birch, op. cit. (18), ii, 163; iv, 4, 155, 166-7, 170-71, 489, 505, 554; RS MS. Dom. 5, No. 47; BL MS. Add. 6180, fols. 87r-98r, 241r-v, 243r-245v.
56. Oldenburg, op. cit. (20), iii, 66; iv, 4-8, 137; Birch, op. cit. (18), ii, 437, 466, 469; A. Johns, 'The ideal of scientific collaboration', in F. Waquet and H. Bots (eds.), Commercium litterarum: La Communication dans la république des lettres, 1600-1750, Amsterdam, 1992, 3-22, especially 20-2; E. N. da C. Andrade, 'The birth and early days of the Philosophical Transactions', Notes and Records of the Royal Society (1965), 20, 9-22, especially 18.
57. Oldenburg, op. cit. (20), iii, 66; iv, 4-8, 137; Birch, op. cit. (18), ii, 437, 466, 469; A. Johns, 'The ideal of scientific collaboration', in F. Waquet and H. Bots (eds.), Commercium litterarum: La Communication dans la république des lettres, 1600-1750, Amsterdam, 1992, 3-22, especially 20-2; E. N. da C. Andrade, 'The birth and early days of the Philosophical Transactions', Notes and Records of the Royal Society (1965), 20, 9-22, especially 18.
58. Oldenburg, op. cit. (20), iii, 66; iv, 4-8, 137; Birch, op. cit. (18), ii, 437, 466, 469; A. Johns, 'The ideal of scientific collaboration', in F. Waquet and H. Bots (eds.), Commercium litterarum: La Communication dans la république des lettres, 1600-1750, Amsterdam, 1992, 3-22, especially 20-2; E. N. da C. Andrade, 'The birth and early days of the Philosophical Transactions', Notes and Records of the Royal Society (1965), 20, 9-22, especially 18.
59. Oldenburg, op. cit. (20), iii, 66; iv, 4-8, 137; Birch, op. cit. (18), ii, 437, 466, 469; A. Johns, 'The ideal of scientific collaboration', in F. Waquet and H. Bots (eds.), Commercium litterarum: La Communication dans la république des lettres, 1600-1750, Amsterdam, 1992, 3-22, especially 20-2; E. N. da C. Andrade, 'The birth and early days of the Philosophical Transactions', Notes and Records of the Royal Society (1965), 20, 9-22, especially 18.
60. Oldenburg, op. cit. (20), iii, 66; iv, 4-8, 137; Birch, op. cit. (18), ii, 437, 466, 469; A. Johns, 'The ideal of scientific collaboration', in F. Waquet and H. Bots (eds.), Commercium litterarum: La Communication dans la république des lettres, 1600-1750, Amsterdam, 1992, 3-22, especially 20-2; E. N. da C. Andrade, 'The birth and early days of the Philosophical Transactions', Notes and Records of the Royal Society (1965), 20, 9-22, especially 18.
61. Oldenburg, op. cit. (20), iv, 82-4, 147-50; v, 140-2, 203-5, 247-9, 272-6, 413-16; vii, 264, 308-14, 456, 468-9, 495, 528, 546-8, 573-4; viii, 145-51, 330-4, 385, 392, 512-17, 629-34; ix, 197, 216-17, 352-6, 424-7, 511-18, 546-8, 575; x, 340-3, 409-10, 471-2, 487-9, 527-31; xi, 85-6, 114-6; xiii, 322; Hooke, op. cit. (26), 12; Birch, op. cit. (18), iii, 122, 131, 137-9, 159; Philosophical Transactions (18 September 1671), 75, 2269-70; Philosophical Transactions (21 September 1674), 106, 141-4.
62. Oldenburg, p. cit. (20), iv, 82-4, 147-50; v, 140-2, 203-5, 247-9, 272-6, 413-16; vii, 264, 308-14, 456, 468-9, 495, 528, 546-8, 573-4; viii, 145-51, 330-4, 385, 392, 512-17, 629-34; ix, 197, 216-17, 352-6, 424-7, 511-18, 546-8, 575; x, 340-3, 409-10, 471-2, 487-9, 527-31; xi, 85-6, 114-6; xiii, 322; Hooke, op. cit. (26), 12; Birch, op. cit. (18), iii, 122, 131, 137-9, 159; Philosophical Transactions (18 September 1671), 75, 2269-70; Philosophical Transactions (21 September 1674), 106, 141-4.
