Collective identity and basketball: An explanation for the decreasing number of African-Americans on America's baseball diamonds

Journal of Leisure Research

Volumn 35, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 213-227

  Ogden, David C ^a   Hilt, Michael L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA AT OMAHA   (United States)

Author keywords

African American; Baseball; Basketball; Collective identity; Facilitators; Leisure; Race; Sport

Indexed keywords

AFRICAN AMERICAN; CULTURAL INFLUENCE; RACIAL DISPARITY; SPORT;

UNITED STATES;

EID: 0042848699     PISSN: 00222216     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00222216.2003.11949991     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Appiah, K. A. (2000). Racial identity and racial identification. In L. Back & J. Solomos (Eds.), Theories of race and racism (pp. 607-615). London: Routledge.
2. Associated Press (2001, August 25). Bonds says camaraderie not essential. The Omaha World Herald, pp. 23, 25.
3. Beran, J. A. (1990). Diamonds in Iowa: Blacks, Buxton, and baseball. The Journal of Negro History, 75(3-4), 81-95.
4. Boyd, M. P., & Yin, Z. (1996). Cognitive-affective sources of sport enjoyment in adolescent sport participants. Adolescence, 31(122), 381-395.
5. Boyd, T. (1997). The day the niggaz took over: Basketball, commodity, culture, and black masculinity. In A. Baker & T. Boyd (Eds.), Out of bounds (pp. 123-142). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
6. Castine, S. C., & Roberts, G. C. (1974). Modeling in the socialization process of the black athlete. International Review of Sport Sociology, 9(3-4), 59-74.
7. Chalberg, J. C. (2000). Rickey & Robinson: The preacher, the player, and America's game. Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson, Inc.
8. Collins, P. H. (1990). Black feminist thought. London: Harper Collins Academic.
9. Early, G. (2000). Why baseball was the black national pastime. In T. Boyd & K. L. Shropshire (Eds.), Basketball Jones (pp. 27-50). New York, NY: New York University Press.
10. Edwards, H. (1973). Sociology of sport. Homewood, IL: The Dorsey Press.
11. Etkin, J. (1987). Innings ago. Kansas City, MO: Normandy Square Publications.
12. Flanagan, J. (1999, June 29). Baseball continues to ponder how to attract black fans. The Kansas City Star, p. C2.
13. Hall, R. E. (2002). The bell curve: implications for the performance of Black/White athletes. The Social Science Journal, 39(1), 113-118.
14. Harris, O. (1994). Race, sport, and social support. Sociology of Sport Journal, 11(1), 40-50.
15. Hartmann, D. (2000). Rethinking the relationship between sport and race in American culture: Golden ghettos and contested terrain. Sociology of Sport Journal, 17(3), 229-253.
16. Hoberman, J. (1997). Darwin's athletes: How sport has damaged black America and preserved the myth of race. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
17. Hutchinson, R. (1987). Ethnicity and urban recreation: Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics in Chicago's public parks. Journal of Leisure Research, 19(3), 205-222.
18. Kelley, R. D. G. (1997). Playing for keeps: Pleasure and profit on the post-industrial playground. In W. Lubiano (Ed.), The house that race built (pp. 195-231). New York, NY: Pantheon Books.
19. Lapchick, R. E. & Matthews, K. J. (2001). Racial and gender report card. Boston, MA.: Northeastern University Center for the Study of Sport in Society.
20. Leavey, W. (1995, June). 50 years of blacks in baseball. Ebony, 70, 36-37.
21. Linnett, R. (2002, January 28). Reebok rebrands for hip-hop crowd. Advertising Age, pp. 3, 27.
22. Majors, R. (1990). Cool pose: Black masculinity and sports. In M. A. Messner & D. F. Sabo (Eds.), Sports, men, and the gender order (pp. 109-114). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Books.
23. Majors, R. G. & Billson, J. M. (1992). Cool pose: The dilemmas of block manhood in America. New York, NY. Lexington Books.
24. McKinley, J. (1999, October 10). Out of the ball park: For Black Americans, baseball loses its luster" New York Times, pp. 43, 48.
25. Melcher, R. A. (1997, May 19). Foul ball for blacks. Business Week p. 8.
26. Ogden, D. C. (2001). African-Americans and pick-up ball: A loss of diversity and recreational diversion in Midwest youth baseball. Nine. A Journal of Baseball History and Culture, 9(2), 200-207.
27. Ogden, D. C. (2002). Youth select baseball in the Midwest. In W. M. Simons & A. Hall (Eds.), The Cooperstown symposium on baseball and American culture, 2001 (pp. 322-335). Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc.
28. Ogden, D. C. (in press). Baseball and blacks: A loss of affinity, a loss of community. In E. J. Reilly (Ed.), Across the diamond: Essays on baseball and culture. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press, Inc.
29. Peterson, R. (1970). Only the ball was white. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
30. Philipp, S. F. (1998a). African-American perceptions of leisure, racial discrimination, and life satisfaction. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 87, 1418.
31. Philipp, S. F. (1998b). Race and gender differences in adolescent peer group approval of leisure activities. Journal of Leisure Research, 30, 214-232.
32. Philipp, S. F. (1999). Are we welcome? African American racial acceptance in leisure activities and the importance given to children's leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 31, 385-403.
33. Philipp, S. (2000). Race and the pursuit of happiness. Journal of Leisure Research, 32, 121-124.
34. Phillips,J. C. (1976). Toward an explanation of racial variations in top-level sports participation. International Review of Sport Sociology, 11(3), 39-55.
35. Rader, B. G. (1994). Baseball: A history of America's game. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
36. Raymore, L. A. (2002). Facilitators to leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 34, 37-51.
37. Rhodes, L. & Butler, J.S. (1975). Sport and racism: A contribution to theory building in race relations? Social Science Quarterly, 55, 919-925.
38. Ribowsky, M. (1995). The complete history of the Negro leagues. New York, NY: Carol Publishing Group.
39. Riess, S. (1999). Touching base: Professional baseball and American culture in the Progressive Era. Urbana, III.: University of Illinois Press.
40. Solomon, G. B., Wiegardt, P. A., Yusuf, F. R., Kosmitzki, C., Williams, J., Stevens, C. E., & Vayda, V. K. (1996). Expectancies and ethnicities: The self-fulfilling prophecy in college basketball. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 18(1), 83-88.
41. Spencer, M. B. (1991). Parental values transmission: Implications for the development of Afrian-American children. In H. E. Cheatham & J. B. Stewart (Eds.), Black families: Interdisciplinary perspectives (pp. 11-130). New Brunswick, CT: Transaction Publishers.
42. Stabile, C. A. (2000). Nike, social responsibility, and the hidden abode of production. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 17(2), 186-204.
43. Thomaselli, R. (2001, August 6). Slam dunk sans superstar. Advertising Age, p. 8.
44. U.S. Census Bureau (2002). U.S. population by age, city, 2000. Retrieved February 2002 from www.census.gov.
45. Watson, G. G. & Collis, R. (1982). Adolescent values in sport: A case of conflicting interests. International Review of Sport Sociology, 17(3), 73-90.
46. Wilson, B. & Sparks, R. (1996). "It's gotta be the shoes" Youth, race and sneaker commercials. Sociology of Sport Journal, 13, 398-427.
47. Wonsek, P. L. (1992). College basketball on television: A study of racism in the media. Media, Culture and Society, 14, 449-461.