Fecal incontinence in the elderly patient

American Journal of Medicine

Volumn 115, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 217-227

  Tariq, Syed H ^a,b   Morley, John E ^a,b   Prather, Charlene M ^a  

^a SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b GRECC Saint Louis Vet Admin M   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CODEINE; DIPHENOXYLATE; LOPERAMIDE; ENEMA; LAXATIVE;

AGED; ANATOMY; COMMUNITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEMENTIA; ELDERLY CARE; EVALUATION; FECES IMPACTION; FECES INCONTINENCE; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTESTINE FUNCTION; LONG TERM CARE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PATIENT SELECTION; PHYSICAL DISABILITY; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIOFREQUENCY; RECTUM SURGERY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SENSORY DYSFUNCTION; SPHINCTER; ABDOMINAL SURGERY; AGING; ANAMNESIS; HABIT; METHODOLOGY; PREVALENCE; PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY; RECTUM;

AGED; AGING; BIOFEEDBACK (PSYCHOLOGY); CATHARTICS; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM SURGICAL PROCEDURES; ENEMA; FECAL INCONTINENCE; HABITS; HUMANS; MEDICAL HISTORY TAKING; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PREVALENCE; RECTUM; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 0042914541     PISSN: 00029343     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9343(03)00327-9     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Campbell A.J., Reinken J., McCosh L. Incontinence in the elderly prevalence and prognosis . Age Ageing. 14:1985;65-70.
2. Kok A.L., Voorhorst F.J., Burger C.W., van Houten P., Kenemans P., Janssens J. Urinary and faecal incontinence in community-residing elderly women. Age Ageing. 21:1992;211-215.
3. Talley N.J., O'Keefe E.A., Zinsmeister A.R., Melton L.J. III. Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in the elderly a population-based study . Gastroenterology. 102:1992;895-901.
4. Chassagne P., Landrin I., Neveu C., et al. Fecal incontinence in the institutionalized elderly incidence, risk factors, and prognosis . Am J Med. 106:1999;185-190.
5. Huppe D., Enck P., Kruskemper G., May B. Psychosocial aspects of fecal incontinence. [in German] Leber Magen Darm. 22:1992;138-142.
6. Johanson J.F., Lafferty J. Epidemiology of fecal incontinence the silent affliction . Am J Gastroenterol. 91:1996;33-36.
7. Nelson R., Norton N., Cautley E., Furner S. Community-based prevalence of anal incontinence. JAMA. 274:1995;559-561.
8. Roberts R.O., Jacobsen S.J., Reilly W.T., Pemberton J.H., Lieber M.M., Talley N.J. Prevalence of combined fecal and urinary incontinence a community-based study . J Am Geriatr Soc. 47:1999;837-841.
9. Nakanishi N., Tatara K., Naramura H., Fujiwara H., Takashima Y., Fukuda H. Urinary and fecal incontinence in a community-residing older population in Japan. J Am Geriatr Soc. 45:1997;215-219.
10. Roberts R.O., Jacobsen S.J., Rhodes T., et al. Urinary incontinence in a community-based cohort prevalence and healthcare-seeking . J Am Geriatr Soc. 46:1998;467-472.
11. Issac B., Walkley F.A. A survey of incontinence in elderly hospital patients. Gerontol Clin. 6:1964;367-376.
12. Ouslander J.G., Kane R.L., Abrass I.B. Urinary incontinence in elderly nursing home patients. JAMA. 248:1982;1194-1198.
13. Nelson R., Furner S., Jesudason V. Fecal incontinence in Wisconsin nursing homes prevalence and associations . Dis Colon Rectum. 41:1998;1226-1229.
14. O'Donnell B.F., Drachman D.A., Barnes H.J., Peterson K.E., Swearer J.M., Lew R.A. Incontinence and troublesome behaviors predict institutionalization in dementia. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 5:1992;45-52.
15. Borrie M.J., Davidson H.A. Incontinence in institutions costs and contributing factors . CMAJ. 147:1992;322-328.
16. Nakanishi N., Tatara K., Shinsho F., et al. Mortality in relation to urinary and faecal incontinence in elderly people living at home. Age Ageing. 28:1999;301-306.
17. Lestar B., Penninckx F., Kerremans R. The composition of anal basal pressure. An in vivo and in vitro study in man. Int J Colorectal Dis. 4:1989;118-122.
18. Schweiger M. Method for determining individual contributions of voluntary and involuntary anal sphincters to resting tone. Dis Colon Rectum. 22:1979;415-416.
19. Taylor B.M., Beart R.W., Phillips S.F. Longitudinal and radial variations of pressure in the human anal sphincter. Gastroenterology. 86:1984;693-697.