63. Oldenburg, op. cit. (20), iv, 82-4, 147-50; v, 140-2, 203-5, 247-9, 272-6, 413-16; vii, 264, 308-14, 456, 468-9, 495, 528, 546-8, 573-4; viii, 145-51, 330-4, 385, 392, 512-17, 629-34; ix, 197, 216-17, 352-6, 424-7, 511-18, 546-8, 575; x, 340-3, 409-10, 471-2, 487-9, 527-31; xi, 85-6, 114-6; xiii, 322; Hooke, op. cit. (26), 12; Birch, op. cit. (18), iii, 122, 131, 137-9, 159; Philosophical Transactions (18 September 1671), 75, 2269-70; Philosophical Transactions (21 September 1674), 106, 141-4.
64. Oldenburg, op. cit. (20), iv, 82-4, 147-50; v, 140-2, 203-5, 247-9, 272-6, 413-16; vii, 264, 308-14, 456, 468-9, 495, 528, 546-8, 573-4; viii, 145-51, 330-4, 385, 392, 512-17, 629-34; ix, 197, 216-17, 352-6, 424-7, 511-18, 546-8, 575; x, 340-3, 409-10, 471-2, 487-9, 527-31; xi, 85-6, 114-6; xiii, 322; Hooke, op. cit. (26), 12; Birch, op. cit. (18), iii, 122, 131, 137-9, 159; Philosophical Transactions (18 September 1671), 75, 2269-70; Philosophical Transactions (21 September 1674), 106, 141-4.
65. Oldenburg, op. cit. (20), iv, 82-4, 147-50; v, 140-2, 203-5, 247-9, 272-6, 413-16; vii, 264, 308-14, 456, 468-9, 495, 528, 546-8, 573-4; viii, 145-51, 330-4, 385, 392, 512-17, 629-34; ix, 197, 216-17, 352-6, 424-7, 511-18, 546-8, 575; x, 340-3, 409-10, 471-2, 487-9, 527-31; xi, 85-6, 114-6; xiii, 322; Hooke, op. cit. (26), 12; Birch, op. cit. (18), iii, 122, 131, 137-9, 159; Philosophical Transactions (18 September 1671), 75, 2269-70; Philosophical Transactions (21 September 1674), 106, 141-4.
66. Oldenburg, op. cit. (20), iv, 82-4, 147-50; v, 140-2, 203-5, 247-9, 272-6, 413-16; vii, 264, 308-14, 456, 468-9, 495, 528, 546-8, 573-4; viii, 145-51, 330-4, 385, 392, 512-17, 629-34; ix, 197, 216-17, 352-6, 424-7, 511-18, 546-8, 575; x, 340-3, 409-10, 471-2, 487-9, 527-31; xi, 85-6, 114-6; xiii, 322; Hooke, op. cit. (26), 12; Birch, op. cit. (18), iii, 122, 131, 137-9, 159; Philosophical Transactions (18 September 1671), 75, 2269-70; Philosophical Transactions (21 September 1674), 106, 141-4.
67. Oldenburg, op. cit. (20), iv, 82-4, 147-50; v, 140-2, 203-5, 247-9, 272-6, 413-16; vii, 264, 308-14, 456, 468-9, 495, 528, 546-8, 573-4; viii, 145-51, 330-4, 385, 392, 512-17, 629-34; ix, 197, 216-17, 352-6, 424-7, 511-18, 546-8, 575; x, 340-3, 409-10, 471-2, 487-9, 527-31; xi, 85-6, 114-6; xiii, 322; Hooke, op. cit. (26), 12; Birch, op. cit. (18), iii, 122, 131, 137-9, 159; Philosophical Transactions (18 September 1671), 75, 2269-70; Philosophical Transactions (21 September 1674), 106, 141-4.
68. Oldenburg, op. cit. (20), iv, 82-4, 147-50; v, 140-2, 203-5, 247-9, 272-6, 413-16; vii, 264, 308-14, 456, 468-9, 495, 528, 546-8, 573-4; viii, 145-51, 330-4, 385, 392, 512-17, 629-34; ix, 197, 216-17, 352-6, 424-7, 511-18, 546-8, 575; x, 340-3, 409-10, 471-2, 487-9, 527-31; xi, 85-6, 114-6; xiii, 322; Hooke, op. cit. (26), 12; Birch, op. cit. (18), iii, 122, 131, 137-9, 159; Philosophical Transactions (18 September 1671), 75, 2269-70; Philosophical Transactions (21 September 1674), 106, 141-4.
69. Oldenburg, op. cit. (20), iv, 82-4, 147-50; v, 140-2, 203-5, 247-9, 272-6, 413-16; vii, 264, 308-14, 456, 468-9, 495, 528, 546-8, 573-4; viii, 145-51, 330-4, 385, 392, 512-17, 629-34; ix, 197, 216-17, 352-6, 424-7, 511-18, 546-8, 575; x, 340-3, 409-10, 471-2, 487-9, 527-31; xi, 85-6, 114-6; xiii, 322; Hooke, op. cit. (26), 12; Birch, op. cit. (18), iii, 122, 131, 137-9, 159; Philosophical Transactions (18 September 1671), 75, 2269-70; Philosophical Transactions (21 September 1674), 106, 141-4.
70. Oldenburg, op. cit. (20), iv, 82-4, 147-50; v, 140-2, 203-5, 247-9, 272-6, 413-16; vii, 264, 308-14, 456, 468-9, 495, 528, 546-8, 573-4; viii, 145-51, 330-4, 385, 392, 512-17, 629-34; ix, 197, 216-17, 352-6, 424-7, 511-18, 546-8, 575; x, 340-3, 409-10, 471-2, 487-9, 527-31; xi, 85-6, 114-6; xiii, 322; Hooke, op. cit. (26), 12; Birch, op. cit. (18), iii, 122, 131, 137-9, 159; Philosophical Transactions (18 September 1671), 75, 2269-70; Philosophical Transactions (21 September 1674), 106, 141-4.
71. Oldenburg, op. cit. (20), iv, 82-4, 147-50; v, 140-2, 203-5, 247-9, 272-6, 413-16; vii, 264, 308-14, 456, 468-9, 495, 528, 546-8, 573-4; viii, 145-51, 330-4, 385, 392, 512-17, 629-34; ix, 197, 216-17, 352-6, 424-7, 511-18, 546-8, 575; x, 340-3, 409-10, 471-2, 487-9, 527-31; xi, 85-6, 114-6; xiii, 322; Hooke, op. cit. (26), 12; Birch, op. cit. (18), iii, 122, 131, 137-9, 159; Philosophical Transactions (18 September 1671), 75, 2269-70; Philosophical Transactions (21 September 1674), 106, 141-4.
72. Oldenburg, op. cit. (20), iv, 82-4, 147-50; v, 140-2, 203-5, 247-9, 272-6, 413-16; vii, 264, 308-14, 456, 468-9, 495, 528, 546-8, 573-4; viii, 145-51, 330-4, 385, 392, 512-17, 629-34; ix, 197, 216-17, 352-6, 424-7, 511-18, 546-8, 575; x, 340-3, 409-10, 471-2, 487-9, 527-31; xi, 85-6, 114-6; xiii, 322; Hooke, op. cit. (26), 12; Birch, op. cit. (18), iii, 122, 131, 137-9, 159; Philosophical Transactions (18 September 1671), 75, 2269-70; Philosophical Transactions (21 September 1674), 106, 141-4.
73. Iliffe, op. cit. (17). The feeling that the Transactions should be innocent of commercial, as opposed to philosophical, transactions seems to have been widely and deeply held; see, for instance, John Beale's outrage when Martyn appended a catalogue of the books he sold to an annual volume: Oldenburg, op. cit. (20), vi, 560-1.