20. Papachrysostomou M., Pye S.D., Wild S.R., Smith A.N. Significance of the thickness of the anal sphincters with age and its relevance in faecal incontinence. Scand J Gastroenterol. 29:1994;710-714.
21. Rociu E., Stoker J., Eijkemans M.J., Lameris J.S. Normal anal sphincter anatomy and age- and sex-related variations at high-spatial-resolution endoanal MR imaging. Radiology. 217:2000;395-401.
22. Burnett S.J., Bartram C.I. Endosonographic variations in the normal internal anal sphincter. Int J Colorectal Dis. 6:1991;2-4.
23. Nielsen M.B., Pedersen J.F. Changes in the anal sphincter with age. An endosonographic study. Acta Radiologica. 37:1996;357-361.
24. Loening-Baucke V., Anuras S. Effects of age and sex on anorectal manometry. Am J Gastroenterol. 80:1985;50-53.
25. Barrett J.A., Brocklehurst J.C., Kiff E.S., Ferguson G., Faragher E.B. Anal function in geriatric patients with faecal incontinence. Gut. 30:1989;1244-1251.
26. Klosterhalfen B., Offner F., Topf N., Vogel P., Mittermayer C. Sclerosis of the internal anal sphincter - a process of aging. Dis Colon Rectum. 33:1990;606-609.
27. Duthie H.L., Watts J.M. Contribution of the external anal sphincter to the pressure zone in the anal canal. Gut. 6:1965;64-68.
28. Sun W.M., Read N.W., Miner P.B. Relation between rectal sensation and anal function in normal subjects and patients with faecal incontinence. Gut. 31:1990;1056-1061.
29. Enck P., Kuhlbusch R., Lubke H., Frieling T., Erckenbrecht J.F. Age and sex and anorectal manometry in incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 32:1989;1026-1030.
30. Madoff R.D., Williams J.G., Caushaj P.F. Fecal incontinence. N Engl J Med. 326:1992;1002-1007.
31. Tobin G.W., Brocklehurst J.C. Faecal incontinence in residential homes for the elderly prevalence, aetiology and management . Age Ageing. 15:1986;41-46.
32. Read N.W., Abouzekry L. Why do patients with faecal impaction have faecal incontinence? Gut. 27:1986;283-287.
33. Read N.W., Abouzekry L., Read M.G., Howell P., Ottewell D., Donnelly T.C. Anorectal function in elderly patients with fecal impaction. Gastroenterology. 89:1985;959-966.
34. Schiller L.R., Santa Ana C.A., Schmulen A.C., Hendler R.S., Harford W.V., Fordtran J.S. Pathogenesis of fecal incontinence in diabetes mellitus evidence for internal-anal-sphincter dysfunction . N Engl J Med. 307:1982;1666-1671.
35. Sultan A.H., Kamm M.A., Hudson C.N., Bartram C.I. Third degree obstetric anal sphincter tears risk factors and outcome of primary repair . BMJ. 308:1994;887-891.
36. Rieger N.A., Wattchow D.A., Sarre R.G., et al. Prospective trial of pelvic floor retraining in patients with fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 40:1997;821-826.
37. Read M.G., Read N.W., Haynes W.G., Donnelly T.C., Johnson A.G. A prospective study of the effect of haemorrhoidectomy on sphincter function and faecal continence. Br J Surg. 69:1982;396-398.
38. Bennet R.C., Goligher J.C. Results of internal sphincterotomy for anal fissure. Br J Surg. 2:1962;1500-1503.
39. Walker W.A., Rothenberger D.A., Goldberg S.M. Morbidity of internal sphincterotomy for anal fissure and stenosis. Dis Colon Rectum. 28:1985;832-835.
40. Pernikoff B.J., Eisenstat T.E., Rubin R.J., Oliver G.C., Salvati E.P. Reappraisal of partial lateral internal sphincterotomy. Dis Colon Rectum. 37:1994;1291-1295.
41. Crum R.M., Anthony J.C., Bassett S.S., Folstein M.F. Population-based norms for the Mini-Mental State Examination by age and educational level. JAMA. 269:1993;2386-2391.
42. Rosen L. Physical examination of the anorectum a systematic technique . Dis Colon Rectum. 33:1990;439-440.
43. Read N.W., Sun W.M. Reflex anal dilatation effect of parting the buttocks on anal function in normal subjects and patients with anorectal and spinal disease . Gut. 32:1991;670-673.
44. Hill J., Corson R.J., Brandon H., Redford J., Faragher E.B., Kiff E.S. History and examination in the assessment of patients with idiopathic fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 37:1994;473-477.