74. Iliffe, op. cit. (17). The feeling that the Transactions should be innocent of commercial, as opposed to philosophical, transactions seems to have been widely and deeply held; see, for instance, John Beale's outrage when Martyn appended a catalogue of the books he sold to an annual volume: Oldenburg, op. cit. (20), vi, 560-1.
75. Birch, op. cit. (18), iii, 342-4, 352-3, 366, 369, 468, 491; Hooke, op. cit. (26), 311-16, 319, 321, 323, 326, 328-9, 331, 336-8; M. 'Espinasse, Robert Hooke, London, 1956, 68; M. Hunter and P. B. Wood, 'Towards Solomon's house: rival strategies for reforming the early Royal Society', History of Science (1986), 24, 49-108, especially 60; R. T. Gunther, Early Science in Oxford, 15 vols., Oxford, 1923-67, vii, 463-4.
76. Birch, op. cit. (18), iii, 342-4, 352-3, 366, 369, 468, 491; Hooke, op. cit. (26), 311-16, 319, 321, 323, 326, 328-9, 331, 336-8; M. 'Espinasse, Robert Hooke, London, 1956, 68; M. Hunter and P. B. Wood, 'Towards Solomon's house: rival strategies for reforming the early Royal Society', History of Science (1986), 24, 49-108, especially 60; R. T. Gunther, Early Science in Oxford, 15 vols., Oxford, 1923-67, vii, 463-4.
77. Birch, op. cit. (18), iii, 342-4, 352-3, 366, 369, 468, 491; Hooke, op. cit. (26), 311-16, 319, 321, 323, 326, 328-9, 331, 336-8; M. 'Espinasse, Robert Hooke, London, 1956, 68; M. Hunter and P. B. Wood, 'Towards Solomon's house: rival strategies for reforming the early Royal Society', History of Science (1986), 24, 49-108, especially 60; R. T. Gunther, Early Science in Oxford, 15 vols., Oxford, 1923-67, vii, 463-4.
78. Birch, op. cit. (18), iii, 342-4, 352-3, 366, 369, 468, 491; Hooke, op. cit. (26), 311-16, 319, 321, 323, 326, 328-9, 331, 336-8; M. 'Espinasse, Robert Hooke, London, 1956, 68; M. Hunter and P. B. Wood, 'Towards Solomon's house: rival strategies for reforming the early Royal Society', History of Science (1986), 24, 49-108, especially 60; R. T. Gunther, Early Science in Oxford, 15 vols., Oxford, 1923-67, vii, 463-4.
79. Birch, op. cit. (18), iii, 342-4, 352-3, 366, 369, 468, 491; Hooke, op. cit. (26), 311-16, 319, 321, 323, 326, 328-9, 331, 336-8; M. 'Espinasse, Robert Hooke, London, 1956, 68; M. Hunter and P. B. Wood, 'Towards Solomon's house: rival strategies for reforming the early Royal Society', History of Science (1986), 24, 49-108, especially 60; R. T. Gunther, Early Science in Oxford, 15 vols., Oxford, 1923-67, vii, 463-4.
80. G. Keynes, A Bibliography of Dr. Robert Hooke, Oxford, 1960, 34-43, 48.
81. Hooke, op. cit. (26), 333, 335-8, 426, 450; Birch, op. cit. (18), iii, 328, 366, 369-70, 396-7, 444, 450-1, 453, 460, 491, 501, 504, 514, 518; Philosophical Collections (1679), 1, 2.
82. Hooke, op. cit. (26), 333, 335-8, 426, 450; Birch, op. cit. (18), iii, 328, 366, 369-70, 396-7, 444, 450-1, 453, 460, 491, 501, 504, 514, 518; Philosophical Collections (1679), 1, 2.
83. Hooke, op. cit. (26), 333, 335-8, 426, 450; Birch, op. cit. (18), iii, 328, 366, 369-70, 396-7, 444, 450-1, 453, 460, 491, 501, 504, 514, 518; Philosophical Collections (1679), 1, 2.
84. In the 1650s Oldenburg had learned to be a 'secretary' in a rather different, expressly diplomatic sense, as envoy to England for the town of Bremen: Oldenburg, op. cit. (20), i, 71.
85. See Molyneux's complaint from Dublin in May 1684, which deserves to be cited for its explicit avowal of the importance of immediacy in such matters: unles we receive those Kind of things, as the Transactions, the Acta Lipsiae, etc, as soon as they can possibly Arrive at us, tis to no purpose to undertake to supply us with them, and the things themselves are by delay of les valew, for tis the Novelty of many things therein that pleases, and if they be blown upon by all the World before they come to us, or many of the Hints therein passed and gone, what an abasement is that in the Curiositys expected from them? Southampton CRO, MS. D/M 1/1, fols. 78r-79v.
86. Universal Historical Bibliotheque, 1687, 1, sigs. A3v, [A4]r; (1686/7), 2, sig. [A4]v; Collection for the Improvement of Husbandry and Trade, 1, 1-4. Bayle's Nouvelles de la république des lettres became similarly archetypal for periodicals on the continent: Goldgar, op. cit. (17), 55.
87. E.g. [J. Streater], Observations Historical, Political, and Philosophical, London, 1654, published in eleven weekly numbers.
88. Houghton, Collection (13 March 1682/3), 14, 168.
89. J. Houghton, 'A discourse of coffee', Philosophical Transactions (1699), 21, 311-17.
90. Birch, op. cit. (18), iv, 5-6, 90, 99; M. Hunter, The Royal Society and its Fellows, 1660-1700, 2nd edn., Oxford, 1994, 29, 202-3.
91. Birch, op. cit. (18), iv, 5-6, 90, 99; M. Hunter, The Royal Society and its Fellows, 1660-1700, 2nd edn., Oxford, 1994, 29, 202-3.
92. Houghton, Collection, (8 September 1681), 1, 1-4; (15 June 1682), 1;
93. Houghton, Collection, (8 September 1681), 1, 1-4; (15 June 1682), 1;
94. (20 July 1682), 8, 78;
95. (16 January 1682/3), 12, 142;
96. (13 March 1682/3), 14;
97. (25 April 1683), 15;
98. (6 November 1683), 11:3, 75;
99. (11 December 1683), 4, 92;
100. (29 January 1683/4), 5, 97-144;
101. [Houghton], An Account of the Bank of Credit in the City of London, London, n.d.
102. 325; M. Treadwell, 'London trade publishers 1675-1750', The Library (1982), 4, 99-134.
103. 325; M. Treadwell, 'London trade publishers 1675-1750', The Library (1982), 4, 99-134.
104. 325; M. Treadwell, 'London trade publishers 1675-1750', The Library (1982), 4, 99-134.
105. 325; M. Treadwell, 'London trade publishers 1675-1750', The Library (1982), 4, 99-134.
106. Weekly Memorials for the Ingenious (11 December 1682), 48, 335; Southampton CRO, MS. D/M 1/1, fols. 14r-15v.
107. Weekly Memorials for the Ingenious (Faithorne/Kersey version), (20 March 1681/2), 10 ('alias 1'), 72;
108. (3 April 1682), 12, 80;
109. Weekly Memorials for the Ingenious (Chiswell version) (27 March 1682), 2, 16.
110. Weekly Memorials for the Ingenious (16 January 1681/2), 1, 1-5. It did have one positive consequence: Faithorne succeeded in becoming printer to the Royal Society. But even this was not an unalloyed triumph, since he was immediately set to work on Willughby's Historia Piscium.
111. [C. Gildon], The History of the Athenian Society, London, n.d., 32-3; G. D. McEwen, The Oracle of the Coffee House: John Dunton's Athenian Mercury, San Marino, 1972.
112. [C. Gildon], The History of the Athenian Society, London, n.d., 32-3; G. D. McEwen, The Oracle of the Coffee House: John Dunton's Athenian Mercury, San Marino, 1972.
113. [Gildon], op. cit. (47), 3-4, 6-7.
114. At the same time, Dunton asserted that 'to pretend that he or Monsieur Le Clerk has any Interest in the Universal Bibliotheque here, is an Encroachment upon our English Liberties': Athenian Mercury, 4th Suppl., sig. πv; 5th Suppl., 26; G. E. Briscoe Eyre (ed.), A Transcript of the Registers of the Worshipful Company of Stationers, 3 vols., London, 1913-14, iii, 385.