45. Bannister J.J., Abouzekry L., Read N.W. Effect of aging on anorectal function. Gut. 28:1987;353-357.
46. Barnett J.L., Hasler W.L., Camilleri M. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on anorectal testing techniques. American Gastroenterological Association. Gastroenterology. 116:1999;732-760.
47. Rao S.S., Patel R.S. How useful are manometric tests of anorectal function in the management of defecation disorders? Am J Gastroenterol. 92:1997;469-475.
48. Wexner S.D., Jorge J.M. Colorectal physiological tests use or abuse of technology? Eur J Surg. 160:1994;167-174.
49. Rasmussen O., Christensen B., Sorensen M., Tetzschner T., Christiansen J. Rectal compliance in the assessment of patients with fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 33:1990;650-653.
50. Rao S.S. Manometric evaluation of defecation disorders part II. Fecal incontinence . Gastroenterologist. 5:1997;99-111.
51. Wexner S.D., Marchetti F., Salanga V.D., Corredor C., Jagelman D.G. Neurophysiologic assessment of the anal sphincters. Dis Colon Rectum. 34:1991;606-612.
52. Law P.J., Kamm M.A., Bartram C.I. Anal endosonography in the investigation of faecal incontinence. Br J Surg. 78:1991;312-314.
53. Chen H., Humphreys M.S., Kettlewell M.G., Bulkley G.B., Mortensen N., George B.D. Anal ultrasound predicts the response to nonoperative treatment of fecal incontinence in men. Ann Surg. 229:1999;739-744.
54. Liberman H., Faria J., Ternent C.A., Blatchford G.J., Christensen M.A., Thorson A.G. A prospective evaluation of the value of anorectal physiology in the management of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 44:2001;1567-1574.
55. Deen K.I., Kumar D., Williams J.G., Olliff J., Keighley M.R. Anal sphincter defects. Correlation between endoanal ultrasound and surgery. Ann Surg. 218:1993;201-205.
56. Meyenberger C., Bertschinger P., Zala G.F., Buchmann P. Anal sphincter defects in fecal incontinence correlation between endosonography and surgery . Endoscopy. 28:1996;217-224.
57. Beets-Tan R.G., Morren G.L., Beets G.L., et al. Measurement of anal sphincter muscles endoanal US, endoanal MR imaging, or phased-array MR imaging? A study with healthy volunteers . Radiology. 220:2001;81-89.
58. Ouslander J.G., Simmons S., Schnelle J., Uman G., Fingold S. Effects of prompted voiding on fecal continence among nursing home residents. J Am Geriatr Soc. 44:1996;424-428.
59. Chassagne P., Jego A., Gloc P., et al. Does treatment of constipation improve faecal incontinence in institutionalized elderly patients? Age Ageing. 29:2000;159-164.
60. Whitehead W.E., Burgio K.L., Engel B.T. Biofeedback treatment of fecal incontinence in geriatric patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 33:1985;320-324.
61. Read M., Read N.W., Barber D.C., Duthie H.L. Effects of loperamide on anal sphincter function in patients complaining of chronic diarrhea with fecal incontinence and urgency. Dig Dis Sci. 27:1982;807-814.
62. Palmer K.R., Corbett C.L., Holdsworth C.D. Double-blind cross-over study comparing loperamide, codeine and diphenoxylate in the treatment of chronic diarrhea. Gastroenterology. 79:1980;1272-1275.
63. Wald A. Biofeedback therapy for fecal incontinence. Ann Intern Med. 95:1981;146-149.
64. Engel B.T., Nikoomanesh P., Schuster M.M. Operant conditioning of rectosphincteric responses in the treatment of fecal incontinence. N Engl J Med. 290:1974;646-649.
65. Enck P., Daublin G., Lubke H.J., Strohmeyer G. Long-term efficacy of biofeedback training for fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 37:1994;997-1001.
66. Miner P.B., Donnelly T.C., Read N.W. Investigation of mode of action of biofeedback in treatment of fecal incontinence. Dig Dis Sci. 35:1990;1291-1298.
67. Guillemot F., Bouche B., Gower-Rousseau C., et al. Biofeedback for the treatment of fecal incontinence. Long-term clinical results. Dis Colon Rectum. 38:1995;393-397.
68. Loening-Baucke V. Efficacy of biofeedback training in improving faecal incontinence and anorectal physiologic function. Gut. 31:1990;1395-1402.
69. MacLeod J.H. Biofeedback in the management of partial anal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 26:1983;244-246.
70. Rao S.S., Welcher K.D., Happel J. Can biofeedback therapy improve anorectal function in fecal incontinence? Am J Gastroenterol. 91:1996;2360-2366.