115. The Young-Students-Library, London, 1692, sigs. A2v-ar; McEwen, op. cit. (47), 50-7; London Mercury (12 February 1691/2), 4; (22 February 1691/2), 5.
116. The Young-Students-Library, London, 1692, sigs. A2v-ar; McEwen, op. cit. (47), 50-7; London Mercury (12 February 1691/2), 4; (22 February 1691/2), 5.
117. The Young-Students-Library, London, 1692, sigs. A2v-ar; McEwen, op. cit. (47), 50-7; London Mercury (12 February 1691/2), 4; (22 February 1691/2), 5.
118. The Young-Students-Library, London, 1692, sigs. A2v-ar; McEwen, op. cit. (47), 50-7; London Mercury (12 February 1691/2), 4; (22 February 1691/2), 5.
119. London Mercury (1 February 1691/2), 1 to (4 March 1691/2), 8, passim; Lacedemonian Mercury (7 March 1691/2), 9 to (1 April 1692), 16, passim.
120. London Mercury (1 February 1691/2), 1 to (4 March 1691/2), 8, passim; Lacedemonian Mercury (7 March 1691/2), 9 to (1 April 1692), 16, passim.
121. London Mercury (1 February 1691/2), 1; (5 February 1691/2), 3; London Mercury (22 February 1691/2), 5; McEwen, op. cit. (47), 40-2.
122. London Mercury (1 February 1691/2), 1; (5 February 1691/2), 3; London Mercury (22 February 1691/2), 5; McEwen, op. cit. (47), 40-2.
123. London Mercury (1 February 1691/2), 1; (5 February 1691/2), 3; London Mercury (22 February 1691/2), 5; McEwen, op. cit. (47), 40-2.
124. London Mercury (1 February 1691/2), 1; (5 February 1691/2), 3; London Mercury (22 February 1691/2), 5; McEwen, op. cit. (47), 40-2.
125. London Mercury (1 February 1691/2), 1.
126. [E. Settle], The New Athenian Comedy, London, 1693, passim, especially 21-4, 28.
127. Gunther, op. cit. (32), x, 91-2, 146, 151-2; xii, 11-17, 368; Birch, op. cit. (18), iv, 449-55; E. Halley, Correspondence and Papers of Edmond Halley (ed. E. F. MacPike), Oxford, 1932,56-7; London Gazette (15 May 1693), 2870 ['1870'].
128. Gunther, op. cit. (32), x, 91-2, 146, 151-2; xii, 11-17, 368; Birch, op. cit. (18), iv, 449-55; E. Halley, Correspondence and Papers of Edmond Halley (ed. E. F. MacPike), Oxford, 1932,56-7; London Gazette (15 May 1693), 2870 ['1870'].
129. Gunther, op. cit. (32), x, 91-2, 146, 151-2; xii, 11-17, 368; Birch, op. cit. (18), iv, 449-55; E. Halley, Correspondence and Papers of Edmond Halley (ed. E. F. MacPike), Oxford, 1932,56-7; London Gazette (15 May 1693), 2870 ['1870'].
130. Gunther, op. cit. (32), x, 91-2, 146, 151-2; xii, 11-17, 368; Birch, op. cit. (18), iv, 449-55; E. Halley, Correspondence and Papers of Edmond Halley (ed. E. F. MacPike), Oxford, 1932,56-7; London Gazette (15 May 1693), 2870 ['1870'].
131. Gunther, op. cit. (32), x, 91-2, 146, 151-2; xii, 11-17, 368; Birch, op. cit. (18), iv, 449-55; E. Halley, Correspondence and Papers of Edmond Halley (ed. E. F. MacPike), Oxford, 1932,56-7; London Gazette (15 May 1693), 2870 ['1870'].
132. Philosophical Transactions (January 1692/3), 196, 581-2. For later declarations, see BL MS. Add. 4441, fols. 20r, 21r, 22r-23r.
133. Gunther, op. cit. (32), xii, 371-2.
134. There had in fact been a clerk - Michael Wicks - since 1662. The precise relation of Halley's new post to this established one is unclear. See Hunter, op. cit. (41), 235 n. 3.