71. Goldenberg D.A., Hodges K., Hershe T., Jinich H. Biofeedback therapy for fecal incontinence. Am J Gastroenterol. 74:1980;342-345.
72. Sangwan Y.P., Coller J.A., Barrett R.C., Roberts P.L., Murray J.J., Schoetz D.J. Jr. Can manometric parameters predict response to biofeedback therapy in fecal incontinence? Dis Colon Rectum. 38:1995;1021-1025.
73. Glia A., Gylin M., Akerlund J.E., Lindfors U., Lindberg G. Biofeedback training in patients with fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 41:1998;359-364.
74. Chiarioni G., Bassotti G., Stanganini S., Vantini I., Whitehead W.E., Stegagnini S. Sensory retraining is key to biofeedback therapy for formed stool fecal incontinence. Am J Gastroenterol. 97:2002;109-117.
75. Cerulli M.A., Nikoomanesh P., Schuster M.M. Progress in biofeedback conditioning for fecal incontinence. Gastroenterology. 76:1979;742-746.
76. Berti Riboli E., Frascio M., Pitto G., Reboa G., Zanolla R. Biofeedback conditioning for fecal incontinence. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 69:1988;29-31.
77. Patankar S.K., Ferrara A., Levy J.R., Larach S.W., Williamson P.R., Perozo S.E. Biofeedback in colorectal practice a multicenter, statewide, three-year experience . Dis Colon Rectum. 40:1997;827-831.
78. Ryn A.K., Morren G.L., Hallbook O., Sjodahl R. Long-term results of electromyographic biofeedback training for fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 43:2000;1262-1266.
79. Buser W.D., Miner P.B. Jr. Delayed rectal sensation with fecal incontinence. Successful treatment using anorectal manometry. Gastroenterology. 91:1986;1186-1191.
80. Norton C., Kamm M.A. Outcome of biofeedback for faecal incontinence. [published correction appears in Br J Surg. 2000;87:249] Br J Surg. 86:1999;1159-1163.
81. Ko C.Y., Tong J., Lehman R.E., Shelton A.A., Schrock T.R., Welton M.L. Biofeedback is effective therapy for fecal incontinence and constipation. Arch Surg. 132:1997;829-834.
82. Leroi A.M., Dorival M.P., Lecouturier M.F., et al. Pudendal neuropathy and severity of incontinence but not presence of an anal sphincter defect may determine the response to biofeedback therapy in fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 42:1999;762-769.
83. Latimer P.R., Campbell D., Kasperski J. A components analysis of biofeedback in the treatment of fecal incontinence. Biofeedback Self Regul. 9:1984;311-324.
84. Enck P. Biofeedback training in disordered defecation. A critical review. Dig Dis Sci. 38:1993;1953-1960.
85. Norton C., Kamm M.A. Anal sphincter biofeedback and pelvic floor exercises for faecal incontinence in adults - a systematic review. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 15:2001;1147-1154.
86. Simmang C., Birnbaum E.H., Kodner I.J., Fry R.D., Fleshman J.W. Anal sphincter reconstruction in the elderly does advancing age affect outcome? Dis Colon Rectum. 37:1994;1065-1069.
87. Mavrantonis C., Wexner S.D. A clinical approach to fecal incontinence. J Clin Gastroenterology. 27:1998;108-121.
88. Karoui S., Leroi A.M., Koning E., Menard J.F., Michot F., Denis P. Results of sphincteroplasty in 86 patients with anal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 43:2000;813-820.
89. Fleshman J.W., Peters W.R., Shemesh E.I., Fry R.D., Kodner I.J. Anal sphincter reconstruction anterior overlapping muscle repair . Dis Colon Rectum. 34:1991;739-743.
90. Yoshioka K., Keighley M.R. Critical assessment of the quality of continence after postanal repair for faecal incontinence. Br J Surg. 76:1989;1054-1057.
91. Wong W.D., Jensen L.L., Bartolo D.C., Rothenberger D.A. Artificial anal sphincter. Dis Colon Rectum. 39:1996;1345-1351.
92. Kumar D., Benson M.J., Bland J.E. Glutaraldehyde cross-linked collagen in the treatment of faecal incontinence. Br J Surg. 85:1998;978-979.
93. Vaizey C.J., Kamm M.A., Roy A.J., Nicholls R.J. Double-blind crossover study of sacral nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 43:2000;298-302.
94. Takahashi T., Garcia-Osogobio S., Valdovinos M.A., et al. Radiofrequency energy delivery to the muscle of the anal canal for the treatment of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 45:2002;915-922.
95. Oliveira L., Reissman P., Nogueras J., Wexner S.D. Laparoscopic creation of stomas. Surg Endosc. 11:1997;19-23.