135. I. Kant, 'An answer to the question: 'What is Enlightenment?'' in Political Writings (ed. H. Reiss), Cambridge, 1970, 54-60; C. Hesse, Publishing and Cultural Politics in Revolutionary Paris, 1789-1810, Berkeley, 1991, 103-5; R. Chartier, Forms and Meanings: Texts, Performances and Audiences from Codex to Computer, Philadelphia, 1995, 6-13.
136. I. Kant, 'An answer to the question: 'What is Enlightenment?'' in Political Writings (ed. H. Reiss), Cambridge, 1970, 54-60; C. Hesse, Publishing and Cultural Politics in Revolutionary Paris, 1789-1810, Berkeley, 1991, 103-5; R. Chartier, Forms and Meanings: Texts, Performances and Audiences from Codex to Computer, Philadelphia, 1995, 6-13.
137. I. Kant, 'An answer to the question: 'What is Enlightenment?'' in Political Writings (ed. H. Reiss), Cambridge, 1970, 54-60; C. Hesse, Publishing and Cultural Politics in Revolutionary Paris, 1789-1810, Berkeley, 1991, 103-5; R. Chartier, Forms and Meanings: Texts, Performances and Audiences from Codex to Computer, Philadelphia, 1995, 6-13.
138. The history of reading is currently one of the most important elements in the history of the book. For recent contributions, see J. Raven, H. Small and N. Tadmor (eds.), The Practice and Representation of Reading in England, Cambridge, 1996.
139. Memoirs for the Ingenious (1693), 1, 263, 332, 349-50. For fnotand de la Crose, see Goldgar, op. cit. (17), 62, 102, 112, 184-5.
140. Memoirs for the Ingenious (1693), 1, 263, 332, 349-50. For fnotand de la Crose, see Goldgar, op. cit. (17), 62, 102, 112, 184-5.
141. [Settle], op. cit. (54), sigs. ar, [a2]r, p. 13.
142. R. Boyle, Works (ed. T. Birch), 6 vols., London, 1772, vi, 306-7; M. Hunter (ed.), Robert Boyle by Himself and his Friends, London, 1994, 73-4 [H. Brougham], Reflections to a Late Book, London, 1694, 7, 10-11, 19-21.
143. R. Boyle, Works (ed. T. Birch), 6 vols., London, 1772, vi, 306-7; M. Hunter (ed.), Robert Boyle by Himself and his Friends, London, 1994, 73-4 [H. Brougham], Reflections to a Late Book, London, 1694, 7, 10-11, 19-21.
144. R. Boyle, Works (ed. T. Birch), 6 vols., London, 1772, vi, 306-7; M. Hunter (ed.), Robert Boyle by Himself and his Friends, London, 1994, 73-4 [H. Brougham], Reflections to a Late Book, London, 1694, 7, 10-11, 19-21.
145. Rigaud, op. cit. (9), i, 200-1. Dunton was a major protagonist for the reformation of manners: e.g. Proposals for a National Reformation of Manners, London, 1694; England's Alarum, London, 1693; Dunton's Whipping-Post, London, 1706, 4.
146. Rigaud, op. cit. (9), i, 200-1. Dunton was a major protagonist for the reformation of manners: e.g. Proposals for a National Reformation of Manners, London, 1694; England's Alarum, London, 1693; Dunton's Whipping-Post, London, 1706, 4.
147. Rigaud, op. cit. (9), i, 200-1. Dunton was a major protagonist for the reformation of manners: e.g. Proposals for a National Reformation of Manners, London, 1694; England's Alarum, London, 1693; Dunton's Whipping-Post, London, 1706, 4.
148. Rigaud, op. cit. (9), i, 200-1. Dunton was a major protagonist for the reformation of manners: e.g. Proposals for a National Reformation of Manners, London, 1694; England's Alarum, London, 1693; Dunton's Whipping-Post, London, 1706, 4.
149. c mark of falsehood: That such Expressions in so publick a place, and in so mixt an assembly, would certainly prove very destructive to all philosophicall commerce. Oldenburg, op. cit. (20), iv, 27